Welcome to class!

In today’s class, we will be talking about

woodwork hand tools. Enjoy the class!
Woodwork Hand Tools
an overhead view of woodworking tools
BORING TOOLS and CUTTING TOOLS
We resume last week and had a little revision
on our previous term. Today been the second
week of resumption, we will start with
woodwork hand tool.
Boring tools are used in construction,
carpentry, metalwork and many industries to
make holes in various materials.
Metal-Boring Tools
Metal boring tools are used in metalwork and
art. Metal-working applications include
drilling holes during car manufacture,
precision cutting and roof installation. Some
artists, searching for more ways to express
themselves, make excellent sculptures and
other works using different metals. They
produce high-quality using metal-boring
machines, including hand drills, drill presses
and lathes. Almost all of these tools require
external power sources.
The various types of boring tools are classified
mostly according to their different functions.
Post-Hole Tools
The clam-shell post-hole digger, a common
tool, is useful for digging holes for fences,
mailboxes and planting tasks. Augers, also
used for boring holes in the ground, are
available in gas-powered and vehicle-
mounted types. These are usually used for
industrial purposes or in cases where a large
number of holes need to be dug.
Carpentry Tools
Carpenters bore holes in wood when making
or repairing furniture. One of the most
common tools is the hand drill. A hammer and
a nail may also be used, but it is easier to use
a hand drill. Carpenters may also
use chisels for boring tasks, especially when
decorating furniture.
Borehole Tools
These tools are used mostly to construct
residential boreholes to help alleviate water
shortages. They may also be used
in remote areas and ranches, to provide water
to surrounding areas.
What is cutting tool?
A cutting tool is a wedge-shaped and sharp-
edged device that is used to remove the excess
layer of material from the work-piece by
shearing during machining to obtain the
desired shape, size and accuracy. It is rigidly
mounted on the machine tool.
Here are some commonly used cutting tools is
provided below:
Single point turning tool—cutter for turning
operation performed in the lathe.
Drill: It is for drilling operation performed on
drilling machine or lathe or milling machine.
Milling cutter (or mill): It is for milling
operations performed on the milling machine.
Fly cutter—cutter for fly milling operation
performed in the milling machine.
Shaper: It is for shaping operation performed
in shaping machine.
Planer: It is used for planning operation
performed in the planning machine.
Boring bar: It is used for boring operation
performed in drilling or boring machine.
Broach: It is used for broaching operation
performed in broaching machine
Grinding wheel: Abrasive cutter for grinding
operation performed in grinding machine.
In our next class, we will be talking more
about Woodwork Hand Tools. We hope you
enjoyed the class.
Welcome to class!
In today’s class, we will be talking more about
woodwork hand tools. Enjoy the class!
Woodwork Hand Tools II
Driving and impelling tools holding devices
care and maintenance
Driving tools:
They are tools used for moving objects into
metals through hammering, punching, or
screw-driving. Driving tools commonly used
by metalworkers include hammers,
screwdrivers and punches. 1. Driving tools are
tools used for moving objects into metals
through hammering, punching, or screw-
driving.
Impelling tools:
They are also called Striking tools, they are
used for driving chisels and nails into the
wood and for assembly work. The two types of
striking tools used for wood-working are (i)
mallet and (ii) hammer.
A great set of tools will always be useful to
you, provided you take good care of them like
protecting against damage and rust and
storing them neatly. You may find it expensive
to buy top quality hand tools. But many people
assume that such tools do not need care or
maintenance and throw them casually into
plastic tool boxes or drawers.
Here are some tips to take good care of your
hand tools:
Keep them clean:
Always, all tools must remain free of debris
and dust, which can cause damage over a long
time. Cleaning your tools will take only a few
minutes. It is well worth to spend time
cleaning the tools compared to the cost of
repairing or replacing them.
You can clean hand tools by simply wiping all
over with a rag. If the tools are dirty, do not
hesitate to provide a good wash with water
and soap
Inspect and repair:
One must inspect and do the necessary repair
for the following:
Splintered, cracked or loose handles:
In case a wooden handle is damaged, it is
prone to breaking during use, with the
potential to injure someone. If the handle is
not damaged too much, you can sand it down
just fine. If the handle is too rough, first sand
against the grain. Sand till it is smooth enough
to run your hand along with it, without
sensing splinters or chips. Complete the
process with a coating of linseed oil.
Mushroomed heads on wedges and chisels:
A mushroomed head is just that. It implies
that the striking edge which must be sharp
has become malformed through use. When
you use a tool in this state, the head can
shatter on impact. Luckily, you can solve this
problem by keeping tools sharpened. It is good
to sharpen them whenever you notice a
problem. Make it a habit to sharpen tools at
least once every six months.
Rust and corrosion:
Based on the level of rust or corrosion, it may
be unsafe to use the tool. Try to remove the
rust by yourself or simply replace the tool.
Getting rid of rust is quite easy in case there is
no great damage.
Proper Storage:
Cleaning your tools is of no use if you don’t
store them properly. Based on your needs, a
simple toolbox will suffice. In case you own a
big collection of tools or use them
professionally, a great option is a metal
cabinet. All tools must be sorted and
organized and replaced in their stipulated
storage area after use. This way you can not
only access them quickly but also keep them
safe.
Ideally, the tools should not rub against each
other when stored. Some companies have
designed storage systems to cater to this need.
Keep all tools in a dry area, safe from
moisture, direct sunlight and dust. Sharp tools
like chisels must be stored in a holder to
prevent injury. Also, do not leave tools in the
work area for fear of posing as a serious
hazard.

In our next class, we will be talking

about Metalwork Hand Tools. We hope you
enjoyed the class.
Welcome to class!
In today’s class, we will be talking about
metalwork hand tools. Enjoy the class!
Metalwork Hand Tools
Metalworking hand tools are hand tools that
are used in the metalworking field. Hand tools
are powered solely by the operator.
The following are the basic tools and
equipment used in doing metal works:
Straightedge: A steel rule used to test the
flatness of a workpiece. The edge of the steel
rule is placed on the surface of a material and
then held up against the light.
Outside calliper: This is used to measure the
outside dimensions of either a flat or round
stock. It may also be used to check the
parallelism of surfaces. The setting on the
outside calliper may be converted into linear
units by measuring the opening with a steel
rule.
Inside calliper: This is used to measure the
diameter of holes or widths of key-ways and
slots. To convert the inside calliper’s opening
into linear units, use a steel rule in the same
manner as that of the outside calliper.
Hermaphrodite calliper: This consists of two
legs; one is like that of a divider and the other
one is like the leg of an inside calliper.
Hermaphrodite callipers may be used to
scribe arcs or in marking layout work.
Try-square: This consists of a thick beam
sometimes called the stock and a thin blade
set at 90° angle. This tool is commonly used to
test or “try” the accuracy of work. Many try-
squares are gradated on the blade so it may
also be used as a rule.
Divider: This is similar in construction to
callipers except that the legs are straight and
terminates in sharp points. These are used for
measuring distances between points,
transferring measurement from a scale, and
scribing circles and arc’s
Tape rule: This comes in different lengths but
commonly in two-meter lengths. They are
useful in measuring large dimensions such as
lengths of metal bars and width of iron sheets.
The flexible metal tape rule is housed into a
small metal receptacle and can be pulled out
when needed.
Vernier calliper: This is a device which
measures dimensions more accurately than
most other measuring tools and is commonly
used in machine shop work.
Micrometre: This is used to measure very
small dimensions. It may be used to determine
the thickness of a shim or the diameter of a
single hair strand.
Layout table: This is made of granite or cast
iron. Granite is considered better than cast
iron but is very expensive. For very simple
layout work, any plain surface such as an
ordinary tabletop will do.
Scribers: These are generally used with a
straight edge ruler to draw straight lines.
These are made of hardened steel and
sharpened to a very sharp point. On some
scribers, one end is bent to allow marking a
line in hard-to-reach places.
Layout punch: Also, commonly known as
prick punch. It looks a centre punch except
that the point is ground to an angle of 30° to
60° and is used to permanently mark the
location of layout lines.
Centre punch: Is practically the same as the
prick punch except that the point is ground to
an angle of 90°. It is used to mark the location
of the centres of holes. The wider the angle of
indentation permits a drill bit to start holes
accurately.
Hammer: The most commonly used in bench-
work are the ball-peen, straight peen, and
cross peen hammers. Aside from the three,
soft-faced hammers are also extensively used
in metalwork. These are used in assembling
or disassembling parts so the finished surfaces
would not be dented. The faces of soft
hammers are made of lead, plastic, rawhide,
wood, or copper. These are attached to a steel
handle and are generally replaceable.

In our next class, we will be talking more

about Metalwork Hand Tools. We hope you
enjoyed the class.
Welcome to class!
In today’s class, we will be talking about
driving tools cutting/boring tools care and
maintenance. Enjoy the class!
Metal Work Hand Tools II
Driving tools, cutting/boring tools care and
maintenance
Driving tools cutting/boring tools are tools
used to make holes or drive holes and they are
can also be used for cutting.
Examples are as follows:
Hacksaw:
This is used in cutting metals and other
materials like fibre and plastics. It is
composed of a handle, a frame, and a blade.
Scraper:
This is used to produce a surface truer that
can be produced by machining. Scraping is a
process of removing small amounts of metal
from specific areas to produce an accurate
surface. It is a long and tedious process.
Scrapers are made of high grade hardened
and tempered tool steel. Carbides are
sometimes added to the tips to make them last
longer.
Chisel:
Is the simplest form of cutting tool. It is made
of heat-treated steel with the cutting edge
shaped differently for various chipping
requirements
Screwdriver:
Instruments designed to drive in and take out
screws. The two most common types used in
the shop are the standard screwdrivers with a
flat blade and the screwdriver with the
crossed tip to fit the recesses of a Philip-head
screw
Here are some tips to take good care of tools:
Keep them Clean:
Always, all tools must remain free of debris
and dust, which can cause damage over a long
time. Cleaning your tools will take only a few
minutes. It is well worth to spend time
cleaning the tools compared to the cost of
repairing or replacing them.
Inspect and Repair:
One must inspect and do the necessary repair
for the following:
Splintered, cracked or loose handles:
In case a wooden handle is damaged, it is
prone to breaking during use, with the
potential to injure someone. If the handle is
not damaged too much, you can sand it down
just fine. If the handle is too rough, first sand
against the grain. Sand till it is smooth enough
to run your hand along with it, without
sensing splinters or chips. Complete the
process with a coating of linseed oil. But if
there is heavy splintering, you must replace
the tool.
Mushroomed heads on wedges and chisels:
A mushroomed head is just that. It implies
that the striking edge which must be sharp
has become malformed through use. When
you use a tool in this state, the head can
shatter on impact. Luckily, you can solve this
problem by keeping tools sharpened. It is good
to sharpen them whenever you notice a
problem. Make it a habit to sharpen tools at
least once every six months.
Rust and corrosion:
Based on the level of rust or corrosion, it may
be unsafe to use the tool. Try to remove the
rust by yourself or simply replace the tool.
Getting rid of rust is quite easy in case there is
no great damage.
Proper Storage:
Cleaning your tools is of no use if you don’t
store them properly. Based on your needs, a
simple toolbox will suffice. In case you own a
big collection of tools or use them
professionally, a great option is a metal
cabinet. All tools must be sorted and
organized and replaced in their stipulated
storage area after use. This way you can not
only access them quickly but also keep them
safe.
Ideally, the tools should not rub against each
other when stored. Some companies have
designed storage systems to cater to this need.
Keep all tools in a dry area, safe from
moisture, direct sunlight and dust. Sharp tools
like chisels must be stored in a holder to
prevent injury. Also, do not leave tools in the
work area for fear of posing as a serious
hazard.

In our next class, we will be talking about

the Maintenance of Tools and Machines. We
hope you enjoyed the class.
Welcome to class!
In today’s class, we will be talking about the
maintenance of tools and machines. Enjoy the
class!
Maintenance of Tools and Machines
Machine maintenance involves regular
servicing of equipment, routine checks, repair
work, and replacement of worn or non-
functional parts. Machines to be maintained
include both heavy-duty industrial equipment
and simple hand-operated machines.
All tools, equipment and vehicles must be
properly maintained so that workers are not
endangered. Construction regulations require
inspections of vehicles, tools, machines and
equipment before use.
Preventive maintenance is the systematic care
and protection of tools, equipment, machines
and vehicles to keep them in a safe, usable
condition, limit downtime and extend
productivity. We must always be aware that
maintenance tasks themselves are potentially
hazardous and can result in injury.
General requirements for equipment
maintenance
Obtaining a copy of the maintenance schedule
recommended by the manufacturer.
Ensuring that maintenance is performed as
required.
Ensuring that the person(s) performing the
maintenance are competent (e.g. Licensed
mechanic).
Retaining records of maintenance/service
conducted.
Specifying who is responsible for overseeing
equipment maintenance and where the
records are kept.
Set up a system for removal and tagging of
damaged or defective tools and equipment.
Corrective maintenance:
Corrective maintenance is implemented right
after a defect has been detected on a piece of
equipment or a production line: its objective is
to make the piece of equipment work
normally again so that it can perform its
assigned function. It can either be planned or
unplanned depending on whether or not a
maintenance plan has been created.
Predetermined maintenance:
Predetermined maintenance, probably the
less known one of all the maintenance types
presented in this article, doesn’t rely on the
actual equipment’s state but rather on the
programs delivered by manufacturers. They
elaborate on these programs based on their
knowledge of failure mechanisms.
Condition-based maintenance:
Among all types of maintenance cited above,
condition-based maintenance is the most
complicated to implement. It aims to prevent
failures and requires regular check-ups of the
state, the efficiency as well as other indicators
of the system. All this data can be gathered
automatically on the field or remotely thanks
to a direct network connection to the
equipment, to make sure that it is constantly
controlled
Importance
Increases equipment uptime
Enhances efficiency when running
Reduces overall costs
Improves the lifespan of the equipment
Maintains the value of the equipment

In our next class, we will be talking

about Basic Electricity. We hope you enjoyed
the class.
Welcome to class!
In today’s class, we will be talking about
electricity. Enjoy the class!
Basic Electricity
Electricity:
It is the flow of electrons from one place to
another. Electrons can flow through any
material but do so more easily in some than in
others. How easily it flows is called resistance.
The resistance of a material is measured in
Ohms.
Note to recall:
AMPS is amount of electricity.
VOLTS is the Push, not the amount.
OHMS slow the flow.
WATTS is how much gets done.
Electric current:
Any movement of electric charge carriers,
such as subatomic charged particles (e.g.,
electrons having negative charge, proton
having positive charge), ions (atoms that have
lost or gained one or more electrons), or holes
(electron deficiencies that may be thought of
as positive particles).
In an electric circuit, this charge is often
carried by electrons moving through a wire.
There are two types of electric current:
direct current (DC)
alternating current (AC).
The electrons in direct current flow in one
direction. The current produced by a battery
is direct current. The electrons in alternating
current flow in one direction, then in the
opposite direction—over and over again.
Electrical circuit
An electrical circuit is a path in which
electrons from a voltage or current source
flow.
The point where those electrons enter an
electrical circuit is called the “source” of
electrons. The point where the electrons leave
an electrical circuit is called the “return” or
“earth ground“. The exit point is called the
“return” because electrons always end up at
the source when they complete the path of an
electrical circuit.
Lets us go over some sample electrical
symbols and what they represent.
Ground or Earth:
A ground symbol (IEC symbol 5017) identifies
a ground terminal. It can be used for a zero
potential reference point from where current
is measured. It is also for electrical shock
protection. There are a few different ground
symbols. The one we’re showing here is
“Earth”, but there’s also a Chassis and
Digital/Common ground with slight variations
to this symbol.
Resistor:
A resistor reduces the current flow. In a
schematic, this is represented with a few zig-
zags squiggles. We’re showing the US/Japan
version of this symbol (IEEE).
Switch:
Disconnects the current when open. We’re
showing a simple SPST (single-pole single-
throw) toggle switch, but there are variations
for SPDT, push-button, dip, relay, and more.
For a complete list of switch symbols, check
out Smart Draw’s electrical symbol library.
Capacitor:
A capacitor symbol shows two terminals
running into plates. The curved plate indicates
that the capacitor is polarized. The curved side
has a lower voltage. A small plus sign can be
added to the straight side indicated the
positive pin.
Fuse:
A fuse protects electrical circuits by stopping
the flow of current when the intensity of
current exceeds a set value. It does this by
melting a special wire.
Antenna:
Marks a device, rod, or wire designed to
capture radio and electromagnetic waves into
electrical signals and vice versa.
Inductor:
An inductor is also called a coil or reactor. The
coils store energy in a magnetic field or flux.
An inductor symbol looks like a series of
looped coils.
Transformer:
A transformer is two or more coils coupled by
magnetic induction. It helps keep the
frequency and reduce tension in an AC circuit.
Motor:
A motor is a device that can transform electric
energy into mechanical energy.
Source:
Represents the power source for your
electronics. This symbol represents a direct
current (DC). To represent AC, you’d replace
the plus and minus sign with a wave.
Battery:
Batteries are represented on a schematic with
a pair of disproportionate, parallel lines. The
number of lines indicates the number of series
cells in the battery.

In our next class, we will be talking more

about Basic Electricity. We hope you enjoyed
the class.
Welcome to class!
In today’s class, we will be talking more about
electricity. Enjoy the class!
Measuring Instruments: Definition of
Transformer, Stabilizer, Electrical Appliances
and Accessories
Transformer
A transformer is a static device which
transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through the process of
electromagnetic induction. It is most
commonly used to increase (‘step up’) or
decrease (‘step down’) voltage levels between
circuits.
Stabilizer
A device that automatically maintains a consta
nt voltage at the inputs of any receiver of elect
ric power (voltage stabilizer) or a constant cur
rent in the circuits of such receivers (current r
egulator). Constant values are maintained reg
ardless of variations in the mains voltage or lo
ad.
Working principle of transformer
The working principle of a transformer is very
simple. Mutual induction between two or
more winding (also known as coils) allows for
electrical energy to be transferred between
circuits. This principle is explained in further
detail below.
The three main parts of a transformer:
Primary Winding of Transformer
Magnetic Core of Transformer
Secondary Winding of Transformer
The primary winding of transformer:
It produces magnetic flux when it is connected
to an electrical source.
The magnetic core of the transformer:
The magnetic flux produced by the primary
winding, that will pass through this low
reluctance path linked with secondary
winding and create a closed magnetic circuit.
The secondary winding of transformer:
The flux, produced by primary winding,
passes through the core, will link with the
secondary winding. This winding also wounds
on the same core and gives the desired output
of the transformer.
Types
1. Coil rotation AC voltage regulators:
It is an older type of voltage regulator which
was used in the 1920s. It works on the
principle similar to the variocoupler and
consists of two field coils: one coil is fixed and
the other can be rotated on an axis which is
parallel with the fixed coil.
2. Electromechanical Regulators:
Electromechanical voltage regulators that are
used for regulating the voltage on AC power
distribution lines also called as voltage
stabilizers or tap-changers. To select an
appropriate tap from multiple taps of an
autotransformer, these voltage stabilizers
utilize the servomechanism operation.
3. Constant Voltage Transformer:
It is a type of saturating transformer which is
used as a voltage stabilizer; it is also called as
Ferro resonant transformer or Ferro resonant
regulator. These voltage stabilizers use a tank
circuit composed of a capacitor for generating
nearly constant average output voltage with
varying input current and a high-voltage
resonant winding. By the magnetic saturation,
the section around secondary is used for
regulating the voltage.

In our next class, we will be talking more

about Basic Electricity. We hope you enjoyed
the class.
Welcome to class!
In today’s class, we will be talking about
simple electricity circulation. Enjoy the class!
Simple Electrical Circulation
A circuit is a closed path that electrons flow
along to provide power to your home and
electronics. A simple electric circuit contains a
power source (battery), wires, and a resistor
(light bulb)
Building an electrical circulation with a
battery
Gather the necessary materials. To build a
simple circuit, you will need a power source, 2
insulated wires, a light bulb, and a light bulb
holder. A power source can be any type of
battery or battery pack. The rest of the
materials can be found at your local hardware
store.
Strip the ends of the insulated wires. For your
circuit to work properly, the wires need to be
exposed so you must strip the ends. Using
wire strippers, remove about 1 inch (2.5 cm)
of the insulation from the ends of each wire.
Install batteries into the battery pack.
Depending on the type of batteries you are
using, you may be able to skip this step. If you
are using multiple batteries, you will need a
power pack to hold the batteries. Push each
battery in by the side taking care to put the
positive and negative ends in the correct
orientation.

Attach your wires to the battery pack. The

wires will be conducting your electric current
from the batteries to the light bulb. The easiest
way to attach the wires is to use electrical
tape. Attach the end of one wire to one side of
the battery, making sure that the wire
maintains contact with the metal of the
battery. Repeat with the other wire on the
other side of the battery.
Fasten the other end of the wire to the metal
screw of the bulb holder. Take the exposed
metal end of each wire and bend it into a U-
shape. Loosen each screw on the light bulb
holder just enough to slip the U-shape of the
wire around the screw. Each wire will be
attached to its screw. Tighten the screw,
ensuring that the metal of the wires remains
in contact with the screw.
Test your circuit. Screw the light bulb into its
holder until it is tight. If your circuit is hooked
up properly, the bulb should light up when
fully screwed into its socket.
Simple Electrical Connections- Simple
Electrical Circuit Diagram
An electrical connection is an electrical
installation of cabling and associated devices
such as switches, distribution boards, sockets,
and light fittings in a structure. It is also called
electrical wiring.
Wiring is subject to safety standards for
design and installation. Allowable wire and
cable types and sizes are specified according
to the circuit operating voltage and electric
current capability,
A circuit diagram is a visual display of an
electrical circuit using either basic images of
parts or industry-standard symbols. These two
different types of circuit diagrams are called
pictorial (using basic images) or schematic
style (using industry-standard symbols)
DC lighting circuit:
For a small LED lamp, normally we use a DC
supply (battery). This circuit is very simple.
The battery has two points, anode and
cathode. The anode is positive and the cathode
is negative. A lamp has two terminals – one is
positive and the other is negative. The positive
terminal of the lamp is connected to the anode
and the negative terminal of the lamp is
connected to the cathode of the battery. Once
the connection is made the lamp will glow.
Switch circuit:
We operate switches for lights, fans etc. Many
times a day but we usually don’t try to see the
connection made inside the switch. The
function of the switch is to connect or
complete the circuit going to the load from the
supply. It has moving contacts which are
normally open.
AC Circuit for Lamp:
For a lamp we need two wires; one is the
neutral wire and the other is the live wire.
These two wires are connected from the lamp
to the main supply panel. It is advisable to use
different colours for live wires and neutral
wires. The universal practice is to use the
colour red for live wires and black colour for
the neutral wire.
Battery Charging Circuit:
Battery charging is done by means of a
rectifier. The main function of the rectifier is
to convert AC (alternating current) into DC
(direct current). The rectifier shown in the
diagram is the bridge rectifier, which has four
diodes connected in the form of a bridge.
We hope you enjoyed the class.