Module 2 - Different Linear Transformations

Learning Competency:

Illustrate various geometric transformations

a. Translation
b. Reflection
c. Rotation
d. Dilation
e. Glide reflection

From the steady spin of Earth to seeing your reflection in a mirror, geometric
transformations are more than just lessons in your math book—they’re tools
that help us understand how objects change position, size, and shape in our
world.

We've prepared this overview to help you explore or brush up on geometric

transformations with clear definitions, relatable examples, and a fun quiz to
test your knowledge.

FINITE MATHEMATICS 1 Engr. Jasper M. Morales, ECT

What Are Geometric Transformations?
Geometric transformations are the changes we make to the position,
size, or shape of geometric figures including triangles, squares, circles,
or any other shape.

Before we make any transformation, the figure we start with is called the
"pre-image," and after we complete the transformation, the resulting figure
is known as the "image."

The key principles of each geometric transformation are:

 Size and Shape: The transformed image maintains the same angles
and proportional sides as the original figure.

 Conservation of Properties: Geometric properties like side lengths,

angle measurements, and area do not change with translations,
reflections and rotations.

 Mathematical Representation: Transformations can be defined

using formulas or coordinates on the coordinate plane that map each
point of the pre-image to its corresponding point in the transformed
image.

Types of Geometric Transformations

There are four main types of geometric transformations based on how we
want to move or change shapes:

 Translation
 Reflection
 Rotation
 Dilation

Three of these transformations—translation, reflection, and rotation—

are rigid transformations that keep the shape and size of the figure the
same before and after the change.

Dilation is a non-rigid transformation that changes the size of the figure

while preserving its shape.

Since each geometric transformation follows specific rules, let’s look at them
separately:

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Translation
Translation is a type of geometric
transformation where we move or
slide a figure from one place to
another without rotating or
changing its size.

This movement occurs in a straight line,

either horizontally, vertically, or
diagonally.

In a translation, every point of the figure

shifts by the same distance and in the
same direction along parallel lines.

Reflection
Reflection is a geometric
transformation where we flip a figure
across a line called "the line of
reflection."

This creates a mirror image that keeps

the original size and shape of the figure
but appears flipped or mirrored.

Rotation
Rotation is a geometric transformation where
we turn a figure around a fixed point
called the "center of rotation."

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Following a rotation, the size and shape of the figure remains the same.

Dilation
Dilation is a geometric transformation
where we change the size of a figure
but keep its shape.

The resulting figure can either enlarge or

shrink.

In dilation, we move each point away from

or towards a fixed center, called “the
center of dilation”, and scale by a factor
that determines how much larger or
smaller the figure gets.

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TRANSFORMATION USING CARTESIAN PLANE
Example #1:

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Example #2:

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Source:

Geometric Transformations – Definitions, Types, Examples, and Quiz -

https://www.mathnasium.com/blog/geometric-transformations

The Four Transformations In Maths - https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=3ioBM9PMBI0

Other Sources:

Translations, Rotations, Reflections, and Dilations -

https://lrc.ashworthcollege.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Geometry-Part-
II-Lesson-3-Transformations.pdf

Transformations Translations, Enlargements, Reflections, Rotations. GCSE

Maths! AddvanceMaths😊 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxIbuXURm9w

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2.1 – Translation
A translation is a slide from one location to another, without any change in
size or orientation.

Horizontal Translations vs. Vertical Translations

A horizontal translation refers to a slide from left to right or vice versa
along the x-axis (the horizontal access).

 Positive values equal horizontal translations from left to right. Negative

values equal horizontal translations from right to left.

A vertical translation refers to a slide up or down along the y-axis (the

vertical access).

 Positive values equal vertical translations upward. Negative values

equal vertical translations downward.

In many cases, a translation will be both horizontal and vertical, resulting in a

diagonal slide across the coordinate plane. Let’s take a look at how this
works in the next few examples:

Geometry Translations Notation

Note that the following notation is used to show what kind of translation is
being performed.

T (a , b)

Where T stands for translation, a represents the value of the horizontal

translation and b represents the value of vertical translation.

FINITE MATHEMATICS 1 Engr. Jasper M. Morales, ECT

Geometry Translation Example: Translate a Line Segment
Perform the following transformation on line segment PQ: T-8,4

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In this example, you have to translate line segment PQ -8 units
horizontally and +4 units vertically.

The first step is to write down the coordinates of the endpoints of line
segment PQ. From the graph, we can see that the coordinates are P(3,0) and
Q(6,-6).

*Note that PQ is called the pre-image and the new figure after the translation
is complete P’Q’ (pronounced P prime, Q prime) will be the image).

In this example, we are translating line segment by the following values:

T (-8,4)

This means that shifting the figure -8 units horizontally and +4 units
vertically.

Let’s start with the horizontal translation:

Since the value is -8, you have to add -8 (or just subtract 8) from the x-
coordinates of points P and Q as follows:

From a visual standpoint, this is the same thing as sliding line segment PQ 8
units to the left from its current location.

Now for the vertical translation:

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Since the value is 4, you have to add 4 to the y-coordinates of points P and Q
as follows:

From a visual standpoint, this is the same thing as sliding line segment PQ 4
units upward from its current location.

Now that we have our path, we can translate PQ to P’Q’ as follows:

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Furthermore, we can confirm the coordinates of P’ and Q’ as follows:

Read more:

Geometry Translations Explained—Examples and Extra Practice! -

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FINITE MATHEMATICS 1 Engr. Jasper M. Morales, ECT
2.2 – Reflection
Understanding how to perform a reflection over x axis or a reflection over y
axis is an important algebra skill that students can easily master with some
study and practice.

In real life, a reflection is a concept that everyone is familiar with, as many of

us look a mirror at least once every day.

Similarly, in math, a reflection is a type of transformation where the mirror

image of a point, line, or figure is displayed on the coordinate plane.

This free student guide on How to Perform Reflection Over X Axis and How to
Perform Reflection Over Y Axis will teach you how to perform reflections on
the coordinate plane in a simple step-by-step way.

What is a Reflection Over the X-Axis?

In math, a reflection over x axis of a point, a line, or a figure involves
reflecting the image over the x axis to create a mirror image.

In the case of a reflection over the x axis, the horizontal line on the
coordinate plane that passes through the origin (the x-axis) would be called
the axis of reflection.

In other words, whenever something is reflected over the x axis, it is

essentially “flipped” across the axis on the coordinate plane.

Rule: Whenever a point is reflected over the x-axis, the following rule
applies:

 x-coordinates stay the same

 y-coordinates change signs (positive becomes negative and

vice versa)

 Rule: (x,y) → (x,-y)

For example, if we reflected the coordinate points A (2,6) and B (7, 3) over
the x-axis, the new reflected points, A’ and B’, would become:

 A (2,6) → A’ (2,-6)

 B (7,3) → B’ (7, -3)

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Again, notice, after a reflection over x axis, that the x-coordinates did not
change, but the signs of the y-coordinates were reversed (positive values
became negative)

Figure 01 below shows what it would look like if we took line segment AB
(with coordinates A (2,6) and B (7, 3)) and reflected it over the x-axis to
create the image of line segment A’B’.

What is a Reflection Over the Y-Axis?

Similarly, a reflection over y axis of a point also involves reflecting the
image over the y axis to create a mirror image.

Whenever you have to reflect a point over the y axis, you are reflecting over
the vertical line on the coordinate plane that passes through the origin (i.e.
the y-axis is the axis of reflection).

Rule: Whenever a point is reflected over the y-axis, the following rule
applies:

 x-coordinates change signs (positive becomes negative and

vice versa)

 y-coordinates stay the same

 Rule: (x,y) → (-x,y)

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For example, if we took line segment AB, with coordinate points A (2,6) and B
(7, 3), from the previous example and reflected over y axis, the new
coordinate points, A’ and B’, would be:

 A (2,6) → A’ (-2,6)

 B (7,3) → B’ (-7, 3)

In the case of reflection over y axis, notice that the signs of the x-coordinate
values were reversed (positive became negative) and that the y-coordinate
values were unchanged.

Figure 02 below illustrates this rule and what the image of AB would look
like after it was reflected over the y axis.

The chart below displays the difference between reflecting line segment AB
over the x-axis versus reflecting over the y-axis.

FINITE MATHEMATICS 1 Engr. Jasper M. Morales, ECT

Now that you have a better understanding of the difference between a
reflection over x axis and a reflection over y axis, you are ready to work
through a few practice problems.

Before moving onto the next section, make sure that you have a firm grasp
of the following key points:

 On the coordinate plane, the x-axis is a horizontal line (⟷) that

passes through the origin, while the y-axis is a vertical line (↕) that
passes through the origin. The difference between the x-axis and the y-
axis is illustrated in Figure 03 below.

 The rule for a reflection over the x axis is: (x,y) → (x,-y)

 The rule for a reflection over the y axis is: (x,y) → (-x, y)

Read more:

Reflection Over X Axis and Y Axis—Step-by-Step Guide-

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2.3 – Rotation
Rotation Geometry Definition
Before you learn how to perform rotations, let’s quickly review the definition
of rotations in math terms.

Rotation Geometry Definition: A rotation is a change in orientation based

on the following possible rotations:

 90 degrees clockwise rotation

 90 degrees counterclockwise rotation

 180 degree rotation

 270 degrees clockwise rotation

 270 degrees counterclockwise rotation

 360 degree rotation

Note that a geometry rotation does not result in a change or size and is not
the same as a reflection!

Clockwise vs. Counterclockwise Rotations

There are two different directions of rotations, clockwise and
counterclockwise:

Clockwise Rotations (CW) follow the path of the hands of a clock. These
rotations are denoted by negative numbers.

Counterclockwise Rotations (CCW) follow the path in the opposite

direction of the hands of a clock. These rotations are denoted by positive
numbers.

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Clockwise rotations are denoted by negative numbers.

Note that the direction of rotation (CW or CCW) doesn’t matter for
180 and 360-degree rotations, since they will both bring you to the
same spot (more on this later).

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Geometry Rotation Notation
Note that the following notation is used to show what kind of rotation is
being performed.
For example, Figure 1 is a rotation of -270 degrees (which is a CW rotation).

Geometry Counterclockwise Rotation Examples

Example 01: 90 Degrees Counterclockwise About the Origin

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In this example, you have to rotate Point C positive 90 degrees,
which is a one quarter turn counterclockwise.

Point C lays in the 1st quadrant.

To perform the 90-degree counterclockwise rotation, imagine rotating the

entire quadrant one-quarter turn in a counterclockwise direction.

Note the location of Point C’, the image of Point C after a 90-degree rotation.

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And this process could be repeated if you wanted to rotation Point C 180
degrees or 270 degrees counterclockwise:

This example should help you to

visually understand the concept of
counterclockwise geometry
rotations. Next, you will learn the
rules for performing
counterclockwise rotations.

>>> Before you move on, take some

time to visualize what rotations look like
on the coordinate plane.

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Counterclockwise Rotation Rules
You can use the following rules when performing any counterclockwise
rotation.

By applying these rules to Point C (3,6) in the last example (Figure 2), you
can see how applying the rule creates points that correspond with the graph!

These points should look familiar! They are the points that you plotted in the
last example!

Geometry Clockwise Rotation Examples

Example 01: 90 Degrees Clockwise About the Origin

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Since the rotation is 90 degrees, you will be rotating the point in a clockwise
direction.

Now imagine rotating the entire 4th quadrant one-quarter turn in a clockwise
direction:

Note the location of Point D’, the image of Point D after a -90-degree rotation.

And this process could be repeated if you wanted to rotation Point D -180
degrees or -270 degrees counterclockwise:

FINITE MATHEMATICS 1 Engr. Jasper M. Morales, ECT

This example should help you to
visually understand the concept
of clockwise geometry rotations.
Next, you will learn the rules for
performing clockwise rotations.

>>> Before you move on, take some

time to visualize what rotations look
like on the coordinate plane.

FINITE MATHEMATICS 1 Engr. Jasper M. Morales, ECT

Clockwise Rotation Rules
You can use the following rules when performing any clockwise rotation.

By applying these rules to Point D (5,-8) in the last example (Figure 3), you
can see how applying the rule creates points that correspond with the graph!

These points should look familiar! They are the points that you plotted in the
last example!

Read more:

Geometry Transformations: Rotations 90, 180, 270, and 360 Degrees! -

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clockwise?mnc-id-sel=%23banner-wrapper%3E-%3E2%3E-%3E1%3E-
%3E1%3E-%3E1

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2.4 – Dilations
Dilation Geometry Definition
Before you learn how to perform dilations, let’s quickly review the definition
of dilations in math terms.

Dilation Geometry Definition: A dilation is a proportional stretch or shrink

of an image on the coordinate plane based on a scale factor.

 Stretch = Image Grows Larger

 Shrink = Image Grows Smaller

Note that a geometry dilation does not result in a change or orientation or

shape!

Dilation Scale Factor

The following notation is used to denote dilations based on a scale
factor of K:

K represents a number. When K=1 (the dilation scale factor is 1),

the image does not change:

A scale factor one 1 is uncommon, because it doesn’t change anything!

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If K=2, the image is stretched twice as large as the original!

And when K<1 (the dilation scale factor K is a number less than 1), the
image will shrink. Note that the scale factor cannot be less than or equal to
zero (this would completing eliminate the figure).

If K=1/2, the image shrinks to half of its original size.

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When shrinking a figure, the scale factor is greater than zero, but less than
one.

Geometry Dilation Examples

Example 1: Dilation Scale Factor >1

In this example, you have to dilate ▵OMG by a scale factor of 2 to create a

new triangle: ▵O’M’G’.

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Start by writing down the coordinates of the vertices of ▵OMG as follows:

The next step is to take the scale factor (2 in this example) and multiply it by
the x and y-value of points O, M, and G, as follows:

Now you have the coordinates of O’, M’, and G’

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You can now draw ▵O’M’G’ on the coordinate plane by plotting the points that
you just found:

You have just constructed ▵O’M’G’, which is the image of ▵OMG after
a dilation of 2.

Read more:

Geometry Transformations: Dilations Made Easy! -

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rq=dilations

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2.5 – Glide Reflection
The glide reflection is a great example of a composite transformation,
which means it is composed of two basic transformations. Through glide
reflection, it is now possible to study the effects of combining two rigid
transformations as well. To provide an analogy: imagine walking barefoot on
the beach, the footprints formed exhibit glide reflection.

The glide reflection combines two fundamental transformations:

reflection and translation. The resulting change on the pre-image
reflects an image that seems to have a “gliding effect,” hence the
name of this transformation.

This article covers the fundamentals of glide reflections (this includes a

refresher on translation and reflection). It covers how the order of
transformations affects the glide reflection as well as the rigidity of glide
reflection. By the end of the discussion, glide reflection is going to be an easy
transformation to apply in the future!

What Is a Glide Reflection?

A glide reflection is the figure that occurs when a pre-
image is reflected over a line of reflection then translated in a
horizontal or vertical direction (or even a combination of both) to form
the new image.

This means that the glide reflection is also a rigid transformation and is the
result of combining the two core transformations: reflection and
translation.

 Reflection is a basic transformation that flips over the pre-image with

respect to a line of reflection to project the new image.

 Translation is another rigid transformation that “slides” through a pre-

image to project the desired image.

The glide reflection does all two in no specific order. To better understand
how the glide reflection works, take a look at the illustration shown
below.

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The pre-image, A, is reflected over the horizontal line. The projected shape is
then translated into a few units to the right to construct A′. This means that a
glide reflection was performed for A to project the image A′.

As mentioned, translating the pre-image first before reflecting it over

will still return the same image in glide reflection. If A is first translated
to the right and then reflected over the horizontal line, the same image is
projected over A′.

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This confirms that glide reflection requires no order for its
transformation. Since only the position and orientation have changed, glide
reflection can also be classified as a rigid transformation.

In glide reflection, the size and shape of the pre-image remain the
same for the resulting image. The next section breaks down the steps to
implement glide reflection on different objects.

How To Do a Glide Reflection?

To do a glide reflection, perform the two transformations, which are 1)
reflection over the given line of reflection and 2) translation with respect to
the given directions. This means that to master glide reflection, it is
important to master the two basic transformations.

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There are instances when reflecting the pre-image is much more
convenient before translating it or vice-versa. Take advantage of the
fact that in glide reflection, the order does not matter. For now, it’s important
to take a quick refresher on the process of translating and reflecting pre-
images.

Translation
This covers both vertical and horizontal translations. When performing
translations, “slide” the object from along the x-axis or y-
axis depending on the type of translation being done.

Here’s a quick guide on all possible translations that can be applied on a pre-
image located on an xy-plane.

Suppose that a triangle, ΔABC, has the following vertices on the coordinate
system: A=(2,1), B=(8,5), and C=(8,1). With the help of the guide, translate
the triangle 3 units to the left and 5 units downward.

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After graphing ΔABC on the xy-plane, translate each point or
vertex 3 units to the left and 5 units downward. This can be done
graphically or by working on the coordinates of ΔABC.

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This means that after both vertical and horizontal translations, the vertices
of the resulting image ΔA′B′C′ are (−1,−4), (5,0), and (5,−4).

Reflection
When reflecting a point or an object, reflect it over the line of reflection.
The common lines of reflections are 1) the x-axis, 2) the y-axis, 3) the
line y=x, and 4) the line y=−x.

Use the guide below when reflecting objects.

Now, using the resulting triangle ΔA′B′C′, reflect it over the y-axis. There
are two ways to do this: construct the line x=0 then reflect each vertex over
or apply the coordinate rules shown above. This should lead to the image
shown below.

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This means that after reflecting ΔA′B′C′ over the the y-axis, the resulting
triangle will have the following vertices:

A′=(−1,−4)→A′′=(1,−4)B′=(5,0)→B′′=(−5,0)C′=(5,−4)→C′′=(−5,−4)

Now, combining the two processes, ΔA′′B′′C′′ is the result after

performing a glide reflection on ΔABC.

 Horizontal and vertical translation of −3 and −5 units, respectively.

 Reflection over the y-axis.

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Retracing the steps performed on ΔABC, the glide reflection performed on
pre-image can be summarized by the steps below:

The graph shown above also reflects these changes and highlights how
the glide reflection has affected the original object, ΔABC.

It’s time to try out more examples involving glide reflections, so head over to
the section below!

Example 1
Suppose that the triangle ΔABC is graphed on the xy-plane with the following
vertices: A=(−7,1), B=(1,5), and C=(1,1). What is the resulting image
of ΔABC after it is projected through a glide reflection?

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  Translation: Move 12 units to the left.

 Reflection: Reflection over the x-axis.

Solution

When working with glide reflection, expect to translate and reflect the
given pre-image. Now, graph ΔABC on the xy-coordinate plane and apply
the appropriate transformations:

 Subtract 12 units from each of ΔABC’s x-coordinate.

(x,y)→(x–12,y)

 Reflect the resulting image over the x-axis (represented by y=0), so

multiply the y-coordinate by −1.

(x–12,y)→(x–12,−y)

This means the transformation (x,y)→(x−12,−y) summarizes the effect of

the glide reflection on ΔABC.

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Practice Question
1. Suppose that the triangle ΔABC is graphed on the xy-plane with the
following vertices: A=(0,2), B=(6,6), and C=(6,2). What is the resulting
image of ΔABC after it is projected through a glide reflection?

 Translation: Move 6 units downward

 Reflection: Reflection over the y-axis

Which of the following shows the vertices of ΔA′B′C′?

A. A′=(−4,0), B′=(0,−6), C′=(−4,−6)
B. A′=(0,−4), B′=(6,0), C′=(−6,−4)
C. A′=(0,−4), B′=(−6,0), C′=(−6,−4)
D. A′=(0,4), B′=(6,0), C′=(6,4)

Answer Key

1. C

Some images/mathematical drawings are created with GeoGebra.

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%20hence%20the%20name%20of%20this%20transformation.

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