SSUET/QR/112
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Project REPORT
EE-122L
Semester II –Computer engineering
PROJECT TITLE :
LIGHT CONTROLLED
STREET LAMP
Group Members
Name Roll Number
Syed Qalbemohsin Naqvi 2024F-BCE-95
SUBMITTED TO: Miss Arifa
3. Abstract
This project focuses on developing an energy-efficient street
lighting system that automatically adjusts the light intensity
based on the surrounding environment. The circuit uses a Light
Dependent Resistor (LDR) to detect ambient light levels and
control the switching of LEDs accordingly. The project aims to
reduce power consumption by turning the lights ON only when it
becomes dark and OFF during daylight. No microcontroller is
used, making the system simple, low-cost, and reliable.
4. Table of Contents
1. Title Page
2. Project Rubrics
3. Abstract
4. Table of Contents
5. Introduction
6. Literature Review
7. Design and Implementation
8. Testing and Results
9. Challenges and Solutions
10. Conclusion
11. References
12. Appendices
5. Introduction
a. Problem Statement
Street lights are commonly left ON even when not needed, wasting
electricity. Manual operation is inefficient.
b. Project Objectives.
• To automate street light operation based on ambient light levels.
• To reduce energy wastage and cost
c. Brief explanation of the Application
Used in roads, residential colonies, and campuses to manage lighting
intelligently.
6. Literature Review
a. Background
Traditional street lighting systems lack automation, leading to power
wastage. Lightsensitive circuits offer a sustainable alternative.
b. Related Principles
• Ohm's Law: V = IR governs the voltage-current relationship.
• LDR Principle: Resistance varies with light; lower in bright light, higher
in darkness.
7. Design and Implementation
a. Circuit Design & Diagram
A simple circuit using
• LDR
• Transistor (NPN)
• Resistor
• LEDs
• 9V battery
b. Component List with specifications
Component Specification
LDR Standard light-dependent resistor
Transistor NPN (e.g., BC547)
Resistor 10kΩ, 220Ω
LEDs 5mm white LEDs
Power Supply 9V Battery
c. Calculations
• Resistor value determined to limit current to LEDs.
• LDR + fixed resistor = voltage divider.
d. Assembly Process
1. Place LDR and fixed resistor in a voltage divider.
2. Connect transistor base to divider output.
3. Connect LEDs in series with transistor collector.
4. Use 9V battery as power supply.
e. Microcontroller Code
Not applicable – no Arduino or microcontroller used.
8. Testing and Results
a. Testing Methodology
• Covered/uncovered LDR under various light conditions.
• Observed LED behavior.
b. Data Collected
Condition LDR State LED Output
Bright Low resistance OFF
Dark High resistance ON
c. Observations
• System works accurately and instantly in changing light.
• Power-saving achieved.
9. Challenges and Solutions
a. Problems
• Initial resistor values caused unstable switching.
• Power issues from loose breadboard connections.
b. Solutions
• Adjusted resistor values.
• Secured connections.
10. Conclusion
a. Summary
A light-sensitive street lamp was successfully implemented using basic
components without microcontrollers.
b. Applications
Applicable to streets, parking areas, and solar lighting systems.
c. Future Improvements
• Add motion detection.
• Integrate solar charging.
• Use PWM for adjustable brightness.
11. References
1. "Basic Electronics," Floyd, Pearson.
2. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/
3. https://circuitdigest.com
