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At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
• identify the causes of climate change;
• evaluate the effects of climate change on the society; and
• design and practical activities that will help mitigate the
negative impact of climate change in our society.
introduction
Climate change has immensely affected our natural
environment and our society in the past. It will continue
to do so if we permit it. Globally, considerable efforts
are made to alleviate the negative effects of climate
change and one of which is reduction in carbon emissions.
Each one of us plays a major role in this cause. We can
take part and contribute significantly to protect our
environment, our world against the devastating
consequences of this global phenomenon.
TIMELINE OF
Greenhouse Gases
 electricity production
Electricty production is considered as the second
largest contributor of greenhouse gas emissions.
Approximately, 62% of our electricity is derived from
burning fossil fuels, usually coal and natural gas.
 Transportation
Burning fossil fuels for cars, trucks, ships,
trains, and airplanes serve as the source of
greenhouse gases.
 INDUSTRY
Greenhouse gas emissions from industry originate from
burning fossil fuels for energy as well as greenhouse gas
emissions from certain chemical reactions required to
produce goods from raw materials.
 COMMERCIAL and RESIDENTIAL
These arise mainly from fossil fuels, burned for heat as
well as the use of a certain products that contain
greenhouse gases, and the process of handling of waste
that can release unnecessary gases.
 AGRICULTURE
The source of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture
is livestock suchs as cows, agricultural soils, and rice
production.
 LAND USE and FORESTRY
In general, plants and soil can act as an overall
“sink”while absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere.
Unfortunately, they can serve as source of greenhouse
gase emissions when they are being burned or cut down
which ends up adding CO2 emissions to the atmosphere.
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT
in the
PHILIPPINES
 The Philippines has been greatly affected by climate
change in various areas such as water resources,
forestry, agriculture, coastal resources, and health.
If environmentally unfriendly practices continue,
global warming will worsen.
([Link] 2021)
 WATER RESOURCES
Water quality and quantity issues arise in areas with projected rainfall
reduction, leading to adverse effects on agriculture, forestry, health,
settlement, and livelihood. The reduction in rainfall affects water supply in
dams and irrigation, limiting agricultural production and directly impacting
energy production. Conversely, regions with intense rainfall during wet
periods experience floods, mudslides, and soil erosion, causing severe damage to
infrastructure, bridges, roads, classrooms, evacuation centers, and hospitals.
 FORESTRY
The impact of rising global temperatures on forests can be
harmful, and it is essential to rescue indigenous communities
residing in these areas. Implementing climate-resilient
alternative livelihoods can help support these communities.
 AGRICULTURE
Agricultural productivity is negatively impacted by increasing temperatures
and tropical cyclones. Proper management strategies are crucial to prevent
continued reduction in crop yield. Unpredictable weather conditions can cause
disease outbreaks, which affect both plants and animals. Research must be done
to identify the relationship between weather events and damaging diseases.
Decreased yields and inadequate job opportunities could lead to higher poverty
levels and social unrest, as well as insufficient food supply and malnutrition.
 COASTAL RESOURCES
Coastal regions in the country are being adversely affected by
rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, rising sea
levels, and increasing tropical cyclones. These factors expose
coastal areas to unprecedented threats and damage, which
negatively impact the livelihoods of residents.
 HEALTH
The increase in global temperature and natural calamities due
to climate change expose people to water-based and vector-
borne diseases, as well as pulmonary and cardiovascular
illnesses. Malnutrition is expected to worsen in areas with
frequent extreme events that disrupt food supply and health
services.
MEASURES MITIGATE

CLIMATE CHANGES
 Currently, there is a good number of promising
climate change adaptation programs and projects
that are being implemented in the Philippines.
Those programs include ([Link].
[Link] 2021):
Millennium Development, Goals Fund 1656 that aims to
strengthen the Philippines Institutional capacity to adapt to
climate change and is funded by the Government of Spain;
Philippine Climate Change Adaptation Project whose primary
goal is to develop the resiliency of farms and natural
resource management to the effects of climate change funded
by the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) through the
World Bank;
 Adaptation to Climate Change and Conservation of
Biodiversity Project sponsored by GTZ Germany; and
National Framework Strategy on Climate Change envisioned
to develop the adaptation capacity of communities funded by
the GTZG Germany.
With these set of programs and everyone's engagement, we can all
combat the destructive impact of climate change. Nothing is too hard
for a resilient and adaptable country.
MODULE 12
Climate is not similar to weather which is constantly
changing. Climate refers to the long-term weather
patterns prevailing over a given area of the planet.
The term comes from a Greek word klinein meaning
"to slope." It evolved into klima, connoting a zone or
region of the Earth as characterized by its
atmospheric conditions.
 OUND THE SU
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The Earth's orbit is
also slightly tilted
relative to its axis,
creating the
changing seasons as
the Earth moves
along its orbital
path.
The elements in this interaction between the sun and the earth are define as follows:

APHELION
refers to the point in the orbit of the earth farthest from the sun

PERIHELION
is the point in the orbit of the earth closest to the sun

EARTHS AXIAL TILT

is the inclanation angle of the earth’s rotational axis in relation to a line
perpendicular to its orbital plane
 PRECESSION
Is the change of the orientation of the rotational axis of the earth

EQUINOX
refers to the time the sun at noon is directly over the equator. It happens twice a
year and causes an almost equal length of day and night.
 GLO BA L
WA RM IN G
 Global warming is a phenomenon that has been studied by scientists for decades.
Milankovitch parameters are believed to be a contributing factor, but not the sole
cause of climate change. While there are opposing views on the issue of whether
global warming is natural or caused by human actions, most scientists agree that the
Earth's atmosphere temperature has been increasing significantly since the latter part
of the 20th century. Many nations are now taking a closer look at the science behind
climate change and its impact on food security and national development. A commonly
cited fact to better understand global warming is the correlation between the
planet's temperature and carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
 The graph displays the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over time, with the x-axis indicating the
year and the y-axis representing the amount of CO₂ in parts per million. CO₂ levels remained steady before
1950 but have risen sharply since then. This increase could lead to an irreversible situation in which the
planet's temperature becomes unpredictable. It is important to note that CO₂ is not the only greenhouse gas
to be concerned about.
The greenhouse effect is caused by certain gases in the atmosphere that trap
the sun's heat, making the Earth's atmosphere hotter than it would be
otherwise. Water vapor is the most prevalent of these gases, but
industrialization has led to an increase in the amount of CO₂ in the
atmosphere. Charles David Keeling measured the amount of CO₂ in the
atmosphere on an extinct volcano in Hawaii, and his measurements are
plotted on the Keeling Curve. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth's
atmosphere would be extremely cold, like that of Mars or Antarctica.
 The graph presented solid evidence that the worries expressed by Engr. Tyndall and Dr. Keeling regarding
carbon dioxide concentration and temperature rise were valid. However, the debate still lingers on whether the
correlation between CO, and temperature indicates causation. Scientists have turned to history and technology
to substantiate the causal relationship between high CO, and high temperature levels. The issue concerns many
nations as abstaining from burning fossil fuels may lead to a halt in industrialization and modernization.
FUTURE ACTION
 Another area of debate is centered on the
predictions as to what will happen to the
climate of the world in the future. This is a
difficult question to answer since the climate is a
chaotic system that can only be understood using
computer models. However, a computer model is
only as good as the data it used to do the
calculations. Thus, the challenge is to assemble
sufficient and well-established data from all
over the world to make the predictions as
accurate as possible (Sparks & Hawkesworth,
2004).
Some scientists take the issue further by
setting "tipping points," specifying
values of meteorological parameters in
which irreversible changes will take
place. Upon reaching the tipping point, a
new state would replace the old one. In
chaos theory, it means that the Earth-
atmosphere relationship would become a
chaotic region where uncertainty would
exist.
 Science has given humanity a tool for modernization. It allows
for the emergence of technology that spreads and applies
knowledge for the attainment of the good life. It must be
realized that science is more like a cookbook than a blueprint. It
is open for experimentation, innovation, and refinement. So like
any good chef, reading it requires a fine sense of taste.
Climate is a measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature,
humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count
and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time.

Climate change refers to the statistically significant changes in climate for

continuous period of time.
Factors that contribute to climate change can be (1) natural internal process,
(2) external forces and (3) persistent anthropogenic changes or human acts in
the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.
The causes of climate change could be natural or by human activities.
 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
What happens in violent volcanic eruptions is the release of ash particles in
the stratosphere. The volcanic ashes which have sulfur dioxide combine
with water vapor. It then forms to sulfuric acid and sulfurous aerosols.
The sulfurous aerosols then are transported by easterly or westerly winds
There are several recorded major volcanic eruptions that cause climate
change.
 ORBITAL CHANGES
Earth's orbit can also cause climate change. This was proposed by the
Milankovich theory. The Milankovitch theory states that as the Earth
travels through space around the Sun, cyclical variations in three elements
of Earth-Sun geometry combine to produce variations in the amount of
solar energy that reaches Earth (Academic Emporia, 2017) The three
elements that have cyclic variations are eccentricity, obliquity, and
precession.
ECCENTRICITY
is a term used to describe the shape of Earth's orbit around the Sun. The impact of the variation
is a change in the amount of solar energy from perihelion (around January 3) to aphelion
(around July 4). The time frame for the cycle is approximately 98,000 years (Academic
Emporia, 2017). Currently Earth's eccentricity is 0.016 and there is about a 6.46 increase in
insolation from July to Janury(Academic Emporia, 2017).
Academic Emporia (2017) states, "The eccentricity influences seasonal differences: when Earth is
closest to the Sun, it gets more solar radiation. If the perihelion occurs during the winter, the
winter is less severe. If a hemisphere has its summer while closest to the Sun, summers are
relatively warm.
OBLIQUITY
Obliquity in the variation of the tilt of Earth's axis away from the orbital plane. As this tilt
changes, the seasons become more exaggerated. The obliquity changes on a cycle taking
approximately 40,000 years. Academic Emporia (2017) states the more tilt means more severe
seasons-warmer summers and colder winters, less tilt means less severe seasons-cooler summers
and milder winters."

PRECESSION
Precession is the change in orientation of Earth's rotational axis. The precession cycle takes
about 15,000 to 23,000 years.
Precession is caused by two factors: a wobble of Earth's axis and a turning around of the
elliptical orbit of Earth itself (Academic Emporia, 2017).
 ANTHROPOGENIC or by HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Human activities contribute to climate change. The largest known contribution comes from the
burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere.
The Carbon Dioxide Theory Carbon dioxide (CO2) is added when power and heat are produced by
burning coal, oil, and other fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide is transparent to visible light but visible to
infrared radiation leaving the ground. Carbon dioxide absorbs part of the infrared radiation in the
air and returns it to the ground keeping the air near the surface warmer than it would be if the
carbon dioxide did not act like a blanket. Doubling the carbon dioxide raises the temperature to 2°C
to 3°C.
 Climate change could cause severe effects to all life forms
around our planet. It directly affects the basic elements of
people's lives like water, food, health, use of land, and the
environment.
With the average global temperature which is predicted to
rise by 2 to 3°C within the next fifty years, glaciers will
continue to melt faster.
Melting or collapse of ice sheets would raise sea levels and
eventually threaten at least 4 million km² of land, which
today is home to 5% of the world's population (Stern,
2007).
 Ecosystems will be particularly vulnerable to climate change, with one
study estimating that around 15-40% of species face extinction with 2°C
of warming.
The consequences of climate change will become disproportionately
more damaging with increased warming. Declining crop yields due to
drought, especially in Africa, are likely to leave hundreds of millions
without the ability to produce or purchase sufficient food. At mid to
high latitudes, crop yields may increase for moderate temperature rises
(2 to 3°C), but then decline with greater amounts of warming.
 Ocean acidification, a
direct result of rising
carbon dioxide levels,
will have major effects
on marine ecosystems,
with possible adverse
consequences on fish
stocks (Stern, 2007).
Climate change will
increase worldwide
deaths from
malnutrition and heat
stress. Vector- borne
diseases such as malaria
and dengue fever could
become more widespread
if effective control
measures are not in
place.
 Rising sea levels may result in more flooded areas
each year with a warming of 3 or 4°C. There will be
serious risks and increasing pressures for coastal
protection (Stern, 2007).
 Warming may induce sudden shifts in regional weather patterns
like the monsoons or the El Niño. Such changes would have severe
consequences for water availability and flooding in tropical
regions and threaten the livelihood of billions.
 ENVIRONMENTAL
AWARENESS
 The Philippines are prone to natural disasters, particularly
typhoons, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and
tsunamis, lying as it does astride the typhoon belt, in the active
volcanic region known as "Pacific ring of fire", and in the
geologically unstable region between the Pacific and Eurasian
tectonic plates.
Environmental education was being integrated by the schools and
different agencies of the government in its school curricula at all
levels, whether public or private, including in barangay daycare,
preschool, non-formal, technical vocational, professional level,
indigenous learning and out-of-school youth courses or
programs.
Arbogbloshie, Ghana Kabwe, Zambia
Chernobyl, Ukraine Kalimantan, Indonesia
Citarum River, Indonesia Matanza Riachuelo, Argentina
Dzershinsk, Russia Niger River Delta, Nigeria
Hazaribagh, Bangladesh Norilsk, Russia
alternative
energy
s o u r c es
SOLAR ENERGY
WIND ENERGY
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
BIOMASS ENERGY
OCEAN ENERGY
 CURRENT
Environmental
ISSUES/PROBLEMS
 PLASTIC BAGS
Plastic bags are being banned worldwide and reusable bags are encouraged due to
their harmful impact on the environment. Plastic bags are made of nonrenewable
petroleum and do not biodegrade, instead breaking down into toxic
microplastics.
They are also lightweight and easily carried by wind, causing damage to
waterways, oceans, and agricultural lands.
Animals mistake plastic bags for food, leading to poisoning, choking,
entanglement, and blocked intestines. This causes death and threatens our food
supply.
DECLINE OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND BIODIVERSITY
The Philippines is facing a decline in natural resources and biodiversity due to
abuse and neglect.
Fifty major rivers in the country are now polluted.
Two-thirds of the original mangroves have been lost.
The country has lost a significant amount of old-growth forest, with less than
600,000 ha left.
Over 400 plant and animal species in the Philippines are currently threatened
with extinction.
 MARINE ENVIRONMENT
The marine and coastal environment is suffering from the effects of
climate change, overexploitation, and pollution. This depletion of
resources, such as coral reefs, mangrove forests, and seagrasses, is
concerning as the demand for marine resources is increasing due to
rising populations and incomes.
 AIR POLLUTION
Indoor air pollution caused by the use of solid fuel for cooking
affects over 47 million people in the Philippines, which is 54% of
the population. This is a major cause of acute respiratory infections
among children and women.
 WATER CONTAMINATION
Water contamination in the Philippines is mainly caused by
inadequately treated domestic, agricultural, and industrial
wastewater. This pollution can affect human health, and it is a
serious concern in both urban and rural areas.
THANK YOU
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