Use SPSS or manual calculation to solve the following:

Question 1: Descriptive Statistics

A sample of 10 patients’ cholesterol levels (in mg/dL) is:
210, 190, 185, 220, 205, 195, 200, 215, 225, 180
a. Find the mean, median, and mode.
b. Calculate the standard deviation and variance.
c. What is the range?
d. What is the type of data?

Question 2: Correlation Analysis

Below is the data of daily study hours and exam scores for 8
students:
| Study Hours | Score | |-------------|--------| | 2 | 65 ||3
| 70 ||4 | 72 ||5 | 75 ||6 | 80 ||7
| 85 ||8 | 88 ||9 | 90 |
a. What is the suitable correlation coefficient?
b. Compute Pearson and Spearman correlations.
c. Comment on the relation.

Question 3: Regression Analysis

Data on training hours per week and weight loss (kg):
| Training Hours | Weight Loss | |----------------|-------------| | 3
| 2.5 ||4 | 3.0 ||5 | 3.5 ||6
| 4.0 ||7 | 4.2 |
a. What is the regression equation?
b. Predict weight loss if a person trains for 8 hours.
c. Is the relationship strong?
Question 4: Parametric or Non-Parametric
a. Define the difference between parametric and non-parametric
tests.
b. What test do you use for normally distributed one-sample
mean?
c. What test do you use for non-normal paired data?
d. Is Mann-Whitney test parametric or non-parametric?

Question 5: Hypothesis Testing

A sample of 12 patients has an average blood pressure of 138
mmHg. You want to test if the average is different from 130
mmHg.
a. Write the null and alternative hypotheses.
b. Name the appropriate test.
c. What is the p-value if the test gives 0.045?
d. What is your decision at α = 0.05?

Question 6: Two Sample Comparison

Group A and Group B were given different medications. Their
glucose levels (mg/dL):
Group A: 150, 130, 160, 170, 140
Group B: 120, 115, 110, 130, 125
a. Which test is suitable?
b. Is the data parametric or not?
c. State the null hypothesis.
d. If p = 0.03, what is your decision?
Question 7: Homogeneity of Variance
You want to test if two teaching methods result in scores with
equal variance.
a. What test do you use?
b. Write the null and alternative hypotheses.
c. If Levene’s test gives p = 0.70, what do you conclude?

Question 8: One-Sample t-test

The average reaction time in a population is 250 ms. A sample of
10 athletes has these reaction times:
240, 245, 248, 242, 250, 251, 249, 243, 244, 247
a. State the hypotheses.
b. What test do you use?
c. Is the sample mean significantly different at α = 0.05?

Question 9: Non-Parametric One Sample Test

You measured satisfaction (1–10 scale) from 9 patients:
8, 9, 7, 6, 9, 7, 6, 8, 7
Test if the median differs from 7.
a. What test do you use?
b. State the null and alternative hypothesis.
c. Is this parametric or non-parametric?
Question 10: Paired Sample t-test
Pre- and post-test scores of 6 students:
| Before | After | |--------|-------| | 60 | 70 | | 65 | 68 | | 72
| 75 | | 66 | 70 | | 80 | 85 | | 78 | 82 |
a. State the hypothesis.
b. Name the test.
c. Is the improvement significant if p = 0.02?

Question 11: Data Type Identification

Identify the type of data (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio):
a. Temperature in Celsius
b. Pain severity scale (None, Mild, Moderate, Severe)
c. Blood type (A, B, AB, O)
d. Weight in kg

Question 12: Sample Size and N

a. Define what “n” means in statistics.
b. What is the difference between sample and population?
c. If a sample has n = 25, what’s the degree of freedom for t-test?

Question 13: Measures of Central Tendency

Given data: 4, 6, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 15, 18
a. Find the mean, median, and mode.
b. When is median preferred over mean?
Question 14: Summary Interpretation
A dataset has:
Mean = 50
SD = 5
Skewness = 1.5
a. Is the data symmetric?
b. What does the skewness indicate?
c. Is it appropriate to use mean?

Question 15: Descriptive Statistics

A study measured the weekly weight loss (kg) of 8 people during
a diet program:
2.1, 1.9, 2.5, 2.0, 1.8, 2.4, 2.3, 2.0
a. Type of data of weight loss is:
b. Find the mean and standard deviation.
c. What is the range and variance?
d. What is the skewness of the data?

Question 16: Data Types

A researcher collected the following data:
Gender (Male, Female)
BMI values
Satisfaction (Low, Medium, High)
Temperature in Celsius
a. Classify each variable (Nominal, Ordinal, Scale).
b. Which variables are suitable for parametric tests?

Question 17: Hypothesis Testing

A sample of 15 students had exam scores after a new teaching
method. The known average score in previous years was 70.
a. Write the null and alternative hypotheses.
b. Test if the new method resulted in a different average.
c. What is the p-value?
d. State your conclusion at α = 0.05.

Question 18: One-Sample Test

The reaction time (ms) of 12 athletes was recorded.
Data: 240, 235, 250, 245, 243, 248, 252, 238, 244, 246, 249, 241
Test if the average reaction time is significantly different from 250
ms.
a. Is the data normal?
b. Which test is suitable?
c. Write the hypotheses.
d. Decision?

Question 19: Parametric or Non-parametric

A sample of 10 patients reported their pain levels on a 1–10 scale
before and after a treatment.
a. Is the scale normal or not?
b. What kind of test should be used for paired data?
c. Write the hypotheses.
d. Report test result and conclusion.

Question 20: Independent Sample Test

Two different diets (A and B) were tested for effect on cholesterol.
Diet A: 200, 210, 220, 230, 205
Diet B: 180, 190, 195, 185, 175
a. Is there a significant difference in cholesterol between A and B?
b. Is data normal?
c. What is the p-value?
d. Conclusion?

Question 21: Homogeneity of Variance

Use SPSS to check if the cholesterol levels in Q6 have equal
variance.
a. What test do you use in SPSS?
b. State hypotheses.
c. What is the result?
d. Conclusion?

Question 22: Correlation

Below is the data for sleep hours and stress level in 10 students.
| Sleep Hours | Stress Score | |-------------|--------------| | 8 |2
||7 |3 ||6 |4 ||5 |5 ||
4 |6 ||3 |7 ||2 |8 ||7
|3 ||6 |4 ||4 |6 |
a. What correlation coefficient is suitable?
b. Find correlation value.
c. Is the relation strong?
d. Interpret result.

Question 23: Regression

The following data shows number of study hours and exam score.
| Hours | Score | |-------|-------| | 2 | 60 ||3 | 65 ||4 | 70
||5 | 75 | | 6 | 80 |
a. What is the regression equation?
b. Predict the score for a student who studied 7 hours.
c. Is R-squared high?
d. Interpret result.

Question 24: Normality Test

You have 20 blood pressure readings.
a. How can you test for normality in SPSS?
b. What are the acceptable values for skewness and kurtosis?
c. If p > 0.05, what does that mean?
d. Which test to choose based on normality?

Question 25: Two-Sample Test (Non-Parametric)

Group X and Y were given different pain relievers. Pain scores
recorded after treatment.
Group X: 2, 3, 4, 3, 2
Group Y: 5, 6, 7, 6, 5
a. Which test to use in SPSS?
b. Write hypothesis.
c. Is there a significant difference?
d. Conclusion?
Question 27: Graphs in SPSS
a. Which SPSS graph is best for showing frequency distribution?
b. Which graph shows the relationship between two scale
variables?
c. What graph is best for displaying normality?

Question 28: Central Tendency Comparison

Given dataset: 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 100
a. What is the mean, median, and mode?
b. Which one is most affected by outlier?
c. Which is best to describe the center?

Question 29: Paired Sample Analysis

Pre- and post-exercise blood sugar (mg/dL) for 7 patients:
| Before | After | |--------|-------| | 150 | 130 | | 145 | 125 | |
160 | 135 | | 155 | 140 | | 170 | 150 | | 165 | 145 | |
158 | 132 |
a. What test do you use in SPSS?
b. Write hypotheses.
c. Is the result significant?
d. Conclusion?

Question 30: Summary Report Interpretation

SPSS output:
Mean = 70
SD = 10
N = 25
p-value = 0.02
a. What does p-value indicate?
b. What decision do you take if α = 0.05?
c. Is data variability high or low?
d. What does N refer to?

Answers
✅ SPSS Practice Answers (1–30)
A1.
Data type: Scale
SPSS: Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies
Mean ≈ 172.1, Median = 173, Mode = none
Standard Deviation ≈ 4.7, Variance ≈ 22.1
Range = 180 – 165 = 15
Skewness near 0 → approximately normal

A2.
H₀: No difference between Drug X and Drug Y
H₁: There is a difference
Use Independent-Samples T-Test
SPSS: Analyze > Compare Means > Independent-Samples T-Test
If p-value < 0.05 → Reject H₀ → Significant difference

A3.
Variables: Scale
Use Pearson correlation
SPSS: Analyze > Correlate > Bivariate
If r = 0.99 → Very strong positive correlation
Scatter plot shows clear linear relationship

A4.
One-Sample T-Test
H₀: µ = 200
SPSS: Analyze > Compare Means > One-Sample T-Test
Check normality: Analyze > Descriptive Stats > Explore
If p > 0.05 → Fail to reject H₀ → Not significantly different
A5.
Paired data → Paired-Samples T-Test
H₀: No difference before and after
SPSS: Analyze > Compare Means > Paired-Samples T-Test
If p < 0.05 → Reject H₀ → Significant improvement

A6.
Gender = Nominal
BMI = Scale
Pain Level = Ordinal
Heart Rate = Scale
Use parametric tests only on scale variables

A7.
SPSS: Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Descriptives
Mean ≈ 63.5, Median ≈ 63.5, SD ≈ 4.5
Use Histogram and Skewness/Kurtosis to assess distribution
Data is approximately normal if skewness is near 0

A8.
Use Levene’s Test for equal variances
Then use Independent-Samples T-Test
If p < 0.05 → Variance unequal or mean difference significant
Example: Higher stress in females

A9.
Use Shapiro-Wilk test for normality
SPSS: Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Explore
One-Sample T-Test if data is normal
H₀: Mean = 220
If p > 0.05 → Not significant

A10.
Test for homogeneity: Levene’s Test
If p < 0.05 → Unequal variance
Use Mann-Whitney U Test if not normal
Use Boxplot or Bar chart to display data

A11.
Use Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for non-normal paired data
H₀: No difference in median
SPSS: Analyze > Nonparametric Tests > Related Samples
If p < 0.05 → Significant change

A12.
Histogram → Frequency distribution
Scatter Plot → Two scale variables relationship
Q-Q Plot or Histogram → Check for normality

A13.
Mean = (sum of values) ÷ n
Median = middle value (after sorting)
Mode = most frequent value
Mean is most affected by outliers
Median preferred if outliers are present

A14.
Use Paired-Samples T-Test
H₀: No difference in sugar levels
SPSS: Analyze > Compare Means > Paired-Samples T-Test
If p < 0.05 → Significant decrease

A15.
p-value = 0.02 means result is statistically significant (if α = 0.05)
Decision: Reject H₀
SD = 10 → moderate variation
N = 25 means sample size = 25

A16.
Histogram is used for checking normality
If Shapiro-Wilk p > 0.05 → Data is normal
If not normal, use non-parametric test

A17.
Spearman correlation is used for ordinal data
Pearson correlation is used for scale data
SPSS: Analyze > Correlate > Bivariate
Choose based on variable type

A18.
Regression line: Y = a + bX
SPSS: Analyze > Regression > Linear
Check R² for strength of model
Predict using equation

A19.
To test difference from known value, use One-Sample T-Test
H₀: µ = known value
If data is not normal, use Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test

A20.
Homogeneity: Levene’s Test
If p > 0.05 → Equal variance
Parametric tests can be applied

A21.
n = sample size
Degrees of freedom = n − 1 (for one sample)
Larger n → more reliable results

A22.
Boxplot is good for detecting outliers
Outliers can distort mean and SD
Use median in such cases

A23.
If both samples are independent and normal → Use Independent-
Samples T-Test
If not normal → Use Mann-Whitney Test

A24.
Interval data (like temperature) lacks true zero
Ratio data (like weight) has true zero
SPSS uses both as scale

A25.
p-value interpretation:\n p < 0.05 → Reject H₀
p > 0.05 → Fail to reject H₀
Use α = 0.01 or α = 0.05 based on context

A26.
Non-parametric tests are used when data is not normal
Examples: Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis

A27.
Parametric tests require normality and equal variances
Non-parametric tests don’t require those assumptions

A28.
Skewness > 0 → right-skewed
Skewness < 0 → left-skewed
Skewness = 0 → symmetric
A29.
Regression assumptions: linearity, independence,
homoscedasticity, normality
Check residual plots in SPSS

A30.
To summarize data in SPSS:\n Analyze > Descriptive Stats >
Explore
Use plots, skewness, kurtosis, and tests to assess shape and
spread