MARINE AND INLAND FISHERIES
ASF 2101
Dr. E. Thushani S. Madhubhasini
PhD (UCAS)
Coastal aquaculture
“Coastal aquaculture” means culturing aquatic species,
under controlled conditions in ponds, pens, enclosures or
otherwise, in cages and pens in natural coastal areas.
Shrimp, prawn, crabs, fish, sea weed and other aquatic
species are cultured in the saline or brackish water; but
does not include fresh water aquaculture.
MINISTRY OF LAW AND JUSTICE
(Legislative Department)
New Delhi, the 23rd June, 2005/Asadha 2, 1927 (Saka)
Coastal aquaculture is one among the ages old
occupations of man.
The Romans and the Japanese are known to have
practiced oyster culture in primitive eras for several
centuries and the South-East Asian countries have been
carrying out fish culture for at least five centuries now.
India, has traditional forms of aquaculture, it still remains
at subsistence level, almost as it was in the distant past.
It is clear that coastal aquaculture
can be an effective option to
reduce the nation's dependence on
seafood imports
provide jobs for economically
depressed coastal communities
meet the growing consumer
demand for safe, healthy seafood
reduce overharvesting from
natural environment
Benefits of Coastal aquaculture
Generally, the socioeconomic benefits arising from
aquaculture expansion include
the provision of food, contributing to improved nutrition
and health
the generation of income and employment
the diversification of primary production,
Increase of GDP by exporting high
value products
Sustainable development of aquaculture can contribute to
the prevention and control of aquatic pollution since it relies
essentially on good quality water resources.
Culture of mollusks and seaweeds may in certain cases
may make eutrophic conditions.
Conversely, productivity of oligotrophic waters may be
enhanced due to the nutrient and organic wastes released
from coastal aquaculture farms.
Aquaculture can contribute to rehabilitation of rural areas
through reuse of degraded land.
Coastal aquaculture
Major commercial species:
Shrimps/ Prawns
Penaeus indicus
Penaeus monodon
P. semisulcatus
P. mergu/ensis
Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Metapenaeus dobsoni
M. Monoceros
M. affinis
M. brevicornis
Parapenaeopsis stylifera.
Fish
sea bass
grouper
Milkfish
Cobia
Mullets
Pearl spot
Sand-whiting
Caranx
Trachinotus
Megalops
Slops
anchovies
few species for other use as live bait in tuna fishing has
wide scope
Lobsters
Ornate Spiny lobster or the Tiger lobster
(Panulirus ornatus)
Painted Spiny lobster (Panulirus versicolor)
Longlegged Spiny lobster (Panulirus longipes)
)
Scalloped Spiny Lobster (Panulirus
homarus)
Pronghorn Spiny Lobster (Panulirus
penicillatus)
Mollusk
green mussel
blood cockle
oyster (Crassostrea madrasensis and C.
gryphoides)
Pearl Oysters (Pinctada fucata)
clams (genera Meretrix, Katelysia, Paphia and
Villorita)
Crab
mud crab
blue swimming crab
Sea weed
agar-yielding Gracilaria edulis, G. corticata
and Gelidiella acerosa
algin-yielding Sargassum cinctum, S. wightii
and Turbinaria spp.
Ulva
Kelp
Aquaculture in Raceways: Cages,
Pens and Enclosures
Marine aquaculture farms may be located at six
possible sites
on the shore with pumped seawater supply
in the intertidal zone Enclosures
in the sub littoral zone
offshore with surface floating
offshore with mid water floating
Cages
seabed
Cages and net pens
A cage or net pen is a system that confines the fish
or shellfish in a mesh enclosure.
By strict definition, a cage and a net pen differ
based on their construction.
A cage has a completely rigid frame (on all sides)
and a net pen has a rigid frame only around the
top.
However, the terms “cage” and “net pen” are often
used interchangeably.
Cage Pen
The ideal pond for cage culture should
have the following characteristics:
1. Be at least one acre surface area.
2. The pond should have a depth of eight feet in the middle
and at least 1/3 to 1 /2 ratio with pond area. The
remainder of the pond should be at least four feet deep.
3. There should be not more than a 10 acre watershed per
surface acre of water.
4. There should be no runoff from crop or livestock farms.
5. There should be no chronic problems with aquatic weeds.
6. The watershed should be vegetated to prevent siltation
7. There should not be much predatory species for the
cultured species
After construction of cage or pen the fish seed (Fry/
post larvae/ fingerlings) can be introduced.
These species take half of the food from the natural
environment (Eg: plankton)
Half of the feed should be given.
Water is provided by the natural pond water
The milkfish Chanos chanos - only species of the family Chanidae
Important in large scale farming in Southeast Asia
Culture originated in Indonesia and spread to the Philippines, Taiwan and Sri
Lanka
Marine fish of the Indian and Pacific oceans
Naturally the young ones spend their life in inshore estuarine areas and
ascend rives to the fresh water zones
They are highly euryhaline and can live in fresh to hyper-saline waters
Tolerate temperature from 15-40oC but the optimum is between 20 and
33oC
Culture systems:
Includes nurseries, and rearing ponds
Usually- monoculture systems; can also be polycultured
with mullets and shrimps
The more important farming system in freshwaters -
pen farming -in lakes
Fry collection:
Milkfish does not mature and spawn naturally in
captivity
Spawn near the coast and larvae occur periodically
along the sandy coasts and in the estuaries- collected
from wild
Gears - different types of dip nets, such as the
triangular scissor net and the scoop net
Dip nets suited for areas with large concentrations of
fry
Seine nets, drag nets and traps are used for adults.
In traditional methods - fry congregating devices -rock walls
or lure line made of fibre ropes strung with plaited strips of
coconut and banana leaves were used
Power boats are also used to tow seine nets and scoop nets.
This extends the area of collection to off the immediate coast
and is more efficient. The best collections are made at the
creek mouths (The place where river enters the ocean).
The fry accumulated in 2-6m³ shaded concrete tanks near
the collection site in about 10 cm of water at a density of
about 40,000 fry per tank
Fry are then packed in polythene bag filled with water and
pure oxygen and deliver to fry dealers
Dealers hold the fry in cement tanks before selling to the
farmers
Artificial propagation:
Since the supply from wild may not be sufficient to supply
the demand the hatcheries also produce fries
Brood fish are reared in captured from the wild and
reared for several years in captivity since this fish matures
at the age of 5-7 years when it is at least 3.5kg weight
and 60 cm in length
The fish are induced to spawn implantation of LHRH
cholesterol pellets
LHRH= Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone
Eggs are collected with plankton nets and hatched
Fry start feeding in 2 days
They are maintained in green water, fed small rotifers
and fertilized oyster eggs
After 10 days live feed is replaced by commercial
artificial feed
At a density of 1500 to 6000/m2, two to three
weeks after hatching, fry reach 1.5cm.
Grow-out
1. Fish ponds: coastal low lands/mudflats
The land should between average sea level and 45
cm above sea level
The elevation should be such that ponds can be dried
completely
Soil should be loamy or silty loam.
The farm consists of production ponds, nursery ponds
and water canals
Production ponds:
the area of the production ponds is 3 – 8 ha, their
long sides at 90o to prevailing wind
Bottom is flat with a drop of 3 cm per 100 m2
Trenches converging at sluice gates should be
made at the bottom
Water depth should be maintained at 45 cm.
Nursery ponds:
18 to 25m wide and 20 cm deep along the length of
the production ponds. They consist of 2-3% of the farm
area.
Water canal:
Constructed to supply and drain water to and from the
ponds.
Connected to sluice gates and can be up to 15 m wide
Pond preparation:
Decomposing algae are raked and spreaded evenly
Dykes are repaired and all leaks plugged
Ponds are dried to get rid of pests and to oxidize
pond sediments
Fine mesh nets are installed in the inlets to prevent
unwanted organisms from entering the ponds
pond manuring
Natural food, lab lab is grown at the bottom
Apply agricultural lime at 1 ton per ha and
chicken manure at 2 tons per ha on moist pond
bottom
A week later apply ammonium phosphate at
20 kg per ha and urea at 10 kg per ha
The amounts of inputs may be changed depending on the
productivity and pond history
As lab lab grows, increase water depth to 30 cm
Fertilizers are again added after biweekly water exchange
at the same or half the basal rate
Fry of about 5 mg size are stocked at the rate of 75 to 100
per m2 They are harvested when they reach 5-10 g
Grow out ponds are similarly prepared at stocked with
fingerlings of size 5-10g at the rate of 7000-8000
fingerlings per ha
Water management:
30cm water level is maintained for first 30-40 days
It is increased to 50-100 cm when fish grow bigger
and supplemental feeding starts
Pumping may be necessary to keep the pond
water at a higher level than outside
Monitor dissolved oxygen at 6-8 AM and 2-4
PM
Aeration becomes necessary if oxygen levels
drop to 1 ppm.
Supplementary feeding:
The fish are fed with a mixture of rice bran and oil
cakes at the rate of 2-3% of the body weight
Feeding should be avoided on over cast days and
when oxygen levels fall below 2 ppm
Harvesting:
Over wintered fry of 100 to 150 g reach marketable size of 300
to 450 g in eight weeks
New fry reach market size in 5 months
After 2 months of stocking fish can be partially harvested by
dragging gill nets
Final harvest is carried out when all the fry reach marketable size
A production of 2000-5000 ka/ha/year can be expected from
semi-intensive culture of milkfish
Sea bass culture (Lates calcarifer)
Easy to breed, hatch and nurse
Easy to culture, can grow in various environment
Earthen pond and cage culture
Grouper culture
Epinephelus coioides , Epinephelus malabaricus,
Cromileptes altivalis, EEpinephelus lanceolatus
Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, Plectropomus leopardus
easy to culture and mostly culture in cages
good taste, good price for live fish
difficult to breed, low survival rate
Potential commercially high value groupers
Leopard grouper Tiger grouper
Plectropomus leopardus (Bloch) Epinephelus fuscoguttatus
Giant grouper
Epinephelus lanceolatus
Commercial marine finfish
Cobia Milkfish
Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus) Chanos chanos
Spotted scat Atlantic tripletail Short-bodied mackerel
Scatophagus argus Lobotes surinamensis Rastrelliger brachysoma
Mollusc culture
Blood cockle (Anadara granosa)
Oyster (Crassostrea belcheri)
Green mussel (Perna viridis)
Abalone (Haliotis asinina)
Spotted babylon (Babylonia areolata)
Hanging method
Bottom culture
Long line method
Raft method
Crab culture
Coastal aquaculture is a Solution for declining of
natural mud crabs and blue swimming crabs
High demand and high price
Development of breeding and culture technology
• Their aggressive behavior causing low survival rate
Mud crab culture
• Four mud crab species:
– Scylla olivacea
– S. paramamosain
– S. tranquebarica
– S. serrata
Mud crab culture
Cultivated in basket
1-2 crabs/basket
Feeding with small fish or pellet-feed 1 time
daily
Taking 4-8 months to reach marketable size,
2-4 pieces/kg
Blue swimming crab culture
Blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus)
Breeding Status – more than 12% survival rate
Limitation: difficult to develop to marketable size
(3-5 piece/kg )
Marine shrimp culture
Intensive culture system high stocking density
and high quality feed
Have reservoir
Production can be as high as 15 tonnes/ha
Must have wastewater oxidation ponds for
treatment before discharge, the BOD of the
effluents must not exceed 10 ppm
Poly culture
Poly culture species in Brackish water
1 . Milkfish and shrimp culture in Philippines and
Indonesia.
2. Mullet and shrimp culture.
In systems where production depends on natural
fish pond zonation i.e. ecological niches assume
great importance.
Major constraints affecting aquaculture
development
Inadequate of good quality of seeds and broodstocks
Inadequate of effective genetic improvement programs
Animal health/disease outbreaks
High production cost
Feed quality
nutrient and organic enrichment within and outside the
culture unit are more likely to be found with semi-intensive
and, in particular, with intensive farming of carnivorous
fishes where provision of feeds is required
List of Antibiotics and other pharmacologically active
substances banned for using in shrimp aquaculture
Standards for treatment of wastewater
discharged from the aquaculture system
Direction of Aquaculture Development
Food
safety
Food Economic
security growth
International Balance and Environmental
agreement Sustainability sustainability
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