Class and Objects
IFTEKHARUL ABEDEEN
Contents
● Control Statements
● Arrays
● Scope of variable
● Reference variable
● Pass by Value / Reference
● Garbage collection
Control Statements
Decision making Loop
● If ● while
● Switch ● do while
● for
● for-each
Jump
● Continue
● Break
Refresher
▪Integers: byte, short, int, long ● Arithmetic operators
▪Floating points: float, double ○ +, -, /, *, %
▪Characters: char
▪boolean ● Relational operators
▪void ○ ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
▪String
Data Types Operators
Decision
making 01
Single Chain
1. if(condition){ 1. if(condition1){
2. //code to be executed 2. //code to be executed if condition1 is
3. } true
3. }else if(condition2){
4. //code to be executed if condition2 is
true
5. }
6. else if(condition3){
7. //code to be executed if condition3 is
true
8. }
9. ...
10. else{
11. //code to be executed if all the
conditions are false
12. }
switch
1. switch(expression){
2. case value1:
3. //code to be executed;
4. break; //optional
5. case value2:
6. //code to be executed;
7. break; //optional
8. ......
9. default:
10. code to be executed if all cases
are not matched;
11. }
Loops
02
while
1. public class WhileExample {
2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int i=1;
1. while (condition){
4. while(i<=10){
2. //code to be executed
5. System.out.println(i);
3. Increment / decrement statement
6. i++;
4. }
7. }
8. }
9. }
do-while
1. public class DoWhileExample {
2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int i=1;
1. do{
4. do{
2. //code to be executed / loop body
5. System.out.println(i);
3. //update statement
6. i++;
4. }while (condition);
7. }while(i<=10);
8. }
9. }
for
1. for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement){
2. //statement or code to be executed
3. }
1. public class ForExample {
2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. //Code of Java for loop
4. for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
5. System.out.println(i);
6. }
7. }
8. }
for-each
1. for(data_type variable : array | collection){
2. //body of for-each loop
3. }
1. class ForEachExample1{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. //declaring an array
4. int arr[]={12,13,14,44};
5. //traversing the array with for-each loop
6. for(int i:arr){
7. System.out.println(i);
8. }
9. }
10. }
Jump
03
break
1. public class BreakExample {
2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. //using for loop
4. for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
5. if(i==5){
6. //breaking the loop
7. break;
8. }
9. System.out.println(i);
10. }
11. }
12. }
continue
1. public class ContinueExample {
2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. //for loop
4. for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
5. if(i==5){
6. //using continue statement
7. continue;//it will skip the rest statement
8. }
9. System.out.println(i);
10. }
11. }
12. }
Java Array
Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type.
The contents reside in contiguous memory locations.
Advantages
● Code Optimization
● Random access
Disadvantages
● Size limitation (Collection can be used instead)
Declaration
1. dataType[] arr; (or)
2. dataType []arr; (or)
3. dataType arr[];
4. arrayRefVar=new datatype[size];
1. class Testarray{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int a[]=new int[5];//declaration and instantiation
4. a[0]=10;//initialization
5. a[1]=20;
6. a[2]=70;
7. a[3]=40;
8. a[4]=50;
9. }}
Scope of Variables
Modifiers Package Subclass World / Global
Public Yes Yes Yes
Protected Yes Yes No
Default Yes No No
Private No No No
Reference variable
A reference is defined as an alias for another variable.
In short, it is like giving a different name to a pre-existing variable.
1. int i; // Declare variable I as int
2. double d; // Declare variable d as double type
3.
4. // declare reference variables for I and d
5. int& r = i;// r is reference to i
6. double& s = d;// s is reference to d
Parameter passing
● Pass by value
● Pass by reference
Java is always pass by value.
Garbage Collection
● When no references to an object exist, that object is assumed to be no
longer needed, and the memory occupied by the object can be reclaimed.
● Garbage collection only occurs sporadically (if at all) during the execution of
your program.
● As a developer or user it is not your concern.
Thank You
Let’s go to the next slide
