Standard model
In summary, the Standard Model emphasizes incident-driven policing, where
effectiveness is judged by responsiveness and enforcement outcomes rather than
proactive prevention
Community Policing
Community policing is a proactive approach where police work with the community to
prevent crime and build trust, instead of just reacting to crimes after they happen.
Key Features:
✅ Partnerships – Police collaborate with residents, businesses, and local
organizations.
✅ Problem-Solving – They identify and fix the root causes of crime (like poor lighting,
lack of youth programs, etc.).
✅ Trust-Building – Officers engage with the community through meetings, events, and
foot patrols.
✅ Decentralized Policing – Officers are assigned to specific neighborhoods to build
long-term relationships.
How It’s Different from the Standard Model:
🚨 Standard Policing = Reactive (responds to 911 calls, focuses on arrests).
🤝 Community Policing = Proactive (prevents crime by working with people).
Why It Matters:
● Reduces fear of crime by making police more approachable.
● Improves cooperation between law enforcement and the public.
● Creates long-term solutions instead of just punishing offenders.
In short, community policing is about teamwork—police and the community working
together to make neighborhoods safer.
Broken Window policing :
Broken Windows Policing is based on the idea that small signs of disorder (like graffiti,
vandalism, or loitering) lead to more serious crime if ignored. Police focus on strict
enforcement of minor offenses to prevent bigger crimes from happening. Key Features:
🔹 Zero Tolerance – Police crack down on small crimes (public drinking, fare evasion,
broken windows) to discourage lawlessness.
🔹 Visible Order – Keeping neighborhoods clean and well-maintained to signal that
crime won’t be tolerated.
🔹 Aggressive Enforcement – More stops, fines, and arrests for minor violations to
deter criminals.
How It’s Different:
🚔 Standard Policing = Responds to 911 calls (reactive).
🤝 Community Policing = Builds trust to prevent crime (proactive).
🛑 Broken Windows = Strict on small crimes to stop bigger ones (preventive but
aggressive).
Why It’s Controversial:
✔ Supporters say it reduces crime (e.g., NYC in the 1990s saw big drops in violence).
❌ Critics say it leads to over-policing, racial profiling, and harms trust in police.
In short: Broken Windows Policing tries to stop crime early by being tough on small
offenses—but it’s debated whether it works fairly.
Problem-Oriented Policing (POP) is a proactive policing strategy that focuses on
identifying and solving the underlying causes of crime and disorder, rather than simply
responding to incidents.
🔍 Definition
Problem-Oriented Policing is a strategy where police analyze specific crime
problems to develop tailored, effective solutions that prevent recurrence, improve
safety, and build community trust.
🧠 Key Features
1. Focus on Problems, Not Just Incidents
Looks beyond individual calls for service to identify patterns or recurring
problems.
2. Analytical Approach
Uses crime data, environmental scans, and input from the community to
understand causes and contributors to crime.
3. Customized Responses
Solutions are specifically designed for each unique problem—often involving
partnerships and community collaboration.
4. Evaluation & Assessment
Outcomes are measured to see if the solution worked, and strategies are
adjusted as needed.
🛠️ The SARA Model
The SARA model is the most common POP framework:
Step Description
Scanning Identify recurring problems or hotspots.
Analysis Research causes, stakeholders, and
patterns.
Response Develop and implement tailored solutions.
Assessment Evaluate the impact and adjust the
strategy.
🧩 Examples of POP in Action
● Noise Complaints at a Nightclub
→ Solution: Adjust business hours, increase lighting, install sound barriers.
● Frequent Burglaries in a Neighborhood
→ Solution: Community watch program, improved street lighting, and CCTV.
● Repeat Calls to a Problem Apartment
→ Solution: Mediation services, landlord collaboration, tenant support.
🤝 Community Role
POP often involves working with the public, not just for the public. Community
members, businesses, social services, and schools may all be part of the solution.
⚖️ Comparison with Traditional Policing
Traditional Policing Problem-Oriented Policing
Incident-based response Focus on patterns and causes
Short-term fixes Long-term prevention
Police-centered solutions Multi-agency, community-driven
Reactionary Proactive
✅ Benefits
● Reduces Recidivism and Repeat Calls
● Improves Police-Community Relations
● Cost-Effective in the Long Run
● Addresses Root Causes of Crime
⚠️ Challenges
● Time and resource intensive
● Requires training and buy-in from officers
● Some problems are complex and resistant to simple solutions
● Evaluation of effectiveness can be difficult
📌 Summary
Problem-Oriented Policing is about thinking smarter, not just working harder. By
focusing on the "why" behind crime and disorder, POP allows police to develop more
sustainable and effective solutions—ultimately making communities safer and
stronger.
Intelligence led policing
Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) is a modern policing model that emphasizes the use of data
analysis and criminal intelligence to guide operational decisions and resource allocation. The
goal is to proactively prevent crime rather than simply responding to it.
🔍 Definition
Intelligence-Led Policing is a strategic, targeted approach to crime prevention and law
enforcement, where decisions are informed by criminal intelligence, crime data, and risk
assessment to disrupt and reduce crime, especially organized and repeat offending.
🧠 Key Principles
1. Proactive Decision-Making
Focus on identifying and targeting high-risk offenders, hotspots, and emerging threats
before crimes occur.
2. Data-Driven Intelligence
Use of crime mapping, surveillance, informant reports, and criminal databases to
identify patterns and trends.
3. Risk Management
Prioritize threats and allocate resources to areas or individuals with the highest potential
for harm.
4. Collaboration
Involves close coordination between police, intelligence agencies, community partners,
and sometimes international bodies.
5. Accountability & Transparency
Ensures actions are justifiable, monitored, and ethically sound.
🛠️ Tools and Techniques
● Crime Analysis Software (e.g., CompStat, GIS mapping)
● Surveillance & Informants
● Link Analysis
● Predictive Policing Algorithms
● Information Sharing Platforms (inter-agency databases)
🧩 Comparison with Traditional Policing
Traditional Policing Intelligence-Led Policing
Reactive Proactive
Patrol-based Targeted interventions
Focuses on crimes Focuses on criminals/networks
General deterrence Specific disruption
🌍 Examples of ILP in Practice
● UK National Intelligence Model (NIM): Framework for gathering and using intelligence.
● US Fusion Centers: Collect and share intelligence among local, state, and federal law
enforcement.
● Counter-Terrorism: Identifying and preventing plots through multi-agency intelligence
efforts.
⚖️ Criticisms and Challenges
● Privacy Concerns: Use of surveillance and data mining raises ethical issues.
● Bias and Profiling: Risk of targeting minority communities based on flawed data.
● Over-Reliance on Technology: Can lead to dehumanized policing.
● Information Silos: Agencies may hoard intelligence rather than share it.
✅ Summary
Intelligence-Led Policing shifts the focus from reactive to strategically proactive policing.
When implemented ethically and effectively, ILP helps reduce serious and organized crime,
optimize resources, and improve public safety.
Rational Choice theory :
Rational Choice Theory is the idea that people make decisions by thinking about the costs
and benefits of their actions.
🔑 In Simple Terms:
People ask themselves:
"What do I get out of this? And what could it cost me?"
Then they choose the option that benefits them the most.
🧠 How It Relates to Crime:
Criminals are seen as thinking before they act. They weigh:
● Rewards (e.g., money, power, excitement)
● Risks (e.g., getting caught, going to jail)
If the reward seems bigger than the risk, they might commit the crime.
📌 Example:
A person thinking about stealing a phone might consider:
● 💰 “If I steal this, I can sell it for $300.”
● 🚓 “But if I get caught, I could go to jail.”
If they believe they won’t get caught, they might do it.
✅ Key Points:
● People are rational (they think before acting)
● They want to maximize gain and minimize pain
● Crime can be prevented by increasing risks (like more police, better lighting, alarms)
Routine activities theory :
Sure! Here's a simple explanation of Routine Activities Theory:
This theory says that crime happens when three things come together at the same time
and place:
1. A motivated offender – someone who wants to commit a crime.
2. A suitable target – something or someone that’s easy to steal or attack.
3. No capable guardian – no one around to stop the crime (like police, neighbors, security
cameras, etc.).
The idea is that crimes don’t just happen because someone wants to commit them—they also
need the right opportunity. Everyday routines, like leaving the house empty during work hours,
can create these opportunities.
📌 Example:
If someone walks past a parked bike with no lock (suitable target), wants a bike (motivated
offender), and no one is around (no guardian), they might steal it.
Criminal Personality theory :
Criminal Personality Theory suggests that some people have personality traits or thinking
patterns that make them more likely to commit crimes. These traits can include being impulsive,
aggressive, selfish, or lacking guilt or empathy. The theory says that criminal behavior comes
from how a person thinks—not just from their environment or upbringing. It’s often linked to the
work of psychologist Dr. Stanton Samenow and Dr. Samuel Yochelson, who studied how
criminals think differently from non-criminals.
