Example (1)

A body oscillates with Simple Harmonic Motion along the x – axis. Its displacement is
varying with time according to the equation:
𝜋
𝑥 = 𝟒 cos(𝜋 𝑡 + )
𝟒
where t is in second, 𝒙 in meter and the angle in rad.
a) Find the amplitude, frequency and period of the motion.
b) What is the velocity and acceleration at 𝑡 = 1 sec?
c) What is the maximum velocity of the body?
d) What is the maximum acceleration of the body?
Solution:
𝝅
∵ 𝒙 = 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝅 𝒕 + )
𝟒
∵ 𝒙 = 𝑨 cos(𝒘𝒕 + 𝝓)
𝝅
∴ 𝑨 = 𝟒 𝒎, 𝒘 = 𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔, 𝝓 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟒
a) A = 4 m

∵ 𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇

𝝎 𝝅
𝒇= = = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅

𝟏 𝟏
𝑻= = =𝟐𝒔
𝒇 𝟎. 𝟓
b)
𝒅𝒙 𝝅
𝒗= = −𝟒𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝅 𝒕 + )
𝒅𝒕 𝟒

𝒅𝒗 𝟐
𝝅
𝒂= = −𝟒𝝅 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝅 𝒕 + )
𝒅𝒕 𝟒

𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟏 𝒔
𝝅
𝒗 = −𝟒𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅 + = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
𝟒
𝟐
𝝅
𝒂 = −𝟒𝝅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝅 + = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟗𝟐 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝟒

C) 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ± 𝑨𝒘 = ± 𝟒𝛑 = ±𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟕 𝒎/𝒔

d) 𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ± 𝑨𝒘𝟐 = ± 𝟒𝝅𝟐 = ±𝟑𝟗. 𝟒𝟖 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

Example
An oscillator consists of a block attached to a spring (𝒌 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑵/𝒎). At some time 𝒕, the
position (measured from the system's equilibrium location), velocity and acceleration of
the block are 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝒎, 𝒗 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝒎/𝒔, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒂 = −𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 .
Calculate (a) the frequency of motion, (b) the mass of the block, (c) the amplitude and (d)
the total energy of the oscillator.
Solution:
a)
∵ 𝒂 = −𝒘𝟐 𝒙
∴ −𝟏𝟐𝟑 = −𝟎. 𝟏 𝒘𝟐
∴ 𝒘𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟎
∴ 𝒘 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟎 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟎𝟕 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
∵ 𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇

𝝎 𝟑𝟓. 𝟎𝟕
𝒇= = = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟖 𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅

b)
𝒌 𝒌 𝒌 𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝒘= ⟹ 𝒘𝟐 = ⟹𝒎= 𝟐= 𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝑲𝒈
𝒎 𝒎 𝒘 𝟑𝟓. 𝟎𝟕
c)
∵ 𝑬 = 𝑼 + 𝑲𝑬

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
∴ 𝒌𝑨 = 𝒌𝒙 + 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒌𝒙𝟐 + 𝒎𝒗𝟐
∵ 𝑨𝟐 =
𝒌

𝒌𝒙𝟐 + 𝒎𝒗𝟐 (𝟒𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟐 ) + (𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 × −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝟐 )

𝑨= = = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒎
𝒌 𝟒𝟎𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
d) 𝑬 = 𝒌𝑨𝟐 = × 𝟒𝟎𝟎 × (𝟎. 𝟒)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐 𝑱
𝟐 𝟐
Example:
Find the periodic time and frequency of a simple pendulum 1 m long.
Where 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 .

Solution:
𝒈𝟗. 𝟖
𝒘= = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
𝑳 𝟏
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝒘= ⟹ 𝑻= = = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟕 𝒔
𝑻 𝒘 𝟑. 𝟏𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝒇= = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟖 𝑯𝒛
𝑻 𝟐. 𝟎𝟏
Example : A 200-g block connected to a light spring for which the force constant is 5.00 N/m is free
to oscillate on a frictionless, horizontal surface. The block is displaced 5.00 cm from equilibrium and
released from rest as in Figure.
(A) Find the period of its motion.
(B) Determine the maximum speed of the block.
(C) What is the maximum acceleration of the block?
(D) Express the position, velocity, and acceleration as functions of time in SI units.

Solution:
Example:
(a) A spring is vibrating at a rate of 2 seconds per cycle. What is the angular velocity ω of these
oscillations? (b) What is the period of oscillation, in seconds, where ω = 1 rad / sec?

Solution
(a) Periodic time 𝑻=𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄

(b) Periodic time

Example
A spring balance has a scale that reads from 0 to 50 kg. The length of the scale is 20 cm. A body
suspended from this balance, when displaced and released, oscillates with a period of 0.6 sec.
what is the weight of the body?
Solution
Example
A Mass – spring system with a spring constant 1200 N/m is mounted on a horizontal table as
shown in the figure. A mass of 3 kg is attached to the free end of the spring. The mass is then
pulled sideways to a distance of 2 cm and released. Determine (i) the frequency of oscillations, (ii)
the period, and (iii) the maximum acceleration of the mass.
Solution
Example
A mass of 0.5 kg connected to a light spring of force constant 20 N/m oscillates on a horizontal
frictionless surface. Calculate:
1. The total energy of the system.
2. The maximum speed of the mass if the amplitude of the motion is 3 cm.
3. The kinetic and potential energies of the system when the displacement equal 2 cm.
Solution
 Assignment
Example.1
A 0.15 - kg toy is undergoing SHM on the end of a horizontal spring with force constant k = 300
N/m. When the object is 0.0120 m from its equilibrium position, it is observed to have a speed of
0.3 m/s. What are (a) the total energy of the object at any point of its motion; (b) the amplitude of
the motion; (c) the maximum speed attained by the object during its motion?

Example.2
The scale of a spring balance that reads from 0 to 15.0 kg is 12.0 cm long. A package suspended
from the balance is found to oscillate vertically with a frequency of 2.00 Hz. (a) What is the
spring constant? (b) How much does the package weigh?
(15-1)
A 0.60-kg block attached to a spring with force constant 130 N/m is free to
move on a frictionless, horizontal surface as in Figure 15.1. The block is
released from rest when the spring is stretched 0.13 m. At the instant the
block is released, find (a) the force on the block and (b) its acceleration.
Answer:
Fs = −kxi = −(130 N m)(+0.13 m)
= −17 N or 17 N to the left

(b) At this instant, the acceleration is

a = Fs/m
= -17 N/0.60 kg = − 28 m/s 2

Or a = 28 m s to the left
2

(15-2)
When a 4.25-kg object is placed on top of a vertical spring, the spring
compresses a distance of 2.62 cm. What is the force constant of the spring?
Answer

(15-3)
A vertical spring stretches 3.9 cm when a 10-g object is hung from it. The
object is replaced with a block of mass 25 g that oscillates up and down in
simple harmonic
motion. Calculate the period of motion?
Answer

When the object attached to the spring has mass m = 25 g, the period of oscillation is
(15-3)
A piston in a gasoline engine is in simple harmonic motion. The engine is
running at the rate of 3 600 rev/min. Taking the extremes of its position
relative to its center point as ±5.00 cm, find the magnitudes of the
(a) maximum velocity and
(b) maximum acceleration of the piston.
Answer:

(15-4)
A 1.00-kg object is attached to a horizontal spring. The spring is initially
stretched by 0.100 m, and the object friction. The next time the speed of the
object is zero is 0.500 s later. What is the maximum speed of the object?
Answer

(15-5)
A simple harmonic oscillator takes 12.0 s to undergo five complete vibrations.
Find (a) the period of its motion,
(b) the frequency in hertz, and
(c) the angular frequency in radians per second.
Answer
a)

(15-6)
A particle moves in simple harmonic motion with a frequency of 3.00 Hz and
an amplitude of 5.00 cm.
(a) Through what total distance does the particle move
during one cycle of its motion?
(b) What is its maximum speed? Where does this maximum speed occur?
(c) Find the maximum acceleration of the particle.

Answer:

(15-7)
A 200-g block is attached to a horizontal spring and executes simple harmonic
motion with a period of 0.250 s. The total energy of the system is 2.00 J. Find
(a) the force constant of the spring and (b) the amplitude of the motion.
Answer:
(15-8)
A 50.0-g object connected to a spring with a force constant of 35.0 N/m
oscillates with an amplitude of 4.00 cm on a frictionless, horizontal surface.
Find
(a) the total energy of the system?
(b) the speed of the object when its position is 1.00 cm?
(c) the kinetic energy?
(d) the potential energy when its position is 3.00 cm?
Answer:
(15-9)
A 326-g object is attached to a spring and executes simple harmonic motion
with a period of 0.250 s. If the total energy of the system is 5.83 J, find (a) the
maximum
speed of the object, (b) the force constant of the spring, and (c) the amplitude
of the motion.
Answer:
a)

(15-10)
A physical pendulum in the form of a planar object moves in simple harmonic
motion with a frequency f. The pendulum has a mass m, and the pivot is
located a distance d from the center of mass. Determine the moment of inertia
of the pendulum about the pivot point.
Answer:
(15-11)
The angular position of a pendulum is represented by the equation Ɵ = 0.032
0 cos ώt, where Ɵ is in radians and ώ = 4.43 rad/s. Determine the period and
length of the pendulum.
Answer
A sinusoidal wave traveling in the positive x direction has an amplitude of 15 cm, a wavelength of
40 cm, and a frequency of 8 Hz. The vertical position of an element of the medium at t = 0 and x = 0
is also 15 cm.
a) Find the wave number 𝒌, period 𝑻, angular frequency 𝝎, and speed 𝒗 of the wave.
b) Determine the phase constant 𝝓 and write an expression for the wave function.
Example (3)
Tsunami On December 26, 2004, a great earthquake occurred off the coast of Sumatra and
triggered immense waves that killed some 200000 people. Satellites observing these waves from
space measured 800 Km from one wave crest to the next and a period between waves of 1 hour.
What was the speed of these waves in m/s ?

Solution
The wave speed is:
Example (4)
A certain transverse wave is described by:

Determine the wave's (a) Amplitude (b) wavelength (c) frequency (d) speed of propagation and (e)
direction of propagation.

The wave equation is:

Since there is a minus sign in front of the t/T term, the wave is travelling in the positive + x-direction.
Example (5)
Transverse waves on a string have wave speed 8 m/sec, amplitude 0.07 m and wavelength 0.32
m, The wave travels in the – x direction, and at t=0 and x=0 end of the string has its maximum
upward displacement (a) Find the frequency, period, and wave number of these waves. (b) Write
a wave function describing the wave. (c) Find the transverse displacement of a particle at
𝑥=0.36 𝑚 at time 𝑡=0.15 𝑠𝑒𝑐,
Solution
Example
A uniform string has a mass of 0.3 kg and a length of 6 m. The string passes over a pulley and
supports a 2 kg object as view in figure. Find the speed of a pulse traveling along this string.

Apply the particle in equilibrium model to the block:

The tension in the string:

Where,
A taut string for which µ = 5 x 10-2 kg/m is under a tension of 80 N. How much power must
be supplied to the string to generate sinusoidal waves at a frequency of 60 Hz and an
amplitude of 6 cm?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
A transverse wave on a string is described by the wave function:

(a)
(b)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Example (1)
In a liquid with density 1300 kg/m³, longitudinal waves with frequency 400 Hz are found to have
wavelength 8.00 m. Calculate the bulk modulus of the liquid.

Solution
In the liquid velocity of the longitudinal wave is:
Example (2)
At a baseball game, a spectator is 60.0 m away from the batter. How long does it take the sound of
the bat connecting with the ball to travel to the spectator’s ears? The air temperature is 27.0 oC.

Solution
The speed of sound in the air depends on the temperature as follows:

T
v(T )  v0
T0
where T is measured in degrees Kelvin with T0 = 273 oK and v0 = 331 m/s.
Also, T(oK) = T(oC) + 273 Hence,

300.15
v(27 C )  (331m / s)

 347.0m / s
273.15
d 60m
t 
  0.173s  172.9ms
v(27 C ) 347.0m / s
Example (3)
Find the speed of sound in mercury, which has a bulk modulus of approximately 2.8×1010 𝑁/𝑚2
and a density of 13600 kg/m³.

Example (4)
As a certain sound wave travels through the air, it produces pressure variations (above and below
atmospheric pressure) given by Δ𝑃=1.27 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜋 𝑥−340𝜋 𝑡) in SI units.
Find:
(a) The amplitude of the pressure variations.
(b) The frequency.
(c) The wavelength in air.
(d) The speed of the sound wave.
A point source emits sound waves with an average power output of
80.0 W.
(A) Find the intensity 3.00 m from the source.
(B) Find the distance at which the intensity of the sound is 1.00 x 10-8 W/m2.

(A)

(B)
Two identical machines are positioned the same distance from a worker. The intensity of sound
delivered by each operating machine at the worker’s location is 2.0 x 10-7 W/m2.
(A) Find the sound level heard by the worker when one machine is operating.

(B) Find the sound level heard by the worker when two machines are operating.
A submarine (sub A) travels through water at a speed of 8.00 m/s, emitting a sonar wave at a
frequency of 1400 Hz. The speed of sound in the water is 1533 m/s. A second submarine (sub B)
is located such that both submarines are traveling directly toward each other. The second
submarine is moving at 9.00 m/s.
 What frequency is detected by an observer riding on (sub B) as the subs approach each
other?
Example (5)
Two train whistles, A and B, each have a frequency of 392 Hz. A is stationary and B is moving
toward the right (away from A) at a speed of 35.0 m/s. A listener is between the two whistles and
is moving toward the right with a speed of 15.0 m/s As shown in the figure. No wind is blowing.
(a) What is the frequency from A as heard by the listener?
(b) What is the frequency from B as heard by the listener? Given that: the velocity of sound in
air 340 m/s.
Solution

The frequency from A is:

The frequency from B is:

Example (6)
A car alarm is emitting sound waves of frequency 520 Hz. You are on a motorcycle, traveling
directly away from the car. How fast must you be traveling if you detect a frequency of 490 Hz?
Given that: the velocity of sound in air 340 m/s.

Solution

The frequency is:

A point source emits sound waves with an
average power output of 80.0 W.
(A) Find the intensity 3.00 m from the source.
(B) Find the distance at which the intensity of the
sound is 1.00 x 10-8 W/m2.

A)

B)
Two identical machines are positioned the same distance from a
worker. The intensity of sound delivered by each operating
machine at the worker’s location is 2.0 x 10-7 W/m2.
(A) Find the sound level heard by the worker when one machine
is operating.

(B) Find the sound level heard by the worker when two
machines are operating.
A submarine (sub A) travels through water at a speed of 8.00 m/s,
emitting a sonar wave at a frequency of 1 400 Hz.
The speed of sound in the water is 1 533 m/s. A second submarine
(sub B) is located such that both submarines are
traveling directly toward each other. The second submarine is
moving at 9.00 m/s.
(A) What frequency is detected by an observer riding on sub B as
the subs approach each other?
Example
Two sinusoidal waves 𝒚𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒕) and 𝒚𝟐 (𝒙, 𝒕) move on the same string. What is the amplitude
of the resultant wave if 𝒚𝟏 and 𝒚𝟐 are described by

−𝟏 −𝟏
𝝅
𝒚𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒄𝒎 𝒙− 𝟐𝒔 𝒕+
𝟒

−𝟏 −𝟏
𝝅
𝒚𝟐 (𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒄𝒎 𝒙− 𝟐𝒔 𝒕−
𝟐

Solution
𝝅 𝝅
𝝓𝟏 −𝝓𝟐 − −
𝑨∗ = 𝟐𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟓) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 𝒄𝒎
𝟐 𝟐
Two identical speakers placed 3.00 m apart. A listener is originally at point O, located 8.00 m from the center of the line connecting the two
speakers. The listener then moves to point P, which is a perpendicular distance 0.350 m from O, and she experiences the first minimum in
sound intensity. What is the frequency of the sound produced by speakers?

Figure shows the physical arrangement of the speakers, along with two shaded right triangles that can be drawn on the basis of the
lengths described in the problem. The first minimum occurs when the two waves reaching the listener at point P are 180 degree out of
λ
phase, in other words, when their path difference ∆𝒓 =
𝟐
Two waves traveling in opposite directions produce a standing wave. The individual wave functions are:

where x and y are measured in centimeters and t is in seconds.

(A) Find the amplitude of the simple harmonic motion of the element of the medium located at x =2.3 cm.

From the equations for the waves, we see that A= 4.0 cm, k= 3.0 rad/cm, and w= 2.0 rad/s.

(B) Find the positions of the nodes and antinodes if one end of the string is at x = 0.
wavelength of the traveling waves:
locations of the nodes:

locations of the antinodes:

Example
A 1.5 m – long rope is stretched between two supports with a tension that makes the speed
of transverse waves 48.0 m/s. What are the wavelength and frequency of the fourth
harmonic?
Solution
The fourth harmonic (n = 4)

𝟐𝑳 𝟐𝑳 𝟐(𝟏. 𝟓)
𝝀𝒏 = ⇒ 𝝀𝟒 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒎
𝒏 𝟒 𝟒

𝒗 𝟒𝟖
𝒇𝒏 = 𝒏 ⇒ 𝒇𝟒 = 𝟒 = 𝟔𝟒 𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝑳 𝟐 𝟏. 𝟓
Example

A string oscillates in its third harmonic which has a shape described by:

𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = (𝟓. 𝟔 𝐜𝐦) 𝐬𝐢𝐧[ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒄𝒎 𝒙] 𝒄𝒐𝒔[ 𝟓𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 𝒕]

(a) Find the amplitude of the travelling waves that make up this standing wave.

(b) What is the length of the string? (c) Find the wavelength, frequency, and speed of

travelling waves.
Solution
The general equation of standing wave is:

𝒚 𝒙, 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒔𝒘 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒌 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎 𝒕

By comparing this form with the given one

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = (5.60 𝑐𝑚) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0.03 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠[(50.0 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠)𝑡]
𝑐𝑚

𝑨𝒔𝒘 = 𝟓. 𝟔 𝒄𝒎, 𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒄𝒎, and 𝝎 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔

𝑨𝒔𝒘 = 𝟐 𝑨

Therefore, the amplitude of the travelling wave is:

𝑨𝒔𝒘 𝟓.𝟔𝟎
𝑨= = = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝟐 𝟐

𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖 𝒎
The length of the string can be calculated as:

𝝀 𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝑳=𝟑 , 𝒌= ⟹ 𝝀= = = 𝟐𝟎𝟗. 𝟒𝟒 𝒄𝒎 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟒𝟒 𝒎
𝟐 𝝀 𝒌 𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟒

𝝀 𝟐.𝟎𝟗𝟒𝟒
𝑳=𝟑 =𝟑× = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟔 𝒎
𝟐 𝟐

Wavelength

𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝝀= = = 𝟐𝟎𝟗. 𝟒𝟒 𝒄𝒎 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟒𝟒 𝒎
𝒌 𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟒

Frequency
𝝎 𝟓𝟎
𝒇= = = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟔 𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅

Wave speed
𝒗 = 𝝀 ∙ 𝒇 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟒𝟒 × 𝟕. 𝟗𝟔 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
Two identical piano strings of length 0.750 m are each tuned exactly to 440 Hz. The tension in one of the
strings is then increased by 1.0%. If they are now struck, what is the beat frequency between the
fundamentals of the two strings?
Ratio of the fundamental frequencies of the two strings using
equation with n=1:

wave speeds on the strings:

Tension in one string is 1.0% larger than the other; that is, T2 =1.010T1:
 (1)
Two waves are traveling in the same direction along a
stretched string. The waves are 90.0° out of phase. Each
wave has an amplitude of 4.00 cm. Find the amplitude
of the resultant wave.
(2)
Two waves on one string are described by the wave functions
y1 = 3.0 cos (4.0x - 1.6t) y2 = 4.0 sin (5.0x - 2.0t)
where x and y are in centimeters and t is in seconds.
Find the superposition of the waves y1 + y2 at the points
(a) x = 1.00, t = 1.00;
(b) x =1.00, t = 0.500;
(3)
Two traveling sinusoidal waves are described by the
wave functions
y1 = 5.00 sin [π(4.00x - 1 200t)]
y2 = 5.00 sin [π(4.00x - 1 200t - 0.250)]
where x, y1, and y2 are in meters and t is in seconds.
(a) What is the amplitude of the resultant wave function
y1 1 y2? (b) What is the frequency of the resultant
wave function?
 (4)
Two sinusoidal waves traveling in opposite directions interfere to
produce a standing wave with the wave function
y = 1.50 sin (0.400x) cos (200t)
where x and y are in meters and t is in seconds. Determine
(a) the wavelength, (b) the frequency, and (c) the speed of the
interfering waves.

(C)
 (5)
A standing wave is established in a 120 cm long string fixed at both
ends. The string vibrates in four segments when driven at 120 Hz.
(a) Determine the wavelength.
(b) What is the fundamental frequency of the string?

(a)

(b)
(6)
The A string on a cello vibrates in its first normal mode
with a frequency of 220 Hz. The vibrating segment
is 70.0 cm long and has a mass of 1.20 g. (a) Find the
tension in the string. (b) Determine the frequency of
vibration when the string vibrates in three segments.

(a)
(b)
 (7)
In certain ranges of a piano keyboard, more than one string is tuned
to the same note to provide extra loudness. For example, the note at
110 Hz has two strings at this frequency. If one string slips from its
normal tension of 600 N to 540 N, what beat frequency is heard
when the hammer strikes the two strings simultaneously?
Example .1
Consider the combination of resistors shown in the
Figure.
(a) Find the equivalent resistance between points a
and b.
(b) If a voltage of 35.0 V is applied between points a
and b, find the current in each resistor.
Example .2
Consider the circuit shown in Figure.
(a) Calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit.
(b) Calculate the power delivered to each resistor.
Example .3
Consider the circuit shown in Figure.
(a) Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit.
(b) Find the current in the 10.0 Ω resistor.
(c) Find the power dissipated in the 5.00 Ω
resistor.
Example .4
In the shown circuit, 𝑹𝟏 = 100 𝜴, 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹𝟑 = 50 Ω, and 𝑹𝟒 =
75 𝜴.
Find (a) the equivalent resistance.
(b) the current in each resistor.
(c) the power dissipated in each resistor.
Question 1
A proton is moving at 4×106 m/s through a magnetic field at 0.7 T. The
force exerted on the proton is found to be 8.2 X 10-14 N. What is the angle
between the proton’s velocity and the field?
Solution
q=1.6x10-19 C v=4x10-6 m/sec B=0.7 T FB=8.2x10-14 N
Question 2
An electron moves with a velocity of 2.75 m/s in the xy plane at an angle of 60 to the
x-axis and 30 to the y-axis. A magnetic field of 0.85 T is in the positive y-direction.
Find the force on the electron.
Solution y

q=1.6x10-19 C v=2.75 m/sec B=0.85 T

B v

v sin 60
𝑭𝑩 = 𝒒 𝒗 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 30

v cos 60 x

𝑭𝑩 = 1.6 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 × 𝟐. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 × 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎°

𝑭𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑵
Question 3
A proton moving in a circular path perpendicular to a constant magnetic
field takes 1.0 µs to complete one revolution. Determine the magnitude of
the field.
Solution x x x x x+ x
q=1.6x10-19 C T=1x10-6 sec m=1.67x10-27 kg
x x x x x x

And x x x x x x

x x x x x x
Question 4
A proton moves in a circular orbit of radius 65 cm perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field of magnitude 0.75 T.
a) What is the period for this motion?
b) Find the speed of the proton.
c) Find the kinetic energy of the proton.
Solution
q=1.6x10-19 C B=0.75 T m=1.67x10-27 kg r=0.65 m

a) What is the period for this motion?

b) Find the speed of the proton.

c) Find the kinetic energy of the proton.
Example
6
A proton moving at 4.00×10 m/s through a magnetic field of magnitude 1.70 T
-13
experiences a magnetic force of magnitude 8.20×10 N. What is the angle
between the proton’s velocity and the field?
Example

A proton travels with a speed of 5.02×106 m/s in a direction that

makes an angle of 60.0º with the direction of a magnetic field of
magnitude 0.180 T in the positive x direction. What are the
magnitudes of (a) the magnetic force on the proton and (b) the
proton’s acceleration?
Example
A proton moves perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field at a speed of 1.00×107
m/s and experiences an acceleration of 2.00×1013 m/s2 in the positive x direction
when its velocity is in the positive z direction. Determine:
(a) the magnitude of the magnetic field
(b) the period of motion
(c) the radius of the circular orbit followed by the proton
(d) the magnetic force acting on the proton.