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Blood

The document outlines various blood disorders, including Iron Deficiency Anemia, Megaloblastic Anemia, Hemolytic Anemia, and others, detailing their laboratory findings and hallmark features. Each disorder is accompanied by specific case studies that illustrate the diagnostic criteria and justifications based on blood analysis results. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding the hematological implications of these conditions.

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7 views6 pages

Blood

The document outlines various blood disorders, including Iron Deficiency Anemia, Megaloblastic Anemia, Hemolytic Anemia, and others, detailing their laboratory findings and hallmark features. Each disorder is accompanied by specific case studies that illustrate the diagnostic criteria and justifications based on blood analysis results. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding the hematological implications of these conditions.

Uploaded by

titomohammed731
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Blood:

✅ 1. Iron Deficiency Anemia


 RBC: ↓
 Hemoglobin: ↓
 MCV: ↓ (microcytic)
 MCH/MCHC: ↓ (hypochromic)
 Serum Iron: ↓
 TIBC: ↑
 Ferritin: ↓
 Hallmarks: Microcytic, hypochromic anemia with low ferritin and high
TIBC

✅ 2. Megaloblastic Anemia (B12/Folate Deficiency)


 RBC: ↓
 Hemoglobin: ↓
 MCV: ↑ (macrocytic)
 Hypersegmented neutrophils
 Serum B12/Folate: ↓
 Hallmarks: Macrocytic anemia + hypersegmented neutrophils

✅ 3. Hemolytic Anemia
 RBC: ↓
 Hemoglobin: ↓
 Reticulocytes: ↑
 LDH: ↑
 Indirect bilirubin: ↑
 Haptoglobin: ↓
 Hallmarks: Reticulocytosis + indirect hyperbilirubinemia + low
haptoglobin

✅ 4. Acute Inflammation / Infection


 Leukocytes (WBC): ↑ (neutrophilia)
 ESR, CRP: ↑
 Hallmarks: Neutrophilic leukocytosis + ↑ CRP/ESR

✅ 5. Chronic Inflammatory Disease


 WBC: Normal or mildly ↑
 ESR/CRP: ↑↑
 Normocytic normochromic anemia
 Hallmarks: High ESR/CRP + anemia of chronic disease (normocytic)

✅ 6. Acute Leukemia
 WBC: ↑↑ (may also be normal or ↓)
 Blasts: Present in peripheral blood
 Hemoglobin: ↓
 Platelets: ↓
 Hallmarks: Blasts + pancytopenia or hyperleukocytosis

✅ 7. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)


 WBC: ↑↑ (lymphocytosis)
 Mature lymphocytes dominate
 Smudge cells: Present
 Hallmarks: Persistent lymphocytosis + smudge cells
✅ 8. Polycythemia Vera
 RBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit: ↑↑
 WBC & Platelets: May be elevated
 EPO: ↓
 Hallmarks: Increased all cell lines + low EPO

✅ 9. Thrombocytopenia (e.g., ITP, DIC)


 Platelets: ↓
 Bleeding time: ↑
 PT/aPTT: Normal in ITP, prolonged in DIC
 D-dimer: ↑ in DIC
 Hallmarks:
o ITP: Isolated thrombocytopenia
o DIC: ↓ platelets + ↑ PT/aPTT + ↑ D-dimer

✅ 10. Sepsis
 WBC: ↑ or ↓ (severe cases)
 CRP, Procalcitonin: ↑↑
 Lactic acid: ↑
 Platelets: ↓
 Hallmarks: Leukocytosis or leukopenia + high CRP/procalcitonin +
thrombocytopenia

✅ Case 1: Iron Deficiency Anemia


Source: Blood analysis (anemia).pdf
Findings:
 Hemoglobin: 90 g/L (↓)
 RBC: 3.8 x10¹²/L (↓)
 MCV: 70 fL (↓)
 MCH: 20 pg (↓)
 Serum Iron: 5 µmol/L (↓)
 TIBC: 72 µmol/L (↑)
 Ferritin: 9 ng/mL (↓)
Diagnosis: Iron Deficiency Anemia
Justification: Microcytic, hypochromic anemia confirmed by low MCV/MCH,
low serum iron and ferritin, and high TIBC.

✅ Case 2: Megaloblastic Anemia (Vitamin B12 Deficiency)


Source: Blood analysis (anemia).pdf
Findings:
 Hemoglobin: 88 g/L (↓)
 MCV: 115 fL (↑)
 WBC: 3.2 x10⁹/L (↓)
 Platelets: 120 x10⁹/L (↓)
 Peripheral smear: Hypersegmented neutrophils
Diagnosis: Megaloblastic Anemia (likely B12 deficiency)
Justification: Macrocytic anemia with pancytopenia and hypersegmented
neutrophils—hallmark features of megaloblastic anemia.

✅ Case 3: Acute Leukemia


Source: Blood analysis (anemia).pdf
Findings:
 WBC: 75 x10⁹/L (↑↑)
 Hemoglobin: 82 g/L (↓)
 Platelets: 50 x10⁹/L (↓)
 Blasts: Present on smear
Diagnosis: Acute Leukemia
Justification: High WBC with presence of blasts, anemia, and
thrombocytopenia — typical of acute leukemia.

✅ Case 4: Inflammation/Acute Infection


Source: Blood analysis (anemia).pdf
Findings:
 WBC: 14 x10⁹/L (↑)
 Neutrophils: 85% (↑)
 CRP: 65 mg/L (↑)
Diagnosis: Acute Bacterial Infection
Justification: Neutrophilic leukocytosis and elevated CRP are hallmarks of
acute bacterial inflammation.

Case 5: Chronic Inflammation / Anemia of Chronic Disease


Source: CBC [Link]
Findings:
 Hemoglobin: 94 g/L
 MCV: 88 fL (normocytic)
 Serum iron: Low
 Ferritin: Normal or high
 TIBC: Low or normal
Diagnosis: Anemia of Chronic Disease
Justification: Normocytic anemia with low iron but normal/high ferritin and
low TIBC points to iron sequestration in chronic inflammation.

✅ Case 6: Acute Inflammation / Bacterial Infection


Source: CBC [Link]
Findings:
 WBC: 16.5 x10⁹/L
 Neutrophils: 88%
 CRP: 98 mg/L
Diagnosis: Acute Bacterial Infection
Justification: Neutrophilic leukocytosis and high CRP are classical markers of
bacterial inflammation.

✅ Case 7: Thrombocytopenia (Possible ITP)


Source: CBC [Link]
Findings:
 Platelet count: 18 x10⁹/L
 PT/aPTT: Normal
 Bleeding signs present (petechiae, bruises)
Diagnosis: Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Justification: Isolated thrombocytopenia with normal coagulation parameters
and mucocutaneous bleeding suggests ITP.

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