Entomology Types of insect mouthparts of which the cranium is turned upward on
They are distinguishing features of an insect except. the neck so that the mouthparts are directed forward
- THREE PAIRS OF LEGS - PROGNATHOUS
Phylum - Arthropoda Type of insect mouthparts which have mandibles and can chew food
Class - Arachnida, Insecta, Chiloploda, Diplopoda - MANDIBULATE
All have haustellate type of mouthpart except
The three main body regions of an insect include the: - GRASSHOPPERS
- HEAD, THORAX, AND ABDOMEN All have chewing type of mouthpart except
Head - BUG
Compound eye
- Facet SEGMENTS OF INSECTS ANTENNAE
- Ommatidium Segments:
- Ocelli - Scape
There are only three basic orientations of the insect head: - Pedicel
1. Hypognathous - mouthparts directed ventrally/downward - - Clavolla/flagellum
chewing mouthparts
2. Prognathous - mouthparts directed forwards - predatory insects
3. Opistognathous - mouthparts directed rearwards -
piercing-sucking mouthparts
TYPES OF INSECTS ANTENNA
Types of Mouthparts:
1. Mandibulate (chewing)
2. Haustellate (piercing-sucking, sponging, and siphoning)
The first segment of the insect antenna
- SCAPE
The aristate type of antennae is found among
- HOUSEFLIES
The setaceous type of antennae is found among
- DRAGONFLIES
TYPES OF INSECTS LEGS
Ungues-- a pair of claws
Arolium -- adhesive pad between the claws
Pulvilli—a pair of adhesive pads
STRUCTURE OF LEG
Each insect leg has six major components: coxa (plural coxae),
trochanter, femur (plural femora), tibia (plural tibiae), tarsus (plural
tarsi), pretarsus
1. Coxa: The coxa is typically short and rather stout,ball-and-socket
joints, although it varies in shape among taxa. It is set in a coxal cavity
and articulates with the thorax at the coxal process of the pleural sulcus
(groove).
2. Trochanter: The trochanter is small and freely movable in a vertical
direction on the coxa, but it is often rather fixed to the base of the
femur.
3. Femur: The femur is usually the largest and strongest segment of
the leg. Its size is related to the mass of the tibial extensor muscles
within it, varying from a small, thick segment in larval insects to the
enormous segment in the hind leg of jumping Orthoptera.
4. Tibia: The tibia typically is long and slender in adult insects. It often HEMIPTERA
bears spines for grooming or for engaging the substrate to aid in Suborder HOMOPTERA means uniform/same winged texture. The
locomotion. term is now only used as a popular plant feeding hemipterans
6. Pretarsus: The pretarsus, also called the acropod or posttarsus, Auchenorrhyncha-cicada, leaf and plant hoppers
arises from the distal end of the tarsal segment. In the Protura, Sternorrhyncha- aphids, plantlice,whiteflies and scale insects
Collembola, and larvae of many holometabolous insects, the pretarsus Hymenoptera - means membranous wing; winged forms of ants, bees
is a simple, clawlike segment and wasps
Isoptera - means equal wing; termites species live in social colonies
Leg Adaptations and Modifications: Orthoptera - straight wing; grasshopper, refers to the parallel-sided
Ambulatorial - walking (beetles) structure of the front wings (tegmina)
Cursorial - running (cockroach) Odonata - means toothed wing; dragonfly
Corbiculate Legs - hind leg-pollen basket, heavy was pincher, pollen Lepidoptera - means scale wings; butterfly/moth are covered with a
comb (bees) colorful mosaic of minute scales
Fossorial - adapted for digging/burrowing in the soil (cricket) Neuroptera - means nerve wings, lacewing (ant lion)
Natatorial - swimming (aquatic beetles) Thysanoptera - fringed wing, thrips
Perching legs - holding (dragonfly)
Raptorial - hunting (mantids) WING MODIFICATIONS:
Saltatorial - jumping (grasshoppers) Halteres (Halter) : Knob-like reduced hind wings of Diptera
Scansorial - clinging (louse) Elytra (Elytron): Hardened, protective forewings of Coleoptera
Skating legs - water strider Hemelytra: Half-hardened, half-membranous forewings of Hemiptera
(Heteroptera)
The basal segment of an insect leg Fringed wings: Modified wing structure of the Thysanoptera (b) Scales
- Coxa and hairs: Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, some Diptera
The hind legs of grasshoppers adapted for jumping purposes is Tegmina: front wings that are completely leathery or parchment-like in
equipped with texture Orthoptera, Blattodea, and Mantodea
- Enlarged femur
Legs of insects adapted for swimming Among true bugs, the forewing is divided into a hard portion and a
- Natatorial membranous portion. This type of wing is referred to as:
Type of legs of insects modified for grabbing and holding prey - HEMELYTRON
- RAPTORIAL Halteres are found among:
- MOSQUITOES
TYPES OF INSECT WINGS The largest order of insects
Coleoptera means sheath winged; Beetles -hardened casings -elytra - COLEOPTORA
Diptera means two winged; flies and mosquito, having a single pair of Butterflies and moths have this type of wings (responsible for the
forewings. The hind pair are reduced to halteres a knoblike organ for various patterns of wings):
balance - SCALY
Dermaptera- skin winged; earwigs, refers to the thickened forewings
that cover and protect the hind wings.
MORPHOGENESIS & METAMORPHOSIS Insect with complete metamorphosis
Morphogenesis - all changes that involve growth, molting, and - HOLOMETABOLOUS
maturation
Metamorphosis is the post-embryonic change in insect Most larvae can be grouped into one of five categories based on
The molting process is triggered by hormones released when an physical appearance:
insect's growth reaches the physical limits of its exoskeleton.
Ecdysis, however, occurs quickly (in minutes to hours). A newly molted
insect is soft and largely unpigmented (white or ivory). It is said to be in
a teneral condition until the process of tanning is completed (usually a
day or two).
INSECTS METAMORPHOSIS
I. Subclass Apterygota = Wingless
1. Ametabolous orders – change little in forms as they develop, just
keep getting bigger
Thysanura - Silverfish
Collembola - Springtails
II. Subclass Pterygota = winged Pupae can be grouped into one of three categories based on
a. hemimetabolous orders – incomplete metamorphosis physical appearance:
Immatures are aquatic, naiads (dragonfly)
Developmental stages- Egg- Naiad- Adult
b. Paurometabolous – gradual metamorphosis, orthopterans
C. Holometabolous insects have immature forms (larvae) that are very
different from adults.
- Larvae are "feeding machines", adapted mostly for consuming
food and growing in size.
- Developmental stages: Egg- Larva-Pupa-Adult
A type of development in which insects continue melting in their adult
life
- AMETABOLOUS A look at the outside of insect’s exoskeleton:
The aquatic immature stage of hemimetabolous - Sclerotin
- NAIAD - Calcium salt
The quiescent or inactive stage of holometabolous - Resilin
- PUPA - Sclerites
The destructive stages of insect development except - Conjunctivae
- LARVA - Exuviae
- Molting/ecdysis
MOLTING
- An insect’s skeleton is on the outside of its body and is called an The two kinds of insect growth are directly related to molting
exoskeleton. It serves as a support for muscles and internal patterns.
organs as well as a covering. 1. Determinate Growth
- As the insect’s rigid exoskeleton cannot expand much, it must - Those that show a determinate pattern of growth have a fixed
be shed and replaced with a larger one as the insect grows. number of molts
This process is called molting. - growth ceases around/slows considerably after sexual maturity
- The life stage between each molt is called an instar. 2. Indeterminate Growth
- Molting is governed by hormones. - Those that to molt indefinitely
- Cuticle secretion and the molt cycle are controlled by - which, at the most basic level, involves continued growth
ecdysone, a steroid hormone. through life
MOLTING is the shedding of the exoskeleton (cuticle) of the previous
life stage. THE STAGES OF MOLTING
The exoskeleton confers protection and undergoes shedding between 1. Apolysis - Molting hormones are released into the haemolymph and
each developmental stage through an evolutionarily conserved and the old cuticle separates from the underlying epidermal cells.
ordered sequence of behaviors, collectively referred to as ECDYSIS 2. Ecdysis - This begins with the splitting of the old cuticle, usually
starting in the midline of the thorax’s dorsal side.
The exoskeleton is comprised of sclerites: (hardened plates) 3. Sclerotization - After emergence the new cuticle is soft and this a
Tergites: Dorsal plates particularly vulnerable time for the insect as its hard-protective coating
Sternites: Ventral plates is missing. After an hour or two the exocuticle hardens and darkens.
Pleuron: Lateral area, often membranous The wings expand by the force of haemolymph into the wing veins.
THE CONCEPT OF PESTS
Importance of Pest Identification
- important tool for crop protection managers ” know your enemy”
concept
- important tool for coming up with sound and sustainable control
option
- important in understanding the life cycle, nature of damage and
behavior of insects
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ORIGIN
Exotic pest – those pests introduced from outside the locality; of
KINDS OF INSECT GROWTH
foreign (outside; non-native) origin.
Molting may occur up to three or four times or, in some insects, fifty
Endemic pest – those pests that are local in origin; evolved with crops
times or more during its life.
or plants in the same area; native pests
- Orseolia oryzae, also called the Asian rice gall midge, is a
species of small fly in the family Cecidomyiidae.
CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS BASED ON ABUNDANCE OR Examples:
NUMBER - The rice whorl maggot (Hydrella philippina) is semi-aquatic.
1. Key Pests - oftentimes pest population tend to go beyond the 4. Occasional Pests - considered as minor pest but due to favourable
threshold level which significantly affects yield weather conditions, its population can fluctuate which may significantly
- are usually introduced (exotic pest); affect yield;
- Most severe and damaging pests; - GEP is usually below the EIL and rarely cross the EIL, but if
- are always causing economic damage they do can cause serious damage
- These are persistent pests; always present in the field every - Can be controlled by spraying
season at a very high population - are usually strong fliers that can migrate from one place to
Examples: another;
- Helicoverpa armigera is a species of Lepidoptera in the family - they come usually in places that suffer after a long drought
Noctuidae. It is known as the cotton bollworm Examples:
- The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), sometimes called - Cotton stainers (Dysdercus cingulatus) is a species of true bug
the cabbage moth in the family Pyrrhocoridae, commonly known as the red cotton
- The mango hopper (Idioscopus clypealis) is a major insect pest stainer
of mango - Rice hispa (Dicladispa armigera) is a species of leaf beetle
2. Major Pests - always present in the field every season at a very high from Southeast Asia
population - Myllocerus viridanus, often known as sweet potato beetle, pod
- always causing economic damage borer or ash weevil, is a species of weevil native to India and
- GEP lies very close to EIL or coincides with EIL; Sri Lanka.
- Economic damage can be prevented by timely and repeated 5. Sporadic Pests - GEP generally below EIL
sprays - Sometimes it crosses EIL and cause severe loss in some
Examples: places/periods
- Stem borers (Chilo suppressalis) can destroy rice at any stage - sporadic pest is one that is not seen on a regular basis, but may
of the plant from seedling to maturity. appear under certain conditions. Sporadic pests therefore would
- Okra leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula). The adult and nymphs necessitate occasional control.
suck the plant sap. Example:
3. Potential/Minor/Secondary Pests - pest populations are below - white grubs Phyllophaga spp.
threshold level and do not affect yield; are usually endemic species - Red hairy caterpillar (Amsacta albistriga)
- always found in the field at low population; 6. Migrant Pests - Non-residents of the agroecosystems that enter
- GEP always less (below) than EIL periodically and may cause severe economic damage
- they do not cause economic damage because their population Examples:
are being controlled by many natural enemies; - Locusts are various species of short-horned grasshoppers in
- They cause some damage but are not considered pests at the family Acrididae that have a swarming phase.
present; - Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a species in the
- If their existing environment changes they may cause economic order Lepidoptera and one of the species of the fall armyworm
loss moths distinguished by their larval life stage.
