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WELDING INSPECTOR QUESTION AND ANSWER according CSWIP 3.1

Article in Welding International · March 2024

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10901593

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 WELDING INSPECTOR
QUESTION AND ANSWER
according CSWIP 3.1

Prof. DSc. Dževad Hadžihafizović (DEng)

Sarajevo 2024
 CSWIP 3.1 ( WELDING INSPECTOR ) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

AND ANSWER

01. When “ H2 control” is specified for a manual metal arc welding project , the electrode
would normally be :

(a) Cellulose.
(b) Iron oxide.
(c) Acid.
(d) Basic.

02. You would with certainty recognize a hydrogen controlled flux covered electrode
from Its:

(a) Colour.
(b) Length.
(c) Trade Name.
(d) AWS / BS639 Code Letter.

03. When manual metal arc welding is being carried out on an open construction
site, which group of welders are the most likely to require continuous monitoring ?

(a) Concrete shuttering welding teams.

(b) Pipe welding team.
(c) Plater welders.
(d) Plant maintenance welders.

04. You notice manual metal arc electrodes, stripped of flux, are being used as filler
wire for TIG welding. You would object because:

(a) It is too expensive.

(b) The wire would be too thick.
(c) The weld metal composition may be wrong.
(d) The wire is too short.

05. When open site working, serious porosity in metal arc welds is brought to
your attention. What would your investigate:

(a) Electrode type.

(b) Power plant type.
(c) Electrode storage.
(d) Day temperature.

SS 1 / 64
06. The steel composition in a structural contract is changed from 0.15% carbon,
0.6% manganese to 0.2% carbon, 1.2% manganese. Might this influence the incidence
of :

(a) Porosity.
(b) Cracking in the weld area.
(c) Undercut for fillet welds.
(d) Lack of root fusion defects.

07. One of the following alloys is non-magnetic. Which?

(a) 4 % Chromium Molybdenum.

(b) 12 % Chromium.
(c) Austenitic Stainless Steel.
(d) 9 % Nickle Steel.

08. When TIG welding Austenitic Stainless Steel pipe, Argon gas baking is called for:
This is to:

(a) Prevent oxidation.

(b) Prevent under bead cracking.
(c) Prevent porosity.
(d) Control the penetration bead shape.

09. Pre-heating a carbon steel manual metal arc welding is carried out to minimize the
risk of

(a) Scattered porosity

(b) Worm hole porosity
(c) Parent metal cracking
(d) Lack of penetration

10. In UK practice, BS499 part 2 specifies that the drawing dimension quoted for a
fillet weld is the:

(a) Leg length

(b) Actual throat thickness
(c) Weld length

SS 2 / 64
11. For open site manual metal arc welding the following equipment is available. Which
would you choose for safe working ?.

(a) Single operator transformer

(b) Multi operator transformer
(c) AC / DC composite power unit
(d) Diesel engine driven motor generator

12. If Submerged arc welding is to be used to make butt welds, Which would you be
most critical of:

(a) The root gap tolerance

(b) The angle of preparation
(c) The root face width
(d) The gas cut finish

13 During CO2 welding, the arc length is most likely to be affected by:

(a) The wire diameter

(b) The current return connection
(c) The gas flow rate
(d) The torch to work angle

14. Preheating for arc welding applies to:

(a) Assembly welding only

(b) Assembly and tack welding
(c) Joints over 25mm thick only
(d) Cruciform welds only

15. You see a welder using an oxy-acetylene flame with a long feathered inner cone.
What would be the effect of this on a carbon steel?

(a) The weld could be hard and brittle

(b) The weld metal could be too soft
(c) There will be no effect on the weld
(d) The weld will have undercut

SS 3 / 64
16. A welder qualification test is to verify :

(a) Skill of the welder

(b) The quality of the materials
(c) The non-destructive test procedures
(d) The manufacturing method

17. A fabricating procedure calls for fillet welds to be “ blended in “ by grouping. This is
to influence :

(a) H A Z. cracking
(b) Fatigue life
(c) Residual stress
(d) Yield strength

18. Bend test specimens have been taken from a 25mm thick carbon steel butt weld.
Which would show lack of inter-run fusion :

(a) Side bend

(b) Root bend
(c) Face bend
(d) Guided bend

19. Lamellar tearing has occurred in a steel fabrication. Before welding could it have
been found by :

(a) X-ray examination

(b) Dye penetrant
(c) Ultrasonic inspection
(d) It would not have been found by any inspection method

20. You are to oversee the arc welding of some machined fittings and find they are
cadmium plated. Would you:

(a) Permit it to proceed

(b) Permit it to proceed with fume extraction
(b) Stop the operation at once
(c) Advise the welder to drink milk and proceed

SS 4 / 64
21. The unit of Joules would be used to measure:

(a) Tensile strength

(b) Impact energy
(c) Hardness
(d) Electrical resistance

22. Submerged arc welding is a process generally gives:

(a) Slag free welds

(b) Low penetration
(c) Low dilution
(d) High heat input

23. Which of the following does not require baking or drying:

(a) E 6010
(b) E 7018
(c) Sub arc flux with Basicity Index of 2
(d) Sub arc flux with Basicity Index of 3

24. A welder and procedure re-qualification would be required:

(a) When the run out date of the procedure has been reached
(b) Every Year
(c) When changing from day to night shift work
(d) When there is a change in an essential variable

25. Tensile strength can be increased in steel by:

(a) Annealing
(b) Galvanising
(c) Addition of carbon
(d) Casting

SS 5 / 64
26. Which of the following always occurs in the parent material:

(a) Hydrogen cracks

(b) Laps and laminations
(c) Center line cracks
(d) Porosity

27. To prevent the hardening and cracking of High Carbon Steel plate when flame
cutting it is advisable to:

(a) Pre-heat the plate

(b) Soak the plate in oil
(c) Cool the plate quickly after cutting
(d) Increase the cutting Oxygen pressure

28. Re-crystallization during annealing is used to make steel:

(a) Softer REF :- CSWIP BOOK PAGE – 18.2

(b) Harder
(c) Tougher
(d) Stronger

29. You should always refer to a higher authority for guidance when:

(a) Cracks appear during welding

(b) The welder will not follow your instructions
(c) Instructions are missing in the specification or contract documents
(d) All of the above

30. Spatter may be finely controlled during MIG / MAG welding by:

(a) Adjusting the inductance control REF :- CSWIP BOOK PAGE – 12.7
(b) Using CO2 gas?
(c) Increasing the arc voltage
(d) Welding with no gas

SS 6 / 64
31. Fatigue testing is used to test welds:

(a) Under cyclic loading

(b) Under creep stress loading
(c) Under impact loading
(d) Under static loading

32. Argon + 2 % Oxygen is used when welding

(a) High carbon steels

(b) Austenitic stainless steels
(c) Aluminum
(d) Martensite stainless steels

33. In BS 639 and BSEn 499 the first digits of the electrode classification indicate:

(a) Tensile and yield strength

(b) Toughness
(c) Electrode coating
(d) Electrode efficiency

34. Cellulosic coatings are generally used because of:

(a) Their low hydrogen content

(b) Their high penetration characteristic
(c) Their high strength weld deposit
(d) Their high weld toughness values

35. Porosity would mostly occur in which of the following:

(a) When MMA welding semi de-oxidized steel

(b) When MIG / MAG welding fully de-oxidized steel
(c) When welding TIG welding non deoxidized steel
(d) When Sub Arc Welding semi killed steel

SS 7 / 64
36. When welds have a depth to width ratio of higher than 2:1 it is possible that:

(a) Centerline cracks may appear

(b) The fusion boundary will be outside the HAZ
(c) The HAZ will be too narrow
(d) The weld will be non magnetic

37. On which of the following would you not use MPI inspection ?

(a) A low carbon steel butt welded t joint

(b) An Austenitic Stainless steel fillet welded T joint
(c) A medium carbon steel fillet welded lap joint
(d) All of the above

38. Increasing the arc energy input of a welded joint will ?

(a) Increase the strength of the joint

(b) Increase the toughness of the joint
(c) Increase the grain size of the weld and HAZ
(d) De-crease the width of the HAZ

39. In Sub Arc Welding , excessive flux melting will result from:

(a) Increasing the arc voltage REF :- CSWIP BOOK PAGE – 13.4
(b) Decreasing the arc voltage
(c) Increasing the travel speed
(d) Increasing the wire feed speed

40. To BS 499 part 2 , which of the following is true for a welding symbol:

(a) This or arrow side of the joint goes on top of the reference line
(b) This or arrow side of the joint goes below the reference line
(c) This or arrow side of the joint goes in the middle of the reference line
(d) All of the above

SS 8 / 64
41. Internal lack of fusion defects can be normally found by using:

(a) Penetrant testing

(b) Impact tests
(c) Side bend test
(d) Hardness test

42. Which of the following steel structures has the highest hardness:

(a) Martensite
(b) Austenitic
(c) Ferrritic
(d) All have the same hardness

43. An IQI would be used in radiography to assess:

(a) Image quality

(b) Type of steel
(c) Density of a graph
(d) Type of welding process used

44. Poor penetration would be found in MIG / MAG welded steels when using:

(a) Argon + 20 % CO2

(b) CO2
(c) Pure Argon
(d) Argon + 5 % CO2

45. In which of the following steels are you most likely to find H2 induced weld metal
cracking after welding:

(a) Low carbon steel

(b) High strength low alloy steel
(c) Austenitic stainless steels
(d) 1 % Nickel steel

SS 9 / 64
46. Silicon is added to electrode coatings as:

(a) A slipping agent

(b) A slag former
(c) A de-oxidant
(d) A colouring agent

47. The main reason degreasing agents should always be dried from metals prior to
welding, is because they are likely to:

(a) Increase the arc voltage

(b) Produce hazardous fumes
(c) Slow down the welding speed
(d) Produce lack of fusion defects

48 Which of the following processes would be most prone to lack of fusion defects:

(a) Pulsed arc MIG

(b) Spray transfer MIG
(c) Dip transfer MIG REF :- CSWIP BOOK PAGE – 12.8 / 3.4
(d) Submerged arc

49. Adjusting the inductance control in dip transfer MIG / MAG welding, will control

(a) The pulse rate REF :- CSWIP BOOK PAGE – 12.7

(b) The gas flow rate
(c) The amount of spatter
(d) The arc voltage

50. Which of the following is an inspection point in Sub Arc Welding ?

(a) Flux mesh size REF :- CSWIP BOOK PAGE – 13.4

(b) Gas type
(c) Tungsten size
(d) Gas flow rate

SS 10 / 64
51. Why is Hot Pass so called:

(a) Because it is applied at a high amperage

(b) Because it is applied when the root is still hot
(c) Because it could cause hot shortness
(d) Because it heat treats the root

52. Which of the following is not inert gas :

(a) Argon
(b) Xenon
(c) Carbon dioxide
(d) Helium

53. Why is a welding arc shielded :

(a) To eliminate hydrogen

(b) To retard the cooling rate of the weld
(c) To eliminate the atmosphere
(d) To ensure maximum heat input

54. Which welding process is considered to be the most versatile:

(a) SAW
(b) TIG
(c) MIG / MAG
(d) MMA

55. The HAZ associated with a weld is:

(a) The melted portion of the parent plate

(b) The area immediately adjacent to the weld which has undergone a micro
structural change
(c) The weld area plus the parent plate which has undergone a micro structural
change
(d) The area in the weld region with the lowest tensile strength

SS 11 / 64
56. A crack in a weld zone:

(a) is repairable
(b) Always results in a cut out and complete re-weld
(c) Is acceptable up to 2mm in length
(d) May be repaired or cut out depending on specification requirements

57. If the amperage is too low during the welding of a root bead, the possible result
would be:

(a) Lack of penetration

(b) Lack of fusion
(c) The freezing of the electrode
(d) All of the above

58. Pre-heating prior to welding:

(a) Must always be carried out

(b) Need not be carried out if post heat treatment is to follow welding
(c) is always carried out using gas flames
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above

59. Cold lap is another term for:

(a) Lack of fusion

(b) Low amperage
(c) Undercut
(d) Hydrogen cracking

60. When a medium to high carbon steel is quenched:

(a) It becomes malleable

(b) Its hardness increases
(c) It becomes ductile
(d) The plasticity is increased.

SS 12 / 64
61. The TIG welding process utilizes an electrode that is:

(a) Cellulosic
(b) Non consumable
(c) Consumable
(d) None of the above

62. Another name for Suckback in the root of a weld is:

(a) Concavity
(b) Convexity
(c) LORP
(d) Root undercut

63. One of the advantages of a multi-pass MMA weld is that it generally produces a:

(a) High tensile strength

(b) High degree of ductility
(c) Coarse grain structure
(d) Fine grain structure

64. A Normalising heat treatment process is carried out by:

(a) Heating the metal just above 650*C .

(b) Taking the metal above the re-crystallization temperature and allowing to
air cool .
(c) Taking the metal above the re-crystallization temperature and allowing to
furnace cool.
(d) Taking the metal above the re-crystallization temperature and quickly cooling
by immersing.

65. The extent of the changes in microstructure will depend on the following:

(a) Material composition

(b) Heat input
(c) The rate of cooling
(d) All of the above

SS 13 / 64
66. The British code for visual inspection requirements is :

(a) BS 4872
(b) BS 499
(c) BS 4870
(d) None of the above

66. A code of practice for visual inspection should cover the following:

(a) Before, During and After welding activities.

(b) Before welding activities only.
(c) After welding activities only.
(d) None of the above.

67. Incomplete root penetration in a butt joint could be caused by :

(a) Excessive root face width.

(b) Excessive root gap size.
(c) Low current setting.
(d) Both A & C.

68. Incomplete root fusion would certainly be caused by :

(a) Linear misalignment. REF :- CSWIP BOOK PAGE – 3.4 / 10.5

(b) Incorrect tilt angle.
(c) Differing root face widths.
(d) All of the above.

69. You notice a very “ veed ” ripple shape. This is most likely caused by :

(a) Poor consumable choice.

(b) Welding position.
(c) Excessive travel speed.
(d) None of the above.

70. “ Toe Blending “ is important as it may affect :

(a) Toughness.
(b) Fatigue life.
(c) Penetration.
(d) All of the above.

SS 14 / 64
71. Slag inclusions may occur with :

(a) Manual Metal arc.

(b) Metal Inert Gas.
(c) Submerged Arc Welding.
(d) Both A & C

72. Undercut is caused by :

(a) Excessive amps. Ref : CWSIP Book Page 3.6 / 10.5

(b) Excessive volts.
(c) Excessive travel speed.
(d) All of the above.

73. Undercut is normally assessed by :

(a) Its depth. Ref : CWSIP Book Page 3.6

(b) Its length.
(c) Its blending.
(d) All of the above.

74. A welding procedure is useful to :

(a) Give information to the welder. Ref : CWSIP Book Page 5.1
(b) Give information to the inspector.
(c) Give “ Confidence “ to a product.
(d) All of the above

75. An essential variable may :

(a) Change the properties of the weld.

(b) Influence the visual acceptability.
(c) Require re-approval of the weld procedure.
(d) All of the above.

SS 15 / 64
76. A magnifying glass may be used during visual inspection by typical magnification
would be :

(a) Up to 50

(b) 2 – 2.5

(c) 50 – 100

(d) None of the above.

77. When visually inspecting a fillet weld , it would normally be “ Sized by “ :

(a) The leg lengths. Ref : CWSIP Book Page1.13

(b) The actual throat thickness.
(c) The design throat thickness.
(d) Both A & C

78. A planar defect is :

(a) Incomplete fusion defects.

(b) Slag inclusion.
(c) Incomplete penetration.
(d) Both A & C.

79. Penetrant inspection and MPI are mainly used to :

(a) Aid visual inspection.

(b) Because the application standard says so.
(c) To confirm “ Visual uncertainties ”.
(d) All of the above

80. Defects out side of the limits specified in a standard should always
be :

(a) Repaired.
(b) Reported to a “ senior person “.
(c) Radio graphed.
(d) All of the above.

SS 16 / 64
81. MIG welding tends to be susceptible to lack of fusion problems. This is
because of:

(a) Poor maintenance of equipment.

(b) In correct settings.
(c) Poor inter run cleaning.
(d) All of the above.

82. MMA electrode can be grouped into three main types. These are :

(a) Basic , Cellulosic and Rutile .

(b) Neutral , Cellulosic and Rutile.
(c) Basic , Cellulosic and neutral.
(d) None of the above.

83. The main causes of porosity in welded joints are :

(a) Poor access.

(b) Loss of gas shield.
(c) “ Dirty “ materials.
(d) All of the above.

84. Cracks in welds maybe due to :

(a) Solidification problems.

(b) Hydrogen problems.
(c) Excessive stresses.
(d) All of the above.

85. Welding a single V butt with laminations showing on the side wall may give rise to:

(a) Lamellar tearing.

(b) Solidification cracking.
(c) Martensite.
(d) Undercut.

SS 17 / 64
86. With reference to a root penetration bead , you could certainly assess :

(a) Root fusion and penetration.

(b) Root concavity.
(c) Burn through
(d) All of the above

87. A fatigue failure is characteristic by the appearance of the fracture surface. It

would be :

(a) Rough and torn.

(b) “ Cheveron “- like.
(c) Smooth.
(d) None of the above.

88. “ Stray arcing “ may be regarded as a serious defect. This is because :

(a) It may reduce the thickness dimension of a component.

(b) It may cause liquation cracks.
(c) It may cause hard zones.
(d) All of the above.

89. Overlap in welds could be influenced by :

(a) Poor welding technique.

(b) Welding process.
(c) Welding position.
(d) All of the above.

90. Flame cut preparation may, during welding, increase the likelihood of :

(a) Cracking.
(b) Misalignment problems.
(c) Inclusions.
(d) All of the above.

SS 18 / 64
91. Macroscopic examination requires any specimen to be inspected :

(a) Once after welding.

(b) Twice – once before and once after etching.
(c) Using a Microscope.
(d) None of the above.

92. Which of the following may be classed as a “ More serious defect “ :

(a) Slag inclusions.

(b) Fusion defects ( Inter run).
(c) Fusion defects ( Surface).
(d) Porosity.

93. A code of practice is :

(a) A standard for workmanship only.

(b) A set of rules for manufacturing a specific product.
(c) Levels of acceptability of a weldment.
(d) None of the above.

94. Movement of the arc by magnetic forces in MMA welding is termed :

(a) Arc deviation.

(b) Arc misalignment.
(c) Arc blow.
(d) Arc eye.

95. A metallurgical problem most associated with Submerged Arc welding is :

(a) Hydrogen cracking in the HAZ.

(b) Solidification cracking in the weld metal.
(c) Hydrogen cracking in the weld metal.
(d) Lamellar tearing in the weld metal.

SS 19 / 64
96. Oxy pressure and nozzle size would influence what in flame cutting :

(a) The temperature required for cut initiation.

(b) The ability to cut Stainless steel.
(c) The depth of cut obtainable.
(d) None of the above.

97. The main usage of arc cutting / gouging processes is in :

(a) The cutting of single bevel preparation.

(b) The removal of deposited welds.
(c) The cutting of single U – type preparation.
(d) The cutting / gouging of non – ferrous materials only.

98. Which of the following processes joints metals plastically :

(a) Friction welding.

(b) Resistance welding.
(c) Plasma welding.
(d) All of the above.

99. Which electrode classification would be relevant to AWS A5.1 – 81 :

(a) E 6013. REF :- T P O’NEILL BOOK

(b) E 5133. PAGE - 55
(c) E 7018 – G. SEC – 10.3.5
(d) Fleet weld 5

100. Which of the following coatings associated with “ Stove Welding “

(a) Rutile.
(b) Cellulosic. REF :- T P O’NEILL BOOK
(c) Basic. PAGE - 51
(d) Oxidizing. SEC – [Link]

SS 20 / 64
101. A common gas / mixture used in MIG welding nickel alloys to combine good
levels of penetration with good arc stability would be :

(a) 100 % CO2. REF :- T P O’NEILL BOOK

(b) 100 % Argon. PAGE - 09
(c) 80 % Argon 20 % CO2. SEC – 2.4.2
(d) 98 % Argon 2 % Oxygen.

102. The type of SAW flux is more resistant to moisture absorption :

(a) Fused. REF :- T P O’NEILL BOOK

(b) Agglomerated. PAGE - 18
(c) Basic. SEC – [Link]
(d) All of above the same resistance.

103. The flame temperature of oxy / acetylene mixture gas is given as :

(a) 3200* C REF :- CWSIP BOOK PAGE 19.2

(b) 2300* C
(c) 5000* C
(d) None of the above.

104. A large grain structure in steels said to produce :

(a) Low ductility values.

(b) Low fracture toughness values.
(c) High fracture toughness values.
(d) High tensile strength.

105. The likelihood of brittle fracture in steels will increase with :

(a) A large grain formation.

(b) A reduction of in-service temperature to sub zero levels .
(c) Ferritic rather than austenitic steels.
(d) All of the above.

SS 21 / 64
106. Repair welding is often more difficult than production due to :

(a) The material being ingrained with in-service contaminates.

(b) Restricted access within the repair area.
(c) The possible position of the weld repair.
(d) Any of the above.

107. Hydrogen cracking in the weld metal is likely when welding :

(a) Carbon Manganese steels.

(b) Stainless steels.
(c) Micro alloyed steels (HSLA).
(d) Low carbon steels.

108. EN standard 288 would refer to which of the following :

(a) Welder approval testing.

(b) Welding equipment.
(c) Welding procedure approval
(d) Consumables for Submerged arc welding.

109. Porosity is caused by :

(a) Entrapped slag in the solidifying weld.

(b) Entrapped gas in the solidifying weld.
(c) Entrapped metallic inclusions in the solidifying weld.
(d) None of the above.

110. In a bend test, the face of the specimen is in tension and root is in compression,
the type of test being carried out would be :

(a) A root bend test.

(b) A side bend test.
(c) A face bend test.
(d) None of the above.

SS 22 / 64
111. Ultrasonic testing is of advantage in detecting which of the following weld
imperfection over other NDT method :

(a) Lack of side wall fusion.

(b) Surface undercut.
(c) Incompletely filled groove.
(d) Overlap.

112. The process of tempering is often carried out to regain toughness after which of
the following processes :

(a) Annealing.
(b) Normalising.
(c) Hardening.
(d) Stress relieving.

113. The presence of iron sulphide in the weld metal is most likely to produce which
of the following upon contraction of the weld :

(a) Solidification cracking.

(b) Hydrogen cracking.
(c) Intergranular corrosion.
(d) Stress corrosion cracking.

114. When visually inspecting a completed single V butt cap you would certainly
assess :

(a) Cap height.

(b) Toe blend.
(c) Weld width.
(d) A , B & C.

115. Generally the most suitable method of detecting lack of side wall fusion would be :

(a) UT.
(b) MPI.
(c) RT.
(d) PT.

SS 23 / 64
116. Hot shortness is a term used to indicate :

(a) Lamellar tearing.

(b) Solidification cracking. REF :- CSWIP BOOK PAGE – 22.8
(c) Hydrogen cracking.
(d) None of the above.

117. The use of cobalt as an isotope would generally be used on :

(a) Thin material.

(b) Tee joints.
(c) Plate thickness greater than 25mm.
(d) None of the above.

118. In welding procedure terms, a change in essential variable means :

(a) Re-qualification of the weld procedure.

(b) Possible changes in the weld’s micro structure
(c) Possible changes in the mechanical properties.
(d) All of the above.

119. Weld symbols placed on a dotted line in accordance with ISO requirements means:

(a) Weld on “ Arrow “ side.

(b) Weld on “ Other “ side. REF :- CSWIP BOOK PAGE – 8.4
(c) Weld on site.
(d) Full penetration.

120. A welding inspector’s main attribute includes :

(a) Knowledge and experience.

(b) Literacy.
(c) Honesty and integrity.
(d) All of the above.
(e)

SS 24 / 64
121. The correct term for a joint prepared on one component only is :

(a) A bevel butt.

(b) A ‘J’ butt.
(c) A ‘K’ butt.
(d) All of the above.

122. The correct terminology in the preceding question (7) is :

(a) –
(b) –
(c) –
(d) –

123. Technically , a code of practice is :

(a) A standard.
(b) A “ Set of rules for the manufacture of a product.
(c) Related to welder and weld procedure approval.
(d) All of the above.

124. The correct term for “ cap height “ is :

(a) Reinforcement.
(b) Cap profile height.
(c) Excess weld metal.
(d) All of the above.

125. A tensile test will assess :

(a) Impact values. REF :- CSWIP BOOK PAGE – 4.5

(b) Stress.
(c) Strain
(d) Both B & C.

SS 25 / 64
126. The important point of high temperature steels is that :

(a) They can withstand creep failure.

(b) They may suffer re-heat cracking problems.
(c) They may suffer loss of toughness.
(d) All of the above.

127. An austenitic stainless steel may suffer :

(a) Weld decay. REF :- CSWIP BOOK PAGE – 22.15 / 22.11

(b) Sensitisation.
(c) Solidification cracking.
(d) All of the above.

128. Carbon equivalent values are useful to determine :

(a) Weldability aspects.

(b) Crack sensitivity aspects.
(c) Typical mechanical properties.
(d) All of the above.

129. A basic electrode would normally :

(a) Have superior mechanical properties.

(b) Require baking before use.
(c) Not be used on low carbon steels.
(d) Both A & B.

130. When referring to TIG welding , the shielding gas could be :

(a) Argon + Hydrogen. (FOR WELDING AUSTENITIC SS)

(b) Argon + Helium (TO OBTAIN THE MODERATE PENETRATION)
(c) Argon + Nitrogen (FOR WELDING COPPER)
(d) All of the above. REF :- CSWIP BOOK PAGE – 11.4

SS 26 / 64
131. When referring to MIG welding , the shielding gas could be :

(a) Argon. REF :- CSWIP BOOK PAGE – 14.8

(b) Argon + 1 % oxygen.
(c) Argon + 20 % CO2.
(d) None of the above.

132. Submerged arc utilizes :

(a) Deep penetration characteristic.

(b) High deposition rates on DC +
(c) Flat (PA) welding only.
(d) None of the above. REF :- CSWIP BOOK PAGE – 13.1

133. Ultrasonic would be preferred over radiography due to :

(a) Ability to find most defects.

(b) Lower skill requirement.
(c) Ability to detect lamination.
(d) Both A & C.

134. The most serious defect types are :

(a) Planar.
(b) Cracks.
(c) Lack of fusion.
(d) All of the above.

135. Which of the following discontinuities could be as a primary processing

discontinuity often found in cast material :

(a) Fatigue crack.

(b) Stress corrosion crack.
(c) Porosity.
(d) Lack of penetration.

SS 27 / 64
136. Which of the following discontinuities could be classified as a service induced
discontinuity :

(a) Fatigue crack.

(b) Porosity.
(c) Machining tear.
(d) Lap.

137. Which of the following contamination could affect the sensitivity of penetrant :

(a) Acid.
(b) Water.
(c) Salts.
(d) All of the above.

138. Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in a forging :

(a) Shrinkage cracks.

(b) Laps.
(c) Cold shuts.
(d) Insufficient penetration.

139. The prime purpose of the black light for fluorescent penetrant inspection :

(a) To magnify indications.

(b) To make the indications visible.
(c) To develop indications.
(d) To speed up inspection.

140. In accordance with BS 5135 which of the following is applicable for scale ‘ C ‘
with regards to hydrogen content per 100g of deposited weld metal :

(a) > 15 ml ( SCALE A )

(b) > 15 ml < 25 ml ( SCALE B )
(c) > 10 ml < 15 ml ( SCALE C )
(d) > 5 ml < 10 ml ( SCALE D = < 5 ml )

SS 28 / 64
141. Which is the correct heat input if the amps are 350 , volts 32 and travel
speed 310 mm / s :

(a) 2.16 kJ / mm REF :- T P O’NEILL BOOK

(b) 0.036 kJ / mm PAGE - 23
(c) 2160 kJ / mm SEC – 5.2
(d) 36 kJ / mm

142. In accordance with BS 5135 what is the minimum distance the pre heat shall be
be applied from the joint preparation :

(a) 100 mm.

(b) 25 mm.
(c) 75mm.
(d) Not specified.

143. In accordance with BS 5135 what is the recommended minimum time allowed
for the pre heat temperature to equalize :

(a) 2 Min for each 25 mm of parent material thickness.

(b) 5 Min for each 25 mm of parent material thickness.
(c) 2 Min for each 50 mm of parent material thickness.
(d) 5 Min for each 50 mm of parent material thickness.

144. Which of the following best describes the elastic limit :

(a) The resistance to fracture under impact loading.

(b) The maximum stress to which a material can be subjected without
permanent deformation.
(c) The amount of stress at which point the material will continue to
elongate without an increase in force applied.
(d) The ability of a material to stretch and become permanently deformed
without breaking or cracking.

145. In accordance with BS 2901 which of the following is classified as triple

de-oxidized filler wire :

(a) A !7 wire.
(b) A 18 wire.
(c) A 15 wire.
(d) All of the above.

SS 29 / 64
146. In BS 639 an electrode classified as E51 :REF :- T P O’NEILL BOOK /PAGE 52
SEC – 10.3.4
(a) Has an UTS value of 51,000 psi., minimum yield strength of 330 N / mm.
(b) Has an UTS value of 430 to 550 N / mm, minimum yield strength of
360 N / mm.
(c) Has an UTS value of 510 to 650 N / mm, minimum yield strength of
360 N / mm.
(d) Has an UTS value of 510 to 650 N / mm, minimum yield strength of
330 N / mm.

147. An E80 electrode would normally be classified in which standard :

(a) BS EN 499.
(b) BS 639.
(c) AWS A5.5
(d) AWS A5.1

148. What is an active flux :

(a) A material used to clean surfaces of the joint through continued chemical
reaction.
(b) A material used to protect the molten weld pool during welding.
(c) A material used to aid fusion.
(d) All of the above.

149. Which of the following is most likely to reduce the chances of arc blow :

(a) A change from ac current to dc current.

(b) A change from dc current to ac current.
(c) A change from dc electrode +ve to dc electrode –ve.
(d) A change from dc electrode –ve to dc electrode +ve

150. If a steel has a Ceq % of 0.48 % : T P O’NEILL BOOK / PAGE 26

SEC – 5.4
(a) PWHT would always be necessary.
(b) It will probably require a pre-heat temperature above 300*c prior to
welding.
(c) It will probably require a pre-heat temperature above 100*c prior
to welding.
(e) The heat affected zone will be very tough.

SS 30 / 64
151. When welding a double V butt joint with SAW process the presence of centreline
porosity may be due to :

(a) Damp flux. REF : T P O’NEILL BOOK / PAGE 60 & 61

(b) Contaminated joint preparation. SEC – 5.4
(c) Incorrect stick out lengths.
(d) All of the above.

152. When considering the advantages of site RT over UT which of the following
applies :

(a) A permanent record produced, good for detecting defects which do not
have significant depth in relation to axis of the X-ray beam and defect
identification.
(b) A permanent record produced, good for detecting all surface and
sub-surface defects and assessing the through thickness depths of defects.
(c) A permanent record produced, defect identification not so reliant
on operator skill.
(d) No controlled areas required on site, a permanent record produced and
good for assessing the extent of pipe wall thickness reductions due to
internal corrosion.

153. When ac only is required for welding, the power supply unit is almost always :

(a) A transformer, rectifier and a means to change the current.

(b) A transformer, inverter and a means to change the current.
(c) A rectifier, alternator and a means to change the current.
(d) A transformer or alternator and a means to change the current.

154. The HAZ associated with a fusion weld on steel has up to how many separate
regions of micro structure :

(a) 4. REF : T P O’NEILL BOOK / PAGE 24

(b) 6. SEC- 5.2
(c) 1.
(d) 2.

155. The possible effects of having a travel speed too fast :

REF : T P O’NEILL BOOK / PAGE 24 / SEC- E-4
(a) Low toughness, slag inclusions and undercut.
(b) High hardness, slag inclusions and a narrow thin weld bead.
(c) High hardness, excessive deposition and cold laps.

SS 31 / 64
 (d) Low toughness, poor fusion and slag inclusions.
156. What five parameters would be checked when calibrating welding equipment
for mechanized MAG welding :

(a) Joint set up, flux coating , polarity, travel speed and amps / volts.
(b) Amps / volts, WFS, gas flow rate, polarity and travel speed.
(c) Amps / volts, WFS, wire diameter, polarity and travel speed.
(d) Electrode stick out, WFS, amps / volts, polarity and wire diameter.

157. Which of the following statements is true when using a flat characteristic power
source :

(a) The electrode is always dc –ve.

(b) The shielding is always pure argon.
(c) The wire feed speed remains constant.
(d) The electrode extension will have no effect on weld quality.

158. Which of the following will vary the most , when varying the arc length :

(a) Voltage.
(b) Amperage.
(c) Polarity.
(d) None of the above.

159. Which of the following statement is true :

(a) The core wire in a MMA electrode has a higher melting point than the
flux
(b) Electrode dc +ve is used when welding with the MIG / MAG welding
process.
(c) The HAZ of a carbon manganese steel weld usually has a lower ultimate
tensile strength than the weld.
(d) All of the above are true.

160. A multi run MMA butt weld made on C/Mn steel consists of 5 passes using 6mm
electrodes. A 12 pass weld made on the same joint using 4mm electrodes on the
same material will :

(a) Have a lower heat input and a higher degree of grain refinement.
(b) Have a lower heat input and a coarser grain structure.
(c) Have a lower amount of distortion and a higher degree of grain
refinement.

SS 32 / 64
 (d) Have a higher amount of distortion and a lower degree of grain refinement
161. The main reason for using a back purge when welding 18-8 stainless steel with the
TIG welding process is to :

(a) Control the root penetration.

(b) Prevent root bead porosity.
(c) Improve positional welding.
(d) Prevent the formation of a dense oxide layer on the root.

162. A typical minimum preheat temperature for an MMA weld made on steel with a
carbon content of 0.23 % and manganese content of 1.3 % :

(a) Preheat would not normally be required.

(b) Less than 50*c. REF : T P O’NEILL BOOK / PAGE 26
(c) A minimum of 100*c. SEC- 5.4
(d) Above 280*c.

163. Which is often the hardest part of a multi run weld made using MMA :

(a) The HAZ of the root.

(b) The HAZ of the cap.
(c) The root.
(d) The cap.

164. The HAZ of a fusion weld :

(a) Usually has the highest tensile strength.

(b) Can not be avoided. REF : T P O’NEILL BOOK / PAGE 24
(c) Is usually martensite. SEC- 5.2
(d) Both A & B.
(e) All of the above.

165. Which of the following welding processes would you expect to use a collet :

(a) TIG / TAG.

(b) MIG / MAG>
(c) MMA.
(d) All of the above.

SS 33 / 64
166. Which of the following may be used for the TIG / TAG welding of austenitic
stainless steel :

(a) Lathanum electrode dc –ve. REF : T P O’NEILL BOOK / PAGE 12

(b) Cerium electrode dc –ve. SEC- 2.5.2
(c) Zirconium electrode ac.
(d) Thorium electrode dc +ve.

167. Which of the following standards is entitled electrode wire and fluxes for
submerged arc welding process of carbon steel and medium tensile steel :

(a) BS 639.
(b) BS 2901. REF : T P O’NEILL BOOK / PAGE 49
(c) BS 2633.
(d) BS 4165.

168. Which of the following processes use a constant characteristic :

(a) Sub-arc < 1000 amps, MMA, Electro slag.

(b) TIG / TAG, Sub-arc > 1000 amps, Electro slag.
(c) Sub-arc < 1000 amps, MIG / MAG, Electro slag.
(d) MIG / MAG, Sub-arc > 1000 amps, Electro Slag.

169. What are the possible results of having a too lower heat input :

(a) An increase in hardness, lower yield strength and lack of fusion.

(b) A reduction in toughness, hydrogen entrapment and an increase in
hardness.
(c) Entrapped hydrogen, an increase in hardness and lack of fusion.
(d) Entrapped hydrogen, a reduction in carbon content and lack of fusion.

170. What kind of steel is used for making filler rod :

(a) Killed steel

(b) Rimming steel.
(c) Carbon steel.

SS 34 / 64
171. Which of the following is not related to weld :

(a)

(b)

(c )

172. Which of the following NDT method is not suitable to detect sub surface defect :

(a) UT.
(b) PT.
(c) RT.
(d) MPI.

173. SAW in single pass weld will give :

(a) Poor profile.

(b) Burn rapidly.
(c) Good penetration.
(d) None of the above.

174. In SAW process if voltage and current is increased and travel speed is decreased,
What will be the effect in the profile :

(a) Wider weld.

(b) Higher weld reinforcement.
(c) Concave weld surface.

175. What change will occur on the HAZ during heating of metal caused by welding :

(a) Change in tensile strength.

(b) Change in hardness.

SS 35 / 64
 (c) Change in grain crystal structure.
176. What types of electrodes needs extra treatment :

(a) Basic.
(b) Rutile.
(c) Cellolosic.

177. Applying preheat when welding, carbon manganese steel is normally done to
avoid :

(a) Slag inclusions.

(b) Hydrogen cracking. REF :- T P O’NEILL BOOK
(c) Lack of side wall fusion. PAGE 26
(d) Porosity. SEC – 5.5.2

178. Which of the following mechanical properties of a weld in carbon manganese

steel is most affected if the heat per unit length of weld is excessively high :

(a) Elongation.
(b) Tensile strength.
(c) Hardness.
(d) Toughness.

179. You observe centerline cracking in a weld that has been made at one of five work
station each making similar components. The first action to take is :

(a) Impound all welding consumables.

(b) Report the occurrence to a higher authority.
(c) Stop all welding.
(d) Call for full NDT checks.

180. Which of the following defects is unlikely to be found by visual inspection:

(a) Linear misalignment.

(b) Undercut.
(c) Overlap.
(d) Linear slag inclusions.

SS 36 / 64
181. Which of the following welding processes uses a resistive heating system to
achieve weld metal deposition :

(a) MMA. REF :- T P O’NEILL BOOK

(b) SAW. PAGE – 20 / SEC- 2.8.2
(c) Electro slag welding.
(d) Resistance spot welding.

182. What two functions in arc welding must be in equilibrium to enable a stable
arc to be established :

(a) Arc voltage.

(b) Current.
(c) Wire / Electrode feed rate.
(d) Metal burn off rate.

183. In MMA welding, what parameter is used to control the penetration into
the base material.

(a) Voltage.
(b) Welding speed.
(c) Iron powder in the coasting.
(d) Current.

184. In the welding of a butt joint made from one side, which of the following
controls the profile of the root bead :

(a) Root face.

(b) Bevel angle.
(c) Root gap.
(d) None of the above.

185. What type of power source characteristic is required for manual welding :

(a) Constant voltage.

(b) Flat characteristic.
(c) Drooping Characteristic.
(d) Motor generator.

SS 37 / 64
186. Which of the following destructive test would indicate the toughness of weld metal
and parent metal – HAZ :

(a) Macro.
(b) Nick break.
(c) Hardness.
(d) Charpy vee notch.

187. Degreasing components are essential for quality welding but some agents may :

(a) Cause corrosion problems.

(b) Give off phosgene gas.
(c) Leave residues.
(d) All of the above.

188. Which of the following chemical elements has the greater effect on the
hardenability of a steel plate :

(a) Molybdenum.
(b) Chromium.
(c) Titanium.
(d) Carbon.

189. In MIG ? CO2 welding which parameters give the greatest control of weld
appearance during dip transfer or short circuiting welding :

(a) Wire stick out length.

(b) Amperage.
(c) Wire feed speed.
(d) Inductance.

190. In MMA welding, the slag produced can be varied to suit the welding position.
Which type of slag would be required for welding in the HV position :

(a) Fluid.
(b) Viscous.
(c) None of the above.
(d) Semi fluid.

SS 38 / 64
191. The weld metal deposit of MMA electrodes, achieves its mechanical strength
through :

(a) The core wire.

(b) The flux coating.
(c) Iron powders with the flux coating.

192. What constituent is needed in a coating of an electrode to prevent the formation

of porosity in welding of a rimming steel :

(a) Iron powders.

(b) Calcium fluoride.
(c) Silicon.
(d) Calcium carbonate.

193. Welds made with high heat inputs show a reduction in one of the following
properties :

(a) Ductility.
(b) Toughness.
(c) Fatigue strength.
(d) Mechanical strength.

194. In X-ray the quality of radiographic negative is assessed by the :

(a) Density of the film.

(b) IQI Indicator.
(c) KVA available.
(d) Stand – off distance.

195. A steel described as QT will have improved tensile properties because it has :

(a) Had control of chemical composition.

(b) Been heat treated.
(c) Been quality tested.
(d) Been vacuum melted.

SS 39 / 64
196. Which one of the following type of steels would give rise to the formation of
porosity when autogenously welded with an arc process :

(a) Fully killed steel.

(b) Semi killed steel.
(c) Rimming steel.
(d) Fine grained steel.

197. In SAW, the use of excessively high voltage would result in :

(a) Insufficient flux melting.

(b) Excessive flux melting.
(c) Slag removal difficulties.
(d) Spatter.

198. The use of cellulosic electrodes is often made when welding the root pass of
pipes in the field. This is because :

(a) H2 control is needed. REF : TP.O’NEILL / PAGE 51 / SEC [Link]

(b) Iron powders in the electrode.
(c) Higher arc voltage can be obtained.
(d) Shorter arc length can be achieved.

199. In the welding of austenitic stainless steels, the electrode and the plate material
can be purchased with low carbon contents. The reason for this is to prevent :

(a) Cracking in the HAZ.

(b) The formation of chromium carbides.
(c) Cracking in the weld metal.
(d) Distortion. REF : CSWIP BOOK / PAGE 22.14

200. Submerged arc fluxes can be supplied in two form. These are :

(a) Sintered and agitated.

(b) Agitated and fused.
(c) Crushed and agglomerated.
(d) Fused and agglomerated.

SS 40 / 64
201. In a steel which has improved creep properties at elevated temperature, which
one of the following elements helps in this improvement :

(a) Tungsten.
(b) Manganese.
(c) Molybdenum.
(d) Carbon.

202. Welding a steel plate of a CE of 0.45, would require preheating to :

(a) Prevent the formation of sulphides.

(b) Prevent hardening in the HAZ.
(c) Prevent the formation of carbides.
(d) To improve mechanical properties in the weld.

203. Which on of the following processes uses the “ Key holing “ system of fusion :

(a) Friction welding.

(b) Diffusion welding.
(c) Electron beam welding. REF :- CSWIP BOOK / PAGE 9.11.
(d) Autogenous TIG welding.

204. In friction welding, is the metal at the interface in the :

(a) Liquid state.

(b) Solid state.
(c) Plastic state.
(d) Elastic state.

205. Welding procedures may require welds to be deposited at a controlled rate heat
input. High heat input would :

(a) Have poor profile.

(b) Have larger grain size.
(c) Have high hardness in the HAZ.
(d) Have low elongation properties.

SS 41 / 64
205. BS 499 part II communicates by the use of symbols the type of joint preparation
to be used. Listed below are four symbols. which of these indicates the depth of
penetration of the weld required on the joint :

(a)

(b)
10

10

(c) 10

10

(d)

SS 42 / 64
207. In accordance with BS 499 what is the weld junction :

(a) The area containing HAZ and weld metal.

(b) The weld metal and parent metal.
(c) The boundary between the fusion zone and HAZ.
(d) The part of the weld , which undergoes metallurgical change due to heat
From welding.

208. Which of the following are essential factors for lamellar tearing :

(a) High residual stresses, poor through thickness ductility, existing plate
Laminations.
(b) Poor through thickness ductility, fusion face parallel with rolled direction
Of parent plate, most commonly occurs in but welds.
(c) Stress, poor through thickness ductility, fusion face parallel with rolled
Direction of parent material.
(d) Tensile stress, deoxidized parent plate, poor through thickness ductility.

209. In gas welding , leftward welding is described in BS 499 as :

(a) The flame is described towards the welded part and filler material is
Directed toward un-welded part of the joint.
(b) The flame and filler material both directed towards welded part of the
joint.
(d) The flame is directed towards the un welded part and filler material is
Is directed towards welded part of the joint.
(e) The flame and filler material is both directed towards un welded
Part of the joint.

REF :- T P O’NEILL BOOK

PAGE -5
SEC – 2.2.2

210. Which of the following is not a fusion welding process :

(a) Thermit welding.

(b) Electro slag welding.
(c) Laser welding.
(d) Friction welding.

SS 43 / 64
211. When considering the heat treatment process of tempering :

(a) This is achieved by slowly heating the material to a temperature

between 200*c to 650*c and slow cooling in air.
(b) This is achieved by heating the material to around 200*c and soaking
for approximately 10 – 12 hrs and cooling down in air.
(c) Very fast cooling from the austenite region.
(d) All of the above could give a temper.

212. Which of the following are essential variables for PWHT :

(a) Heating rate.

(b) Temperature attained.
(c) Cooling rate.
(d) All of the above.

213. Most metals expand when heated, the change in length is expressed as :

(a) Thermal conductivity.

(b) Modulus of elasticity.
(c) Coefficient.
(d) Yielding.

214. In TIG welding the nozzle is usually made :

(a) copper.
(b) Aluminum.
(c) Ceramic.
(d) Copper / Zinc.

215. Which of the following is the odd out :

(a) Neon.
(b) Xenon.
(c) Argon.
(d) Nitrogen.

SS 44 / 64
216. The welding arc could be characterized as :

(a) A high current, low voltage arc with a flow of electrons from cathode
To Anode.
(b) A low current, high voltage arc with a flow of electrons flowing from
Anode.
(c) A medium current and medium voltage with a flow of electrons and +ve
Ions flowing from anode to cathode.
(d) A voltage which always remains constant at a constant potential with a
Flow of electrons and –ve ions from cathode to anode.

217. Which of the following are considered to be HAZ cracks :

(a) Solidification cracks, lamellar tearing and reheat cracks.

(b) Reheat cracks, liquation cracks and solidification cracks.
(c) H2 cracks, solidification cracks and liquation cracks.
(d) Reheat cracks, liquation cracks and H2 cracks.

218. Which of the following standards entitled Visual inspection of fusion welded joints

(a) BS 4515.
(b) BS 5289.
(c) BS 5135.
(d) BS EN 440.

219. In general it is not easy to mechanise the MMA welding process because :

(a) Short electrode length, the control of the arc length and the process uses
A flat characteristic.
(b) Short electrode length, the control of the arc length and flux coverings.
(c) The control of the arc length, stop start problems and short electrode
length,
(d) Flux coverings, short electrode lengths and relationship between amps
And volts.

220. Which of the following statements is true :

(a) Oxygen-fuel gas cutting is essentially an oxidization thermal cutting
Process.
(b) Oxygen-fuel gas cutting is essentially a melting process.
(c) The only fuel gas used is acetylene.
(d) Propane is the preferred fuel gas in oxygen-fuel gas cutting as it produces
Hotter flame.

SS 45 / 64
221. Which of the following best describes a semi automatic welding process :

(a) The welder is responsible for the arc gap and travel speed.
(b) The welder is responsible for the travel speed only.
(c) The welding plant controls both travel speed and arc gap but under
Constant supervision.
(d) The welding plant controls both travel speed and arc gap, no
Supervision required.

222. Which sub atomic particle has a +ve charge :

(a) A Proton.
(b) A Photon.
(c) An Electron.
(d) A Neutron.

223. Which material is the most susceptible to reheat cracking :

(a) High carbon steel.

(b) Killed steel.
(c) Creep resistant steels.
(d) Austenitic steels.

224. Three essential factors for producing fusion weld are melting, removal of surface
oxide from the joint surfaces and elimination of atmosphere from the region of
the arc. Name the fourth one :

(a) The weld must be free from stress.

(b) The filler material must match that of the weld.
(c) The completed joint must at lease match the mechanical properties.
(d) An arc for a heat surface.

225. Which arc welding process technique is likely to be used to repair localised
porosity in a weld :

(a) MMA – PG position.

(b) Mechanised arc welding.
(c) Sub Arc.
(d) All of the above.
(e) None of the above.

SS 46 / 64
226. A welder qualified in the PG position would normally be qualified for welding :

(a) All diameters of pipe.

(b) Welding positions PA,PG, and PF.
(c) In position PG only.
(d) All pipe wall thickness.

227. Name the fourth weld process crack which has a totally different formation
mechanism to HICC (H2 induced cold crack),solidification cracking and lamellar
tearing :

(a) Liquation cracking.

(b) Reheat cracking.
(c) Crater cracking.
(d) Hot tearing.

228. Planar defect are best described as :

(a) Linear from at least one direction.

(b) Rounded indications. REF:- TP O’NEILL /PAGE 63 / SEC 11.3
(c) Linear from at least one direction with volume.
(d) May be classed as all of the above.

229. Which of the following welding processes is not classed as an arc welding process :

(a) Electro slag welding.

(b) Thermit welding
(c) Plasma welding.
(d) Both A and B. REF : CAWIP BOOK / PAGE 9.12
(e) All of the above.

230. which of the following materials has the poorest weldability :

(a) Austenitic stainless steel.

(b) Martensitic stainless steel.
(c) Carbon manganese steel.
(d) HSLA steel.

SS 47 / 64
231. Which of the following in a fusion weld usually has the highest tensile strength :

(a) Weld metal.

(b) Parent material.
(c) HAZ.
(d) Fusion zone.

232. Which of the following is a alternative name for a crater crack :

(a) Cold crack.

(b) Tearing.
(c) Star crack.
(d) Fatigue crack.

233. What action must the welding inspector request if a lamination is found extending
into the bevel face :

(a) Cut back the material until a lamination free area is found.
(b) Accept the bevel unless the lamination exceeds 5mm.
(c) Place a sealing run over the lamination and dress flush, then make the
weld as normal.
(d) Action to take will depend on the agreed specification (or welding
engineer / client if specification does not state the action ).

234. The deviation of the arc during arc welding due to external magnetic influences is
is known as :

(a) Arc strike.

(b) Arc blow.
(c) Paramagnetic interference.
(d) Diamagnetic interference.

235. The weldability of a material may be affected by :

(a) Temperature of the component.

(b) The Ceq % of the material.
(c) The elements in the material.
(d) All of the above.

SS 48 / 64
236. Which of the following heat treatment processes would be used for grain
refinement :

(a) Annealing.
(b) Normalising.
(c) Quenching.
(d) H2 release.

237. A repair has been made using MMA on a double V butt weld on a 10 m diameter
tank. The defect repaired was lack of inter-penetration and it had been excavated
with a disc grinder prior to repair. After repair it was determined that the wrong
electrodes had been used. What action should the inspector take :

(a) Have the repair area ground and re-repair.

(b) Accept the work if the electrodes were the same flux type.
(c) Heat treat the area.
(d) Consult the senior inspector or welding engineer if the specification or
Procedure does not cover the course of action.

238. Which one of the following statements is false :

(a) Surface breaking defects are usually more detrimental to a weld in

Comparison with sub-surface defects.
(b) The HAZ’s of a steel weld usually have a higher tensile strength than
The weld metal.
(c) Lameller tearing may occur within the fusion zone of large fillet welds.
(d) PWHT may stress relieve.

239. What is the possible cause of too mush restraint of the parent material during
welding :

(a) Restraint is always desirable.

(b) It may lead to cracking, especially with small welds between large
components.
(c) It will cause too much distortion.
(d) It will cause lamellar tearing if it is present on a corner joint.

240. Fluctuating loads ie cyclic stresses bellow the u.t.s. on a weld component may lead
to :

(a) Tensile failure.

(b) Yield failure.
(c) Fatigue failure.

SS 49 / 64
 (d) Shear failure.
241. Which of the following is a method to accurately measure the root radius of a
charpy or izod specimen :

(a) Use a machine called a shadowgraph.

(b) Use pyrometer.
(c) Use a vernier caliper.
(d) Use a densitometer.

242. Which of the following statements is true :

(a) Fillet welds are preferable to butt welds due to high strength.
(b) Fillet welds are normally difficult to assess with NDT in comparison
With butt welds.
(c) Fillet welds are only made on steels.
(d) All of the above are true.

243. Which of the following is not an inert gas at welding temperature :

(a) Argon.
(b) Neon.
(c) Carbon dioxide.
(d) Helium.

244. Which arc welding process uses a non consumable electrode :

(a) MIG.
(b) TIG.
(c) SAW.
(d) None of the above.

245. Which of the following welding processes is not a fusion welding process :

(a) Electro slag welding.

(b) Oxy-gas welding.
(c) Forge welding.
(d) TIG welding.

SS 50 / 64
246. Which of the following current types would be used for welding aluminum with
the TIG welding process :

(a) Ac.
(b) Dc +ve electrode.
(c) Dc –ve electrode.
(d) All of the above could be used successfully.

247. Which of the following statements is true :

(a) Electrode dc +ve always produces a narrow deep weld pool.

(b) The word Rutile means calcium carbonate.
(c) Porosity is always repairable.
(d) Dc electrode +ve is used for the MAG welding of steel.

248. What four criteria are necessary to produce HICC :

(a) Hydrogen, moisture, martensite and heat.

(b) Hydrogen, poor weld profile, temperature above 200*c and slow cooling.
(c) A grain structure susceptible to cracking, stress, hydrogen and a
Temperature bellow 200*c.
(d) Weld defects, pearlite, hydrogen and a temperature above the melting
Point for the material.

249. How many temperature indicating crayons would be required to ensure the preheat
temperature was lying with in a specified range :

(a) 1.
(b) 2.
(c) 3
(d) A many as possible.

250. A carbon equivalent of 0.48 % :

(a) Is high for a C-Mn steel and may require a preheat temperature over
100*c.
(b) Is insignificant for a C-Mn steel and preheat will not be required.
(c) Is calculated from the heat input formula.
(d) Is not a consideration for determining preheat temperature.
REF : TP O’NELL / PAGE 26 / SEC 5.4

SS 51 / 64
251. A martensite grain structure :

(a) Is always present in welds on steel.

(b) Is brittle grain structure .
(c) Is obtained when the preheat temperature exceeds 200*c.
(d) All of the above.

252. Which of the following is not a type of crack :

(a) Fissure.
(b) Lamellar tear. REF: TP O’NEILL / PAGE 56&24 /SEC 11.2.1 & 5.3
(c) Fish eye.
(d) Reheat crack.

253. What do you understand by the term minimum interpass temperature :

(a) Minimum post heat temperature.

(b) Minimum stress relief temperature.
(c) The lowest temperature to be used when normalising.
(d) The lowest temperature allowed during welding and between passes.

254. Which of following welding processes may be described as a low H2 process in

comparison with MMA welding :

(a) TIG.
(b) MIG.
(c) MAG.
(d) All of the above.

255. Which of the following standards is entitled imperfections in Metallic fusion welds
With explanation :

(a) BS EN 25817.
(b) BS EN 26520.
(c) BS EN 22553.
(d) BS EN 24165.

SS 52 / 64
256. Which of the following could cause root concavity :

(a) Excessive back purge pressure and very high heat input.
(b) Excessive back purge pressure and entrapped gas.
(c) Excessive root grinding and a slow travel speed.
(d) Excessive root grinding and excessive back pressure.

257. High Phosphorous contents in carbon steels may cause :

(a) Cold shortness.

(b) Hot shortness.
(c) An increase in ductility.
(d) An increase in malleability.

258. If arc strikes are found on carbon steel ( C eq of .5% ), what undesirable grain
structure may be present :

(a) Perlite.
(b) Martensite.
(c) Bainite.
(d) All of the above are undesirable grain structures in constructional steels.

259. How do you convert psi to N/mm2 :

(a) Divide by 144.9.

(b) Multify by 25.4.
(c) Divide by 14.7.
(d) Multify by 14.7.

260. How many Mpa are equal to 1 N/mm2 :

(a) 144.9.
(b) 25.4.
(c) 14.7.
(d) 1.

SS 53 / 64
261. What is the UTS of a material :

(a) The proof stress.

(b) The maximum load a specimen can withstand.
(c) The limit of proportionality.
(d) The point of plastic deformation.

262. What is a charpy test used for :

(a) To measure the ductility of a material.

(b) To test the tensile strength of a material.
(c) To test the notch toughness of a material.
(d) To measure crack propagation speed.

263. What is a Vickers Pyramidal Indentor used for :

(a) To measure indentation toughness.

(b) To measure ductility.
(c) To measure hardness.
(d) All of the above.

264. What is the main constituent of a rutitle electrode flux :

(a) Cellulosic.
(b) Titanium dioxide.
(c) Calcium carbonate.
(d) Asbestos.

265. What does the 70 represent on a E 7010 AWS classified electrode :

(a) 70 N/mm2 minimum uts.

(b) 70 N/mm2 Minimum impact strength.
(c) 70,000 psi minimum uts.
(d) 70,000 psi minimum impact strength.

SS 54 / 64
266. Basic coated electrodes provided in standard packaging :

(a) Are deep penetrating electrodes.

(b) Should be heated prior to welding to obtain a low H2 content in the weld.
(c) Should be heated to totally eliminate H2 in the weld.
(d) Should not be preheated as this will detrimentally effect welding
performance.

267. Sodium silicate in an MMA electrode flux :

(a) Stabilizes the arc.

(b) Binds the ingredients of the flux.
(c) Forms slag.
(d) All of the above.

268. Which electrodes are very susceptible to causing porosity in the deposited welds if
long arc employed :

(a) Basic.
(b) Cellulosic.
(c) Rutitle.
(d) None of the above.

269. What is the purpose of a rectifier :

(a) To adjust the voltage.

(b) To adjust the amperage.
(c) To covert ac to dc.
(d) To reduce the chance of arc strike.

270. A welding process using equipment with a flat characteristic :

(a) Will require a permanent or temporary backing to be pre placed on the

Root side of the welds.
(b) Has the advantage of being able to use any type or size of electrode.
(c) Is likely to be using an electrode less than 2 mm dia.
(d) Is likely to be using an electrode more than 2 mm dia.

SS 55 / 64
271. Which of the following best describes the duty of a welding inspector :

(a) To carryout inspection and NDT in order to find all weld flaws present .
(b) To attempt to ensure that all welding and any associated actions are
carried out in accordance with agreed specification.
(c) To carryout welding inspection and radiography interpretation with
agreed procedure for the work being undertaken.
(d) To make sure that all the welds are defect free.

272. Which of the following butt weld preparation is usually the most susceptible to
lack of side wall fusion during MMA welding :

(a) A double sided U preparation.

(b) A single V preparation.
(c) A double sided V preparation.
(d) It is not possible to induce lack of side wall fusion during MMA welding .

273. What is the leg length of a fillet weld :

(a) The distance from the toe to the face. REF :CSWIP BOOK/PAGE 2.13
(b) The distance from the root to the face center.
(c) The distance from the root to the toe.
(d) The distance from the toe to the toe.

274. What is the throat thickness of a mitre fillet weld equal leg length :

(a) The distance from the toe to the face.

(b) The distance from the root to the face center.
(c) The distance from the root to the toe.
(d) The distance from the toe to the toe.

275. Which of the following will vary the most when varying the arc length using the
MMA process :

(a) Voltage.
(b) Amperage.
(c) Polarity.
(d) None of the above.

SS 56 / 64
276. What is a possible result if the amperage is too low during the welding of a root
bead using an arc welding process with a consumable electrode :

(a) Incomplete root penetration.

(b) Lack of root fusion.
(c) The freezing of the electrode to the work piece.
(d) All of the above.

277. Why have a high OCV with MMA welding :

(a) To initiate.
(b) To obtain penetration.
(c) To avoid lack of fusion.
(d) MMA welding does not have a high OCV.

278. What is another term for suck back :

(a) Concave root.

(b) Elongated porosity in the root.
(c) Lack of penetration.
(d) A slag line above the root pass.

279. A center line crack in a fillet weld :

(a) May be repaired if the welding engineer for the client says so.
(b) May be related to a poor setup.
(c) May be related to the way the grains solidify.
(d) All of the above.

280. What is lamellar tearing :

(a) Strain cracking at the edge of bend test specimen.

(b) A type of crack occurring in the parent material is associated with
Poor through thickness ductility especially when large fillet welds
Or tee butt joints are made on the material.
(c) A type of crack found in welds which have undergone several thermal
Cycles either during welding or PWHT.
(d) It is another name for a plate lamination caused during plate or pipe
Manufacture.

SS 57 / 64
281. What is a crater pipe :

(a) Another term for concave root.

(b) Another term for a burn through.
(c) A type of gas pore found in the weld crater.
(d) A shrinkage defect which may be found in a weld center.

282. Why is a weld procedure qualification test necessary :

(a) To ensure the welder is able to make sound welds meeting the
Requirements of the agreed welding procedure.
(b) To ensure the welder satisfies the NDT and mechanical requirements
Of the specification.
(c) To give maximum confidence that the variables used for welding are
Compatible and will produce sound welds meeting the requirements
Of the agreed specification.
(d) To give a guarantee that defect free welds are going to be produced.

283. Which of the following is not specified on a typical written welding procedure :

(a) To make sure the welder can weld.

(b) To make sure the weld is able to withstand stress.
(c) To give maximum confidence that the welder can produce welds to
Meet the requirements of the specification(s).
(d) To make sure the welder can produce a weld free from discontinuities.

284. A welder qualified in the 6G position would normally be qualified for welding :

(a) All diameter pipes.

(b) All metals.
(c) In all positions for the butt welds and fillet welds.
(d) All of the above.

285. Non-planar defects associated with a weld :

(a) Are not significant.

(b) Must be removed.
(c) Are not usually as significant as planar defects.
(d) Only exit sub-surface.

SS 58 / 64
286. Lamellar tearing :

(a) Only occurs in the rolled direction of a parent material.

(b) Is a HAZ type of type of crack.
(c) Is another term for a lamination.
(d) All of the above.

287. Cold lapping is another term for :

(a) Lack of fusion at the toe of a weld.

(b) Low amperage.
(c) Undercut.
(d) Hydrogen cracking.

288. Which of the following sentences applies to the use of basic MMA electrodes :

(a) They are used to deposit weld metal in the vertical position only.
(b) They are used where deep penetration is a primary requirements.
(c) They are usually used to deposit weld metal of low hydrogen content.
(d) Basic electrodes are chosen when ease of use is of importance.

289. Which of the following would show as light indications on a radiograph :

(a) Slag inclusions and copper inclusions.

(b) Tungsten inclusions and excessive penetration.
(c) Cap undercut and root piping.
(d) Excessive cap height and incomplete penetration.

290. Which of the following welding processes does not uses a consumable electrode :

(a) SAW.
(b) MMA.
(c) TIG.
(d) ESW.

SS 59 / 64
291. The hardest grain structure capable of being produced when welding C/Mn steel is

(a) Bainite.
(b) Austenite.
(c) Pearlite.
(d) Martensite.

292. The presence of too much hydrogen when welding C/Mn steels would be to cause
the formation of :

(a) Porosity.
(b) Lack of fusion.
(c) Crack.
(d) Undercut.

293. What term applies if a carbon steel weldment is heated up to a temperature which
creates austenitic grain growth and then is allowed to cool in air :

(a) Normalising.
(b) Annealing.
(c) Quenching.
(d) Tempering.

294. Why is stress relief (PWHT) some times carried out on weldments :

(a) To dissolve entrapped hydrogen.

(b) To remove residual stresses.
(c) To fuse plannar defects.
(d) All of the above.

295. When welding a double V butt with the SAW process the presence of center line
porosity may be due to :

(a) Damp flux.

(b) Incomplete penetration.
(c) Contaminated weld preparation.
(d) Atmospheric contamination.

SS 60 / 64
296. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT GOOD PRACTICE WHEN PENETRANT TESTING :

(a) Applying emulsifier by dipping in emulsifier.

(b) Applying developer by spraying the part with developer.
(c) Removal of water – washable penetrant with a water spary.
(d) Applying emulsifier with a brush.

297. Which of the following is discontinuity which might be found in sand casting :

(a) Incomplete penetration.

(b) Undercut.
(c) Pipe.
(d) Shrinkage.

298. Shrinkage cracks are usually found in what areas of casting :

(a) Thin sections only.

(b) Heavy sections only.
(c) Abrupt changes in thickness.
(d) No longer a problem.

299. A continuous linear indication can be caused by which of the following

discontinuities :

(a) Porosity.
(b) Slag inclusions.
(c) Pitting.
(d) Cracks.

300. Which of the following is most apt to render the post-emulsification test
ineffective :

(a) Too long of a penetrant time.

(b) Too long of a developing time.
(c) Too long of an emulsifying time.
(d) None of the above.

SS 61 / 64
301. In accordance with BS 499 part 2 which of the following elementary symbols
is representative of seam welds :

(a) REF : T.P.O’NEILL / PAGE 86 / TABLE 1

Backing or Sealing Run

(b)
Plug Weld

(c)

Spot Weld
(d)

SEAM WELD

302. In accordance with BS 499 part 2 which welding symbol best represents a double
“ J “ butt weld :

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

SS 62 / 64
303. Which is the most likely appearance of lack of root fusion on radiograph taken of a
single “ V “ butt weld :

(a) A dark straight line with a light root :

(b) A dark straight line with a darker root.
(c) A dark root with straight edges.
(d) A dark uneven straight line with a light root.

SS 63 / 64
SS 64 / 64
 What is P-Number in welding?
What is P-Number in welding?

In order to minimize the need for numerous welding procedure qualifications, base metals are
assigned P-Numbers (abbreviated as P-No) based on their specific characteristics, including
composition, weldability, brazeability, and mechanical properties.

This classification system aims to streamline the welding process by grouping materials with similar
attributes together.

P-Number (P-No) plays a crucial role in welding procedure qualification and material compatibility. In
this blog post, we will delve into the concept of P-Number, its significance, and its application in
welding processes.

What is P-Number in Welding?

The P-Number system utilizes alphanumeric designations to group base metals together based on
their shared characteristics in terms of weldability and mechanical properties.

The purpose of assigning P-Numbers is to streamline the qualification process for welding and
brazing procedures, reducing the need for numerous qualifications.

Having a fundamental understanding of this system can greatly facilitate the identification of
qualified individuals for performing joining work in compliance with the ASME codes.

P-Numbers consist of a combination of numbers and, in some cases, letters. It is important to

emphasize that each P-Number is distinct and unique. For instance, base metals categorized as P-No.
1 form a completely separate group from those designated as P-No. 3 or other P-Numbers.

P-NUMBER or F-NUMBER or A-NUMBER

The P-Number, F-Number, and A-Number are terms used in welding to classify different aspects of
the welding process.

• P-Number: The P-Number refers to the base metal being welded. It is an alphanumeric
designation assigned to a specific group of base metals that share similar weldability and
mechanical characteristics.

• F-Number: The F-Number represents the filler metal used in the welding process. Like the P-
Number, it is an alphanumeric designation that categorizes filler metals based on their
composition and other relevant properties.

• A-Number: The A-Number pertains to the weld metal in its “as-welded” state. It is used to
classify the weld metal based on its chemical composition and mechanical properties after
the welding process is completed.

These classification systems, P-Number, F-Number, and A-Number, are crucial in welding procedure
qualification as they help ensure the compatibility and integrity of the welding materials used.

P-Number Application in other Welding Codes & Standards

The P-Number system, originally introduced by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, is widely
recognized and utilized in various welding codes and standards beyond ASME.

In Below table, you can find comparison of related terms used in place of P-Number for material
grouping. Other standards you can find such information are:
 What is P-Number in welding?
1. API 1104,

2. CSA W47.1

3. ASME B31.3

4. ASME B31.1

There are variations in the base materials (specified by type and specifications) listed in different
welding code standards. While some base materials, such as certain carbon steels like structural I-
Beams, are included in AWS D1.1, they may not be listed in the ASME standards.

Conversely, common carbon steel pipes listed in ASME may not be listed in AWS standards. This
discrepancy can be perplexing since both materials fall under the category of carbon steel.

However, understanding the specific jurisdictional application of each code standard is essential for
resolving any confusion and ensuring compliance with the appropriate standards.

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) has designated specific numbers for both base
metals and filler metals used in welding.

When it comes to base metals, ASME utilizes two number systems:

1. P Numbers: These numbers are assigned to base metals and help categorize them based on
their similar characteristics, such as weldability and mechanical properties.

2. Group Numbers: ASME also assigns group numbers to base metals, which further classify
them based on factors like chemical composition and heat treatment.

For filler metals, ASME employs the following number systems:

1. F Number: This number is assigned to filler metals, specifically electrodes, and assists in
identifying their compatibility with base metals.

2. A Number: The A Number is assigned to the weld metal in its as-welded state. It helps
determine the chemical composition and mechanical properties of the weld metal.

To locate these numbers, you can refer to ASME BPVC Section IX, which provides comprehensive
information on the classification and assignment of P Numbers, Group Numbers, F Numbers, and A
Numbers for base metals and filler metals in welding procedures.

Understanding P-Number

The P-Number is a designation used to classify materials involved in welding operations. It is part of
the ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, specifically
Section IX, which pertains to welding and brazing qualifications.
 What is P-Number in welding?
“The P-Number system categorizes base metals, filler metals, and welding processes based on their
essential variables, allowing for efficient welding procedure qualification.“

P
Base Metal
Number

1 Carbon Manganese Steels (four Group Numbers)

2 Not Used

1/2 Molybdenum or 1/2 Chromium, 1/2

3
Molybdenum (three Group Numbers)

1 1/4 Chromium, 1/2 Molybdenum (two Group

4
Numbers)

5A 2 1/4 Chromium, 1 Molybdenum

5 Chromium, 1/2 Molybdenum or 9

5B
Chromium, 1 Molybdenum (two Group Numbers)

Chromium, Molybdenum, Vanadium (five Group

5C
Numbers)

Martensitic Stainless Steels (Grade 410, 415,

6
429) (six Group Numbers)

7 Ferritic Stainless Steels (Grade 409, 430)

8 Austenitic Stainless Steels: Group 1 – Grades

304, 316, 317, 347Group 2 – Grades 309, 310Group
 What is P-Number in welding?
3 – High Manganese GradesGroup 4 –
High Molybdenum Grades

9A, B,
2 – 4 Nickel Steels
C

10A, B,
Various Low Alloy Steels
C, F

Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steel (Grades

10H
31803, 32750)

10I High Chromium Stainless Steel

10J High Chromium, Molybdenum Stainless Steel

High Chromium, Molybdenum, Nickel Stainless

10K
Steel

Various High Strength Low Alloy Steels (six Group

11A
Numbers)

Various High Strength Low Alloy Steels (ten Group

11B
Numbers)

15E 9 Chromium, 1 Molybdenum

16 to 20 Not Used

21 High Aluminum Content (1000 and 3000 series)

 What is P-Number in welding?
22 Aluminum (5000 series – 5052, 5454)

23 Aluminum (6000 series – 6061, 6063)

24 Not Used

25 Aluminum (5000 series – 5083, 5086, 5456)

26 to 30 Not Used

31 High Copper Content

32 Brass

33 Copper Silicon

34 Copper Nickel

35 Copper Aluminum

36 to 40 Not Used

41 High Nickel Content

42 Nickel, Copper – (Monel 500)

43 Nickel, Chromium, Iron – (Inconel) (C22, C276, X)

 What is P-Number in welding?
44 Nickel, Molybdenum – (Hastelloy B2)

45 Nickel, Chromium, Si

46 Nickel, Chromium, Silicone

47 Nickel, Chromium, Tungsten

47 to 50 Not Used

51, 52,
Titanium Alloys
53

61, 62 Zirconium Alloys

How P-Number are grouped in ASME Section IX or AWS D1.1?

ASME has implemented a grouping system for base metals to streamline and simplify the
qualification process, aiming to reduce costs and save time. This grouping involves assigning specific
P numbers to different groups of base metals.

The grouping of base metals is based on several key parameters, including:

1. Material Composition: The composition of the base metals is taken into account when
assigning them to specific groups. Metals with similar compositions are grouped together.

2. Weldability: The weldability of base metals is another crucial factor considered in the
grouping process. Metals that exhibit similar weldability characteristics are grouped together.

3. Mechanical Property: The mechanical properties of base metals, such as strength and
toughness, are also considered when determining the groupings. Metals with comparable
mechanical properties are classified into the same group.

It is important to note that while materials within the same P number group share common
characteristics, not all materials within a group will exhibit identical properties. However, by
considering the aforementioned parameters, ASME has logically grouped base metals to facilitate the
qualification process and ensure compatibility in welding procedures.
 What is P-Number in welding?
Why P-Number is Important?

P-Numbers are employed to cluster similar base metals together, enabling the qualification of a
whole group rather than just one specific material. These base metals are categorized based on their
material composition, and P-Numbers are assigned accordingly.

For instance, the P-Number 1 is designated for base metals made of C-Mn or Low Carbon Steel. This
systematic grouping simplifies the qualification process and allows welding procedures to be applied
to multiple materials within the same P-Number classification.

As a result of these assignments, the need for costly continuous procedure and performance
qualification testing is eliminated. In many instances, when a welder is qualified for a particular
material, their qualification extends to a range of related materials.

For instance, if a welder qualifies on a P1 material, their qualification would also cover welding
procedures for materials ranging from P-1 to P-15F, P-34, and even P-40s.

This broader qualification allows for versatility and cost-effective welding operations, as welders can
apply their skills across multiple materials within the assigned P-Number range.

P-Number range for Welder Qualification

Refer below example taken from ASME Section IX.

P-Number range for WPS Qualification

To determine the range of P-Numbers allowed in a Welding Procedure Specification (WPS), a

Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) is created when a welding procedure is qualified.

The PQR serves as a documentation of the original set of qualification variables, capturing the actual
values of the essential variables used.

The WPS is then developed, taking into account the materials used in the PQR, by specifying the
permissible ranges of P-Numbers. This range of P-Numbers permitted on the WPS based on the PQR
can be summarized in a table.
 What is P-Number in welding?
The author of the WPS has the flexibility to either restrict these ranges or fully utilize the allowances
provided by the Code. Detailed information on this can be found in ASME Section IX, specifically in
paragraph QW-424.1, which provides specific guidelines and requirements regarding the permissible
range of P-Numbers in the WPS.
 What is P-Number in welding?
How to Find P-Number for a material?

To find the P-Number for a specific material, you can refer to the relevant welding code or standard
that provides the P-Number classification system. The most commonly used welding code that
employs P-Numbers is the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code ASME Section IX Table QW/QB-422.

Let’s consider the example of SA516 Gr 65 from Table QW/QB-422 (Page 118 of ASME Section IX,
2017 edition), which provides the following details:

• Base material: SA516 Gr 70

• Tensile strength (minimum): 70 Ksi (485 MPa)

• P-Number: 1

• Group Number: 1

• Nominal composition: C-Mn-Si

• Typical product form: Plate

According to the information provided in the table, SA516 Gr 65 falls under P-Number 1 and Group
Number 1. It is a base material with a minimum tensile strength of 65 Ksi (450 MPa). The nominal
 What is P-Number in welding?
composition of the material consists of carbon (C), manganese (Mn), and silicon (Si). Additionally, the
typical product form of SA516 Gr 65 is a plate.

These details help in identifying and classifying SA516 Gr 65 for welding purposes, ensuring that the
appropriate procedures and requirements are followed based on its P-Number and Group Number
within the ASME Section IX standard.

Here are the general steps to find the P-Number for a material:

1. Identify the material: Determine the composition and type of the material you are working
with. This includes considering elements such as carbon content, alloying elements, and any
other relevant factors.

2. Refer to the welding code or standard: Consult the welding code or standard applicable to
your project or industry. Examples include ASME Section IX Table QW/QB-422 Ferrous and
Nonferrous P-Numbers Grouping of Base Metals for Qualification Table and AWS D1.1 for
structural steel.

3. Locate the material specification: Look for the specific material specification within the code
or standard. This specification will provide the necessary information about the material and
its associated P-Number.

4. Determine the P-Number: Once you locate the material specification, it should indicate the
corresponding P-Number assigned to that particular material. The P-Number will typically be
listed alongside other relevant information about the material, such as its chemical
composition, mechanical properties, and allowable welding procedures.

5. Cross-reference if needed: In some cases, a material may be listed under different

specifications or standards. If you are unable to find the P-Number for a specific material in
one source, you may need to cross-reference other applicable codes or standards to locate
the desired information.

Significance of P-Number
 What is P-Number in welding?
The P-Number system serves several important purposes in welding:

1. Procedure Qualification: P-Numbers are used to determine the welding procedure

qualification requirements. Each P-Number represents a group of materials with similar
welding characteristics. By identifying the P-Number of the base metal and matching it with
the appropriate filler metal, the welding procedure can be qualified according to the code
requirements.

2. Material Compatibility: P-Numbers help ensure material compatibility during welding. By

comparing the P-Numbers of the base metal and filler metal, welders can determine whether
they are compatible for welding. Compatibility is essential to ensure proper joint strength,
integrity, and performance.

3. Welder Certification: P-Numbers are also used in welder certifications. Welders are qualified
based on their ability to work with specific P-Numbers, demonstrating their competency in
welding particular materials and processes.

Application of P-Number

The application of P-Number involves the following key aspects:

1. Welding Procedure Specification (WPS): A WPS is a document that outlines the specific
welding parameters and techniques required for a particular welding job. The WPS includes
information such as the base metal P-Number, filler metal P-Number, preheat and post-weld
heat treatment requirements, welding technique, and more.

2. Welding Procedure Qualification Record (PQR): A PQR is a document that verifies the
successful execution of a welding procedure. It serves as evidence that the welding
procedure meets the applicable code requirements. The PQR includes details such as the P-
Numbers of the base and filler metals used, welding parameters, test results, and other
essential information.

3. Material Identification: P-Numbers are often marked on materials, such as plates, pipes, or
welding consumables, to indicate their grouping and compatibility for welding purposes. This
helps welders identify and select the appropriate materials during the welding process.

Conclusion

P-Numbers play a vital role in welding procedure qualification and material compatibility.

By categorizing materials based on their essential variables, the P-Number system simplifies the
process of selecting suitable welding procedures and ensuring compatibility between base metals
and filler metals.

Welders and welding inspectors should have a good understanding of P-Numbers and their
application to ensure compliance with industry codes and standards, resulting in high-quality,
reliable welded joints.

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