Cell injury

Long questions (10 Marks)

1)amyloidosis: definition, classification, pathogenesis, diagnosis

2)apoptosis: definition,mechanisms, morphology

3)discuss cellular adaptations with examples.

4) morphology of cell injury

5)effects of free radicals and inactivation of free radicals

short questions(6 marks)

1)define necrosis, discuss different types of necrosis

2)discuss pathological calcifications

3)pigments

4)amyloidosis- classification & pathogenesis

5)discuss mechanisms of apoptosis.

short questions(2 marks)

1)difference between Necrosis & Apoptosis

2) types of necrosis

3)define metaplasia and give examplesof its

4)difference between Dry gangrene & wet gangrene

5)what is autophagy
 INFLAMMATION
5 LONG QUESTION (10 MARKS)
1)Describe vascular & cellular events of inflammation.
2)Chemical mediators of inflammation.
3)Describe cause,morphology & examples of chronic
inflammation.
4)Describe fracture healing in detail.
5)What is granulomatous inflammation in detail.
5 SHORT QUESTION (6 MARKS)
1)Give chemical examples of wound healing & scaring.
2)Describe role of cytokines in acute inflammation.
3)Describe mechanism of tissue repair.
4)Factors affecting wound healing.
5)Describe role of lymphocytes in chronic inflammation.
5 SHORT QUESTION (1 MARK)
[Link] of inflammation.
[Link] is angiogenesis.
[Link] scars vs keloid.
[Link] 4 Arachidonic acid metabolism.
5. Name plasma derived mediators.
 Genetics And Pediatric Diseases
Long Questions
1. Discuss about cytogenetic disorders.

2. Tumor and Tumor like conditions of Infancy and Childhood.

3. Common storage disorders of Infancy and Childhood. Genetics And Pediatric

Diseases

Short Questions
1. What is gene?

2. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

3. What are Mendel's laws of inheritance?

4. What is a mutation?.

5. What is the difference between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance?

6. What is genetic imprinting?

7. What is a karyotype?

8. What is the role of BRCA genes?

9. What is polygenic inheritance?

10. What is the purpose of pedigree analysis?

11. What is Down syndrome?

12. What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

13. What are the clinical features of Marfan syndrome?

14. What is Turner syndrome?

15. What is the genetic defect in sickle cell anemia?

 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1. Toxic shock syndrome

2. Etiopathogenesis of gas gangrene
3. Botulinum toxin in cerebral palsy
4. Classification of leprosy
5. Atypical mycobacterial infections
6. Classify viral hemorrhagic fevers. Describe about dengue fever
7. H1N1 infection
8. SARS
9. Life cycle of wucheria bancrofti. Discuss about elephantiasis.
10. Discuss water borne disease

ENVIRONMENT AND NUTRITION

1. Occupational cancer
2. Discuss common diseases caused by environmental and occupational
exposure
3. Vitamin A toxicity
4. Biological effects of radiation
5. Hepatic changes an PEM
6. Trace elements
7. Vitamin D
8. Hazards of smoking on health
9. Effects of Alcohol on human body
10. Obesity associated disease
 Immunopathology And HIV
LONG QUESTIONS
 What is HIV? Write the characteristic features of HIV, mode of transmission and
pathogenesis of the disease caused by HIV.
 What is the type II hypersensitivity reactions and discuss pathogenesis.

SHORT NOTES
 What are the criteria for the diagnosis of SLE?
 What are the characteristics of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
 What are the symptoms associated with type I hypersensitivity reactions?
 What is the MHC and HLA and discuss it briefly.
 What is the type III hypersensitivity reaction? Write pathogenesis and important disease
caused by it.

SHORT QUESTIONS
 What are the main cells of immune system?
 List important disease caused by Type II Hypersensitivity cytotoxic reactions.
 Define autoimmune disease.
 What are the AIDS and common opportunistic infections occurs in AIDS?
 What is the best serological test for diagnosing SLE?
Anemia: question
Long question(10 marks):
1) Describe The Etiology, Investigationand Differential Diagnosis Of
Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia
2) Describe The Metabolism Of Vitamin B12 And The Etiology And
Pathogenesis Of B12 Deficiency.
3) Enumerate The Differences And Describe The Etiology And
Distinguishing Features Of Megaloblastic And Non Megaloblastic
Macrocytic Anemia
4) Define And Classify Anemia, Describe Iron Metabolism.
5) Define And Classify Anemia, Describe B12 Metabolism.

Long question(06 marks):

1) Define and classify anemia
2) Describe haematopoiesis and extramedullary haematopoiesis
3) Enumerate and describe the investigation of anemia
4) Describe iron metabolism
5) Describe laboratory investigation of macrocytic anemia
6) A 52-year-old gentleman presents to his general practitioner
complaining of shortness of breath on exertion and fatigue, which has
been worsening for the past three months.
EXAMINATION:

The patient looks pale. The general practitioner also notes angular
stomatitis. His mucosal membranes and conjunctivae are pale. Examinations of
his cardio respiratory and abdominal systems are unremarkable.

INVESTIGATIONS:
 CBC: Iron profile:
Haemoglobin: 7.1 g/dL Serum iron: 9 mcg/dL
White cell count: 7100 /cmm Serum ferritin: 10 ng/mL
Red cell count: 3.40 milli/cmm Total iron binding capacity: 600
μg/dL
Platelets: 251000/cmm Transferrin saturation: 10 %
MCV: 75 fl B12 and folate levels both were
normal.
MCH: 20 pg Urinalysis:
MCHC: 29 g/dL Negative for blood, protein and
glucose.
RDW: 18%

QUESTIONS: (Total marks 05)

1. What is the most likely diagnosis? (Mark 02)

2. What is cut off value of hemoglobin for anemia in males and females as
per WHO? (Mark 02)

3. What are the other causes of microcytic blood picture? (Mark 02)

Short questions(2 marks)

1)Definition Of Anemia

2)Causes Of Iron Deficiency Anemia

3)Causes Of Macrocytic Anemia

4) Classification Of Anemia

5)Differential Diagnosis Of Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia

 WBC DISORDERS
• Difference between myeloblast and lymphoblast.

• What is total and differential leucocyte count? Draw and labelled diagram of
all the cells with normal range of each cells.

• Describe the functions of Neutrophils.

• What is leukemoid reaction? Give difference between leukemoid reaction an

chronic myeloid leukemia.

• What is leukemia? Discuss briefly about etiology, classification and

pathogenesis of the acute leukemia.

• Write contrasting features of AML & ALL.

• What is CML? Write clinical features, laboratory finding and peripheral

blood picture of CML. Draw labelled diagram of promyelocyte.

• Write the normal range for monocyte and causes of monocytosis.

• Philadelphia chromosome.

• Name the different bone marrow aspiration needle.

• Write causes of neutropenia.

• Write the FAB Classification of ALL.

HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
Case 1:

A 12-year-old girl presents to the emergency department with fever (102

°F), difficulty breathing, cough and chest pain. On physical exam, her vitals
were T 102 °F, BP 100/60, P 80, RR 25 and SaO2 80%. She was coughing and
appeared to be in pain. No other abnormal findings were noted. A chest X
ray was performed and showed a new pulmonary opacity.
Peripheral blood film:

QUESTIONS:
 1. What is the most likely diagnosis?
2. Comment on Peripheral smear film.
3. write pathogenesis.
4. What further investigations would you arrange?

CASE 2
A 9-month-old infant presented with severe anaemia, poor feeding, repeated infection.

EXAMINATION:

Failure to thrive

Frontal bossing, overgrowth of maxilla

Hepatosplenomegaly

INVESTIGATIONS:

CBC: Iron profile:

Haemoglobin: 6.5 g/dL Serum iron: 45 mcg/dL
White cell count: 8100 /cmm Serum ferritin: 1000 ng/mL
Red cell count: 3.21 milli/cmm Total iron binding capacity: 100 μg/dL
Platelets: 281000/cmm Transferrin saturation: 55 %
MCV: 62.8fl Hb Electrophoresis:
MCH: 20.2pg Hb A2- 3.63 %
MCHC: 29 g/dL Hb F- 91.25 %
RDW: 18% Hb A – 2.51 %
Peripheral blood film:
 QUESTIONS:

1. What is the most likely diagnosis?

2. Comment on Peripheral smear film.

3. write pathogenesis

[Link] are the findings on electrophoresis of this diagnosis?

Long questions:
1) Define and classification of hemolyticanemia.
2) Pathogenesis, clinical features, homological parameters of
B- thalassemia.
3) Pathogenesis, clinical features, homological parameters of
Sickle cell anemia.

Short questions:
1) Thalessemia major, minor, intermedia
2) G 6PD deficiency
3) hemoglobinuria
 4) difference between intravascular and extravascular
hemolysis
5) alpha thalassemias. What is hbbarts or hydrops fetalis?
6) What are sickling syndromes?

PLASMA CELL DISORDER

LONG QUESTIONS:
(1) What are the lab findings in MM?
(2) What is the pathogenesis of MM?
(3) Name plasma cell dyscrasia other than MM with thei diagnostic criteria?
(4) Draw and labeled diagram of peripheral smear finding, bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow
biopsy microscopic examination findings.
(5) Describe prognostic factor and staging of MM?

SHORT QUESTIONS:
(6) What is POEMS syndrome?
(7) What does acronym CRAB stands for?
(8) What are the useful CD markers for myeloma cell?
(9) What is the peripheral picture in MM?
(10) What is the role of IL-6 in pathogenesis of MM?
CASE:
61 year female patient is admitted with H/O Paraplegia and bone pains.

His CBC report is

Hb- 7.2gm/dl

Total count-3500x103/L

Platelet- 56000

Other Investigations:

[Link]-2.1

Serum Protein Electrophoresis- M-spike

Serum Free Light Chain Assay-Increased

X-ray or MRI of the spine: Multiple lytic lesions or compression fractures.

CT scan can show lytic bone lesions or pathologic fractures.

Urine routine micro- Bence Jones protein (BJP)

Questions:-

(1) What is your diagnosis?

(2) Criteria for your diagnosis?
(3) What is Bence Jones protein?
(4) What is non-secretory multiple myeloma?
(5) What are the nuclear and cytoplasmic manifestations of myeloma cell?