cont………

Specific Energy and critical flow

 Flow measurement :

• Based on the principle of critical flow, various devices for flow measurement have
been developed.
• In such devices, the critical depth is produced either
• by construction of hump or step on the channel bed, such as broad-crested
weir, or
• by reducing the channel width, such as critical flow flume.

Broad Crested Weir

If the channel bed is raised by an amount ∆Z such that ∆Z≥ ∆Zc over a length sufficient
enough to develop parallel flow over hump, the flow over hump will be critical. Such a
device is called broad crested weir and provides an excellent means of measuring the
discharge in open channel.

Consider a rectangular broad crested weir

 …..(1)

…..(2)

from Eq (2)

…..(3)

from Eq. (1) & (3)

…..(4)

Neglecting approach velocity

 Velocity Measurement
Pitot tube

Propeller type current meter

Electromagnetic Current meter

Laser Doppler Annemometry

Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV)

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)

Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP)

Prob. For Rectangular channel with b=6m, construct the specific Energy curve for Q= 20 m3/sec.

Q2 0.566
E h  h 
2 gb 2 h 2 h2

h E
0 Infinity
12
0.5 2.77
10
1 1.56
8
1.5 1.75
6

h
2 2.14
2.5 2.59 4

.. .. 2
hc
.. .. 0
9 9.01 0 Ec 2 4 6 8 10 12
E
10 10.01
 Q2
E h
2 gb 2h 2
Fr =1
U/√(gD)=1
αU2/G = D/2
Again, we know
Assignment: Determine M for Triangular & Parabolic Channel
Assignment:
(M or F)
 Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade

CE 3161: Engineering Hydraulics

Hydraulic Machines: Pumps & Turbines

Hydraulic machine:
• The device which converts hydraulic energy into mechanical
energy or vice versa is known as Hydraulic Machines.
• Examples: turbine , pump

• Turbine: The device which convert hydraulic energy to

mechanical energy.
• Pump: The device convert mechanical energy to hydraulic
energy.
 Turbine:
• Turbines convert hydraulic energy or hydro-
potential into mechanical energy.
• Mechanical energy developed by turbines is
used to run electric generators coupled to the
shaft of turbines.
• The electric power obtained from hydraulic
energy is called hydro electric power.

Hydro electric power plant layout:

a) A dam constructed across the river to store water
b) Pipes of large diameter (Penstock) carry water under pressure from reservoir to turbine
c) Turbines having different vane fitted to the wheels.
d) Tail race, (a channel to carry water from the turbine after worked on turbine)
 Important Terms:

Gross Head (Hg ): It is the vertical difference between

headrace and tailrace.

Net Head:(H): Net head or effective head is the actual

head available at the inlet of the to work on the turbine.

H = Hg – hf

Where, hf is the total head loss during the transit of

water from the headrace to tailrace which is mainly
head loss due to friction.
 Classification of turbines:
Based on head at the inlet of turbine:
a) High head turbines (more than 250m)
b) Medium head turbines (45m to 250m )
c) Low head turbines (less than 45m )
Based on direction of flow of water in the runner
a) Tangential flow turbines : When the flow is tangential to the runner, it
is a tangential flow turbine.
b) Radial flow turbines: when the path of the flow of water remains in the
radial direction.
c) Axial flow turbines: When the path of flow water remains parallel to
the axis of the shaft
d) Mixed flow turbines: Gradual change of flow from radial to axial in the
runner
Major Components of Impulse Turbine
Major Components of Impulse Turbine
Major Components of Impulse Turbine
Major Components of Impulse Turbine
Reaction Turbines
• Reaction turbines are those turbines which operate under hydraulic
pressure energy and part of kinetic energy. In this case, the water reacts
with the vanes as it moves through the vanes and transfers its pressure
energy to the vanes so that the vanes move in turn rotating the runner on
which they are mounted.
• In reaction turbine, water enters the wheel under pressure and flow over
vanes. As the water, flowing over the vanes, is under pressure, therefore
wheel of the turbine runs full and may be submerged. The pressure head
of water, while flowing over tha vanes, is converted into velocity head
and is finally reduced to the atmospheric pressure, before leaving the
wheel.
The main types of reaction turbines are :
I. Francis Turbine II. Kaplan Turbine
Components of Reaction Turbines

Shaft
 Components of Reaction Turbine
1. Spiral Casing
The water, from a pipeline, is distributed around the guides ring in a casing. This casing is
designed in such a way that its cross-sectional area goes on reducing uniformly around
the circumference.

2. Guide Mechanism
The guide vanes are fixed between two rings in the form of
a wheel. This wheel is fixed in the spiral casing. The guide
vanes are properly designed in order to:
• To allow the water to enter the runner without shock.
• Allow the water to flow over them, without forming
eddies.
• Allow the required quantity of water to enter the
turbine. (this is done by adjusting the opening of the
vanes).
 Components of Reaction Turbine

3. Turbine Runner
The runner of a reaction turbine consists of runner blades fixed either to a shaft or
rings, depending upon the type of turbine. The blades are properly designed, in order
to allow the water to enter and leave the runner without shock.
4. Draft Tube
The water, after passing through the runner, flows
down through a tube called draft tube. it is,
generally, drowned approximately 1 m below the
tailrace level. A draft tube has the following
functions:
• It increases the head of water by an amount
equal to the height of the runner outlet above
the tailrace;
• It increases the efficiency of the turbine.
Pump
• Pump convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy,
i.e., in the form of pressure energy.
Centrifugal pump:
• When mechanical energy converted in pressure energy by
means centrifugal forces acting on the fluid that machine is
called centrifugal machine.
• Creating a low pressure at the inlet or suction end and a
high pressure at the outlet or delivery end of the pump.
• Components : Impeller, shaft, casing, suction pipe, delivery
pipe.
Components of a Centrifugal Pump
• Basic components: a rotary element
called impeller and a stationary
element known as casing.

(1) Impeller: It is a rotor, which is

provided with a series of backward
curved blades.

(2) Casing: It is an air-tight chamber

which surrounds the impeller.

(3) Pump Inlet (Suction Port): Liquid

enters through the suction port or the
pump inlet and flows into the pump
casing.
(4) Suction Valve (or Reflux Valve):
It is used to retain water in the pump and the suction pipe section
between the pump and the reflux valve, to help priming. The reflux
valve is used when pumps are directly connected to the suction
pipe.

(5) Pump Outlet (Delivery Port):

(6) Delivery Valve:

(7) Priming Device (optional): A priming device in a centrifugal

pump eliminates the need for external priming mechanism.

(8) Foot Valve: foot valve is a one-way valve.

Difference heads of centrifugal pump:
a. Suction head
b. Delivery head
c. Static head: Suction + Delivery head
d. Monomeric head: It is defined as the head
against which a centrifugal pump has to work.

Hm=hs +hd + hfs + hfd + Vd2/2g

Where,
hs = Suction head
hd = delivery head
hfs = Frictional head loss in suction pipe
hfd = Frictional head loss in delivery pipe
Vd = Velocity of pipe in delivery pipe
Reciprocating pump: Suction Stroke
• Crank rotates from A to B to C (00 to 1800)
• Piston moves towards right
• Vacuum Created in the cylinder
• valve ‘a’ opened and ‘b’ closed
(Valve ‘b’) • Cylinder filled with water

(Valve ‘a’)
Delivery Stroke
• Crank rotates from C to D to A (1800 to 3600)
• Piston moves towards left
• valve ‘b’ opened and ‘a’ closed
• Water delivered through delivery pipe
Centrifugal pumps Reciprocating Pumps

1.The discharge is continuous and smooth 1.The discharging is fluctuating and pulsating
2.It can handle large quantity of liquid 2.handles small quantity of liquid
3.It is used for large discharge through small 3.It is meant for small discharge at high heads
heads
4.Cost of centrifugal pump is less as compared 4.Cost of reciprocating pump is approximately
to reciprocating pump. four times the centrifugal pum`p.
5.Runs at high speeds. 5.Runs at low speed.
6.Efficiency is high 6.Efficiency is low
7.Needs smaller area and cost of installation is 7.Needs large floor area and installation is cost
less. is high
8.Low maintenance cost 8.High maintenance cost
9.It can be used for lifting highly viscous liquids 9.Used only for lifting pure water or less viscous
fluids.
What is Priming?
When the pump is shut down, the liquid in it
drains out of the suction line. At the bottom of
the casing in a priming device, a small quantity
of liquid is retained. When the pump is started
again, this water is pushed by the impeller out
the discharge line, along with some air. This
creates a vacuum at the impeller inlet, which
draws liquid up the suction line.
Priming of Centrifugal pump :
• It is the process of filling the suction pipe, casing of
the pump and the delivery pipe upto the delivery
valve with the liquid to be pumped.
• If Priming is not done the Pump cannot deliver the
liquid due to the fact that the head generated by
the Impeller will be in terms of metres of air which
will be very less (since, specific weight of air is
smaller than that of water).
Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pump
Multi-stage centrifugal pumps have two or more
identical impellers fitted to a single shaft and enclosed in
the same casing.

Thus, pressure is built up in steps. The

impellers are surrounded by guide vanes
and the water is led through a by-pass
channel from the outlet of one stage to
the entrance of the next until it is finally
discharged into a wide chamber from
where it is pushed on to the delivery
pipe
Horizontal centrifugal pump:
Designed with horizontal shafts and
impellers are mounted vertically on the
shafts.
commonly used for irrigation

Vertical centrifugal pump:

Have vertical shafts and impellers are
mounted horizontally on the shafts.
Vertical disposition of the shaft provides
an economy in space occupied, and hence
vertical pumps are suitable for deep wells,
mines, etc. They can also be used for
irrigation purposes.
Based on Based on Type of Impeller:
Open impeller pump: impeller consists only of blades
attached to a hub
semi-open impeller pump : It constructed with a circular
plate (the web) attached to one side of the blade
closed impeller pump: The enclosed impeller has circular
plates attached to both sides of the blades. Enclosed
impellers are also referred to as shrouded impellers
Unit Power, Unit Speed and Unit Discharge:
The speed, the discharge and the power developed by a turbine, working
under a head of 1 meter, are known as Unit Power, Unit Speed and Unit
Discharge, respectively.
Specific speed of Turbine:
• Specific speed is basically defined as the speed of a turbine which is
identical in shape, geometrical dimensions, blade angles, gate opening
etc., with the actual turbine but of such a size that it will produce unit
power when working under unit head.

• Specific speed will be denoted by symbol Ns.

• Different types of turbines are compared by using the value of specific

speed as every type of turbine will have different specific speed.
Specific speed of Turbine:
Derivation for
Specific speed of Turbine:
Selection of Turbine:
- Based on Specific Speed
- Based on Head of Water

Specific Speed Type of Turbine

8 ~ 30 Pelton Wheel with One nozzle
30 ~ 50 Pelton Wheel with two nozzle
50 ~ 250 Francis’ Turbine
250 ~ 1000 Kaplan Turbine
Problem: Impulse Turbine:
Problem:
Impulse Turbine:
Specific speed of Centrifugal Pump:
Problem : Specific speed of Centrifugal Pump
 Based on the specific speed (Modi and Seth, 1998)

Sl. No. Type of Pump Specific Speed (Ns)

1 Slow-Speed Radial Flow 300−900

2 Medium-Speed Radial Flow 900−1500

3 High-Speed Radial Flow 1500−2400

4 Mixed Flow or Screw Type 2400−5000

5 Axial Flow or Propeller Type 3400−15000

 6/19/2022

Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade

CE 3161: Engineering Hydraulics

Impact of Water Jet

1
 6/19/2022

V =0
P
=?

V =0

900

P V θ
Px V Sinθ

Py
Horizontal Component of Force, Px = P Sinθ θ
Vertical Component of Force, Py = P Cosθ

2
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3
 6/19/2022

V v

4
 6/19/2022

Vy = V sinβ

Vx = –V cosβ

Vy (+)

Vx (+)

Vy = V sinα
V
Vx = V cosα

Vy = V sinβ

Vy (+)
Vx = –V cosβ

Vx (+)

Vy = V sinα
V
Vx = V cosα

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 6/19/2022

Force exerted by a jet on a hinged plate

Let us consider a jet of water striking a vertical plate at the center which is hinged at point O as displayed here in
following figure.

When jet of water will strike the plate, the plate will swing through an angle about the hinge as displayed here in
following figure.

Let us consider the following terms from the figure.

x = Distance of center of jet from hinge O
θ = Angle of swing about hinge
W = Weight of plate acting at C.G of the plate

Initial position of the vertical plate is displayed in figure by

dotted lines. When water jet will strike the plate, the plate will
swing through an angle θ. After the jet strikes the plate, point A
will be now at point A’ as displayed in the figure.

Distance OA = Distance OA’ = x

Weight of plate will be acted through the point A’ after water

O
jet strikes the plate.
θ OB = OA/cosθ
There will be two forces acting on the plate as mentioned
here.
1. Force due to jet of water normal to the plate, Fn
A B
2. Weight of the plate, W
F = ρ a V2
Force due to jet of water normal to the plate
Fn = ρ a V2 Cos θ

Once the jet strikes the plate, for equilibrium condition

Moment of force Fn about hinge = Moment of weight W
about hinge
Moment of force Fn about hinge
= ρ a V2 Cos θ x OB
F = ρ a V2
= ρ a V2 Cos θ x (OA / Cos θ)
= ρ a V2 x OA
= ρ a V2 x

6
 6/19/2022

Moment of weight W about the hinge

= W OA’ Sin θ
= W x Sin θ

Once the jet strikes the plate, for equilibrium condition

Moment of force Fn about hinge = Moment of weight W
F = ρ a V2 about hinge
Fn = ρ a V2 Cos θ
ρ a V2 x = W x Sin θ
O x sinθ
θ Sin θ = ρ a V2 /W
θ
A’
A B
Above equation provides the angle of swing of plate when
water jet strikes the vertical plate which is fixed at hinge.

Fn W

β
v1
V = Velocity of the jet (AC), while entering the vane, V1

V1 = Velocity of the jet (EG), while leaving the vane,

Vr1

v, v1 = Velocity of the vane (AB, FG)

v = v1

α = Angle with the direction of motion of the vane, at which

the jet enters the vane,
V
α Vr
β = Angle with the direction of motion of the vane, at which
the jet leaves the vane,
v
Vr = Relative velocity of the jet and the vane (BC) at entrance
(it is the vectorical difference between V and v)

Vr1 = Relative velocity of the jet and the vane (EF) at exit (it is the vectorical difference between V and v1)

7
 6/19/2022

β
θ = Angle, which Vr makes with the direction of motion of the vane at inlet v1
(known as vane angle at inlet), φ V1

φ= Angle, which Vr1 makes with the direction of motion of the vane at
outlet (known as vane angle at outlet), Vr1

Vw = Horizontal component of V (AD, equal to ). It is a component

parallel to the direction of motion of the vane (known as velocity of whirl v = v1
at inlet),

Vw1 = Horizontal component of V1 (HG, equal to ). It is a component

parallel to the direction of motion of the vane (known as velocity of whirl V
α Vr
at outlet),
Vf = Vertical component of V (DC, equal to ). It is a component at right
angles to the direction of motion of the vane (known as velocity of flow at θ
v
inlet),

Vf1 = Vertical component of V1 (EH, equal to ). It is a component at right angles to the direction of motion of the
vane (known as velocity of flow at outlet),

a = Cross sectional area of the jet. v1

V1
As the jet of water enters and leaves the vanes tangentially, therefore shape of the
vanes will be such that Vr and Vr1 will be along with tangents to the vanes at inlet and Vr1
outlet.

The relations between the inlet and outlet triangles (until and unless given) are: v = v1
(i) v = v1 , and
(ii) Vr=Vr1

V
We know that the force of jet, in the direction of motion of the Vr
vane,
Fx = Mass of water flowing per second x change in velocity of Whirl v
γ𝑎𝑉
𝐹 = (𝑉𝑤 − 𝑉𝑤1)
𝑔

8
 6/19/2022

v1
We know that the force of jet, in the direction of motion of the V1
vane,

Fx = Mass of water flowing per second x change in velocity of Whirl Vr1

γ𝑎𝑉
𝐹 = (𝑉𝑤 − 𝑉𝑤1)
𝑔 v = v1
Work done per sec. = Force × Distance

= (𝑉𝑤 − 𝑉𝑤1)× v
V
Vr
Work done per sec. per kg of water = (𝑉𝑤 − 𝑉𝑤1)× v
v

Prob. 1: A jet of water 25 mm diameter strikes at the middle of a plate of 30 cm length with a constant
velocity head of 70 m. Given the coefficient of velocity = 0.9. Find the pressure / Force on the plate if
(i) The plate is fixed and normal to the jet
(ii) The plate is fixed and the angle between the jet and plate is 450.
(iii)The plate is moving with a velocity of 7 m/sec in the direction of flow.
(iv) What force should be applied on the plate at 10 cm below the axis of the jet, in order to keep the plate
vertical. For weight of the plate 60 kg, what will be the angle of deflection?

Soln:
Dia of jet = 25 mm, area a = ? m2
Velocity of jet, 𝑉 = 𝐶 2𝑔ℎ = ? , here h = 70 m, 𝐶 = 0.9

(i) The plate is fixed and normal to the jet :

γ 𝑎 𝑉2 γ = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑜𝑟 𝐹 = = 9.81 kN/ 𝑚3
𝑔

9
 6/19/2022

(ii) The plate is fixed and the angle between the jet and plate is 450.

Px = P Sinθ
Py = P Cosθ

(iii) The plate is moving with a velocity of 7 m/sec in the direction of flow.

(iv) What force should be applied on the plate at 10 cm below the axis of the jet, in order to keep the plate
vertical. For weight of the plate 60 kg, what will be the angle of deflection?

F × 15 = F1 × (15 + 10)
15 + 10

15

F = ρ a V2 F = ρ a V2 Sin θ = ρ a V2 /W
F1 = ?

Prob 2. A circular jet delivers water at the rate of 70 liters/sec. It impinges on a

series of vanes having a velocity of 12 m/sec. The jet makes an angle of 300 to the v1
direction of motion of vanes when entering and leaves at an angle of 600. Sketch
velocity triangles at inlet and outlet. It the velocity of whirl at inlet is 22.52 m/sec, V1
determine:
(i) Angle of vanes
(ii) (ii) Velocity of jet at outlet Vr1
(iii) Work done/sec

Solution:
α = 300 v = v1
β = 600
Q =70 lit/sec= 0.07 m3/sec
Velocity of vane v = 12 m/sec
Vw = 22.52 m/sec
V
Inlet Triangle Vr

Vw = 22.52 m/sec = V cos α V = 26 m/sec, Vf = V sin α =13 m/sec

𝑉 v
tan 𝜃 = θ = 51.020
𝑉 −𝑣

10
 6/19/2022

α = 300 , β = 600 , Q =0.07 m3/sec , v = 12 m/sec , Vw = 22.52 m/sec

v1
Inlet Triangle
V1
Vw = 22.52 m/sec = V cos α V = 26 m/sec, Vf = V sin α =13 m/sec
𝑉 β = 600
tan 𝜃 = θ = 51.020 Vr1
𝑉 −𝑣
(180- β-φ)
𝑉 = 𝑉 + 𝑉 −𝑣 Vr = 16.72 m/sec
v = v1

Outlet Triangle

v1 = v = 12 m/sec Vw1 = V1 cos β = V1 cos 60

Vr1 = Vr = 16.72 m/sec Vf1 = V1 sin β = V1 sin 60

𝑉 𝑣 𝑉 V
= = 𝝋 = 81.60 Vr
sin 𝛽 sin 180 − 𝛽 − 𝜑 sin 𝜑

V1 = ?
Vw1 = ? 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = (𝑉𝑤 − 𝑉𝑤1)× v =? v
Vf1 = ?

11