Irregular Verbs

‫األفعال الشاذة‬
.‫تم ترتيب األفعال حسب نغمة الفعل و ليس حسب الترتيب األبجدي حتى يسهل على الطالب حفظ هذه األفعال‬ -
.(d, ed ied) ‫ما تبقى من أفعال تكون منتظمة فتنتهي بـ‬ -
:‫أمثلة على األفعال المنتظمة‬ -
arrive - arrived - arrived
wait - waited - waited
study - studied - studied
play - played - played

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Awake Awoke Awoken ‫أيقظ‬
Break Broke Broken ‫يكسر‬
Speak Spoke Spoken ‫يتكلم‬
Steal Stole Stolen ‫يسرق‬
Drive Drove Driven ‫يقود مركبة‬
Freeze Froze Frozen ‫يتجمد‬
Ride Rode Ridden ‫يركب‬
Rise Rose Risen ‫يرتفع‬
Beat Beat Beaten ‫يهزم‬
Write Wrote Written ‫يكتب‬
Shake Shook Shaken ‫يهز‬
Take Took Taken ‫يأخذ‬
Wake up Woke up Woken up ‫يوقظ‬
Choose Chose Chosen ‫يختار‬
Forget Forgot Forgotten ‫ينسى‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Be (is, am) Was Been ‫يكون‬
Be (are) Were Been ‫يكون‬
See Saw Seen ‫يرى‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Bite Bit Bitten ‫يعض‬
Hide Hid Hidden ‫يخفي‬
Eat Ate Eaten ‫يأكل‬
Fall Fell Fallen ‫يسقط‬
Forbid Forbade Forbidden ‫يمنع \ يحرم‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Forgive Forgave Forgiven ‫يسامح‬
Give Gave Given ‫يعطي‬

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 V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING
Prove Proved Proven / proved ‫ يبرهن‬/ ‫يثبت‬
Show Showed Shown / showed ‫يظهر‬/ ‫يعرض‬
Shine Shone Shone ‫ تشرق‬/ ‫يشع‬
Tear Tore Torn ‫يمزق‬
Wear Wore Worn ‫يلبس‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Blow Blew Blown ‫ينفخ‬/ ‫تهب‬
Draw Drew Drawn ‫يسحب‬/ ‫يرسم‬
Fly Flew Flown ‫يطير‬
Grow Grew Grown ‫ يزداد‬/ ‫ينمو‬
Know Knew Known ‫يعرف‬
Throw Threw Thrown ‫يرمي‬
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn ‫ينسحب‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Build Built Built ‫يبني‬
Burn Burnt Burnt ‫يحترق‬/ ‫يحرق‬
Creep Crept Crept ‫يزحف‬
Deal Dealt Dealt ‫يتعامل‬
Dream Dreamt / Dreamed Dreamt / Dreamed ‫يحلم‬
Feel Felt Felt ‫يشعر‬
Keep Kept Kept ‫يحفظ‬
Leave Left Left ‫يغادر‬/ ‫يترك‬
Lend Lent Lent ‫يقرض‬
Lean Leant / Leaned Leant / Leaned ‫يتكأ‬
Learn Learnt / Learned Learnt / Learned ‫يتعلم‬
Mean Meant Meant ‫يعني‬
Meet Met Met ‫يقابل‬
Send Sent Sent ‫يرسل‬
Sleep Slept Slept ‫ينام‬
Smell Smelt Smelt ‫ يصدر رائحة‬/ ‫يشم‬
Spend Spent Spent ‫ينفق‬/ ‫يقضي‬
Spell Spelt Spelt ‫يتهجأ‬
Spill Spilt / Spilled Spilt / Spilled ‫يسكب‬
Spoil Spoilt / Spoiled Spoilt / Spoiled ‫يتلف \ يفسد‬
Sweep Swept Swept ‫يكنس‬
Light Lit / Lighted Lit / Lighted ‫يضيء \ يشعل‬
Lose Lost Lost ‫ يفقد‬/ ‫يخسر‬

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 V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING
Become Became Become ‫يصبح‬
Come Came Come ‫يأتي‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Find Found Found ‫يجد‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Bring Brought Brought ‫يجلب‬
Buy Bought Bought ‫يشتري‬
Catch Caught Caught ‫يمسك‬
Fight Fought Fought ‫يحارب‬
Seek Sought Sought ‫يبحث‬
Teach Taught Taught ‫يعلم‬
Think Thought Thought ‫ يعتقد‬/ ‫يفكر‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Burst Burst Burst ‫ينفجر‬
Cost Cost Cost ‫يكلف‬
Cut Cut Cut ‫يجرح‬/ ‫يقطع‬
Hit Hit Hit ‫يضرب‬
Hurt Hurt Hurt ‫يجرح‬/ ‫يؤذي‬
Let Let Let ‫يسمح‬/ ‫يدع‬
Put Put Put ‫يضع‬
Read Read Read ‫يقرأ‬
Set Set Set ‫ينعقد \ يعد \ تغرب‬
Shut Shut Shut ‫يغلق‬
Split Split Split ‫ينقسم‬
Spread Spread Spread ‫ينتشر‬
Upset Upset Upset ‫يزعج‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Dig Dug Dug ‫يحفر‬
Get Got Got ‫يحصل على‬
Hang Hung Hung ‫يعلق‬
Stick Stuck Stuck ‫يلصق‬
Strike Struck Struck ‫يضرب‬
Swing Swung Swung ‫يتأرجح‬

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 V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING
Drink Drank Drunk ‫يشرب‬
Ring Rang Rung ‫يقرع‬
Shrink Shrank Shrunk ‫ينكمش‬
Sink Sank Sunk ‫يغرق‬
Sing Sang Sung ‫يغني‬
Swim Swam Swum ‫يسبح‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Begin Began Begun ‫يبدأ‬
Do Did Done ‫ ينجز‬/ ‫يعمل‬
Go Went Gone ‫يذهب‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Feed Fed Fed ‫ يغذي‬/ ‫يتغذى‬
Hold Held Held ‫ يعقد‬/ ‫يمسك‬
Lead Led Led ‫يقود‬
Have Had Had ‫يملك‬
Hear Heard Heard ‫يسمع‬
Pay Paid Paid ‫يدفع‬
Say Said Said ‫يقول‬
Speed Sped / Speeded Sped / Speeded ‫يسرع‬
Make Made Made ‫ يؤدي‬/ ‫ يصنع‬/ ‫يعمل‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Lie Lay Lain ‫يستلقي‬
Run Ran Run ‫ يدير‬/ ‫يركض‬
Sell Sold Sold ‫يبيع‬
Stand Stood Stood ‫يقف‬
Tell Told Told ‫يخبر‬
Understand Understood Understood ‫يفهم‬
Sit Sat Sat ‫يجلس‬
Shoot Shot Shot ‫يطلق النار‬
Win Won Won ‫يفوز‬
Wind Wound Wound ‫يلف‬

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 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ DERIVATIONS ‫شادي الرمحي‬

The use of the verb, noun, adjective and adverb.

.‫الجدول التالي ليس للحفظ و إنما للفهم و التطبيق‬ -

Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

Help Help Helpful Helpfully
Disorganise Disorganisation Disorganised ***********
Intensify Intensity Intensive Intensively
Enlarge Enlargement Large Largely
Strengthen Strength Strong Strongly
Succeed Success Successful Successfully
Repeat Repetition Repeated repeatedly
Educate Education Educational Educationally

.‫ تكون حال‬ly ‫ أي كلمة تنتهي بــ‬.1

.‫ من الحال ينتج صفة‬ly ‫ عند ازالة‬.2
.‫( تكون فعل‬en) ‫( أو قد تبدأ أو تنتهي بـ‬ise, ize, fy, eed, ate) ‫ أي كلمة تنتهي بـ‬.3
.‫ أي انه بدون اي اضافات‬,‫ الفعل هو جذر الكلمة‬.4
.‫ يجب على الطالب أن يحدد نوع الكلمة من المالحظات السابقة‬.5
differ difference different differently

differ different differently

difference different differently

differ difference differently

differ difference different

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 .‫ يتم الرجوع الى الجدول في األسفل‬،‫ عند عدم وجود حال من ضمن الخيارات‬.6

noun suffixes adjective suffixes

-tion information -ful beautiful

-sion television -less careless
-ness fitness -able remarkable
-ment government -ous serious
-ance importance -y lucky
-ence difference -ent different
-se expense -ant important
-cy fluency -ive expensive
-ty possibility -ic scientific
-ure future -al governmental
-th health -en golden
-sm criticism -ish childish
-dom kingdom -ate accurate
-age marriage -ite favourite
-hood childhood -ing boring
-ship relationship -ed injured

• science - scientific - scientifical - scientifically

• irony - ironic - ironical - ironically
• chaos - chaotic - chaotical - chaotically

• educate - education - educational - educationally

• govern - government - governmental - governmentally

• accurate - accuracy - accurately

• translate - translation - translated

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 I. THE USE OF THE VERB
1. In the middle of a sentence after the subject. ‫في وسط الجملة بعد الفاعل‬
.‫قد يكون الفاعل ضمير أو اسم أو شبه جملة اسمية‬
Subject + verb

Pronoun: ‫ضمير‬ (I, He, She, They, We, You, It)

Noun: ‫إسم‬ (Ahmad, Maha, The doctor, The students ….etc)

Noun Phrase: ‫( جملة إسمية‬The workers of that factory ….)

- If I that they are coming, I'll invite some friends.

……………………………………………………

(know, knowledge, knowledgeable, knowledgably)

- Most doctors …………………………………………………… in English when they talk with each other
about medical cases.
(speak, speech, speechless, speechlessly)
- The students of that class in our school …………………………………………………… dictionaries in the class.
(use, useful, usefully, usefulness)
- I think the students of that class in our school …………………………………… dictionaries in the class.
(use, useful, usefully, usefulness)

2. After (to) as an infinitive. (to) ‫بعد‬

- The teacher is going to us in this question.
……………………………………………………

(help, helpful, helpfully, helpless)

3. After the modals. ‫بعد األفعال الشكلية‬

(will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must)
- The institution should the farmers for their loss.
……………………………………………………

(compensated, compensate, compensation, compensating)

4. After verb to do. ‫بعد أفعال العمل‬

(do, does, did)
- They are identical. Do they ……………………………………………………from each other?
(differ , difference, different, differently)

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5. At the beginning of a sentence as an imperative. ‫في بداية الجملة كفعل أمر‬
.‫يأتي فعل األمر في بداية الجملة حيث أن الجملة التي تأتي بعد الفراغ ال تحتوي على فعل‬
- …………………………………………………… yourself in this matter.
(Helpfully, Helpless, Helpful, Help)
.‫عند وجود أداة ربط أو عالمة ترقيم يصبح لدينا جملتين منفصلتين‬
- …………………………………………………… up so that I can hear you.
(Speak, Speech, Speechless, Speechlessly)

6. After (had better, would rather) ‫بعد المصطلحين‬

- You had better …………………………………………………… your time.
(organization, organizing, organized, organize)

7. After (make, let, help) ‫بعد األفعال التالية‬

make
let + object + base
help

- Our teacher lets us ……………………………………………………the dictionary in the class.

(usefully, useful, use)
8. After (Let's)
- Let's …………………………………………………… our roles again for the party.
(arrange, arrangement, arranged)

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 II. THE USE OF THE NOUN
1. After (a, an, the) ‫بعد أدوات التعريف‬

- The …………………………………………………… of our plan, depends on all of us.

(success, successful, successfully)

‫ فعل أمر‬+ ‫جملة ال تحتوي على فعل‬

‫ فاعل‬+ ‫جملة تحتوي على فعل‬

- …………………………………………………… has prevented him from continuing his higher studies.

(Poor, Poverty, Poorly Impoverish)
- Unless something is done, will increase in the future.
……………………………………………………

(pollute, pollution, polluted, polluting)

2. After the adjective ‫بعد الصفة‬

- He made a remarkable in his research.

……………………………………………………

(improved, improvement, improve, improving)

3. After ( ’s ) or the adjective pronouns (my, his, her, their, our, your, its)
‫( الملكية أو بعد ضمائر الصفة‬s) ‫بعد‬

.‫‘( الملكية مع األسماء فقط وال يجوز استخدامها مع الضمائر‬s) ‫تأتي‬ •

.‫‘( مع االسم فانها تدل على الملكية أما وجودها مع الضمائر فيدل على االختصار‬s) •
He's : He is / He has She's : She is/ She has
it's : it is/ it has its + noun

The teacher's book : ‫ملكية مفرد‬ The teachers' room: ‫ملكية جمع‬

- My brother's …………………………………………………… in three languages enabled him to find a job.

(fluency, fluent, fluently)
- My …………………………………………………… in three languages enabled me to find a job.
(fluency, fluent, fluently)
4. After the prepositions (in, on, of, at, into, for, from, under, with, without,
about, against, between ..etc ) ‫بعد حروف الجر‬

- Farmers should take weather conditions into ……………………………………………………

(consider, consideration, considerably, considerable)

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5. After phrases of quantity (much, many, any, little, some, no, enough, a few
several, each …etc ) ‫بعد محددات الكمية‬
- Is there any …………………………………………………… between them?
(differ, difference, different, differently)

6. After the verb as an object. ‫بعد الفعل كمفعول به‬

- Subject + verb + (object = noun) ‫المفعول به هو نفسه اإلسم‬

Governments encourage ……………………………………………………

(industry, industrially, industrial, industrialise)

7. After the determiners (this, that, these, those ) ‫بعد أسماء اإلشارة‬
- This …………………………………………………… has been made by an earthquake.
(destroy, destructive, destruction, destructively)

8. After the gerund (v-ing) ‫بعد المصدر‬

:‫ ياتي المصدر في الجملة كما يلي‬: ‫مالحظة‬

She is fond of reading stories .‫ بعد حروف الجر‬.1
Driving buses is difficult. .‫ في بداية الجملة كفاعل‬.2
:‫ بعد أفعال معينة مثل‬.3

enjoy ‫يستمتع‬ hate ‫يكره‬ dislike ‫ال يحب‬ finish ‫ينهي‬, deny ‫ينكر‬
admit ‫يعترف‬ smell ‫يصدر رائحة‬ find ‫يجد‬ avoid ‫ يتجنب‬stop ‫يتوقف‬
mind ‫يمانع‬ practice ‫يمارس‬ suggest ‫يقترح‬ like ‫يحب‬ begin ‫يبدأ‬
start ‫يبدأ‬ intend ‫ينوي‬ continue ‫يستمر‬ remember ‫يتذكر‬
try ‫يحاول‬ refer ‫يفضل‬
- He enjoys giving to the poor.
……………………………………………………

(help, helpful, helpfully, helplessly)

‫( اذا ارتبطت مع احدى‬to) ‫ اال انه يتم استخدام اسم بعد‬,‫( في جميع الحاالت‬to) ‫يتم استخدام فعل مجرد بعد‬
:‫المصطلحات التالية‬
be used to ‫يعتاد على‬ get used to ‫يعتاد على‬ be accustomed to ‫يعتاد على‬
be sentenced to ‫يُحكم عليه‬ be committed to ‫يلتزم بـ‬ due to ‫بسبب‬
look forward to ‫يتطلع إلى‬ according to ‫بالرجوع إلى‬ regarding to ‫بخصوص‬
concerning to ‫فيما يتعلق‬ object to ‫يعترض على‬ lead to ‫يؤدي إلى‬
adapt to ‫يتكيف مع‬ contributors to ‫مساهمة لـ‬

a. He had worked hard and was looking forward to …………………………………………………… .

(retire, retirement, retired, retiring)
b. The negative image of immigrants is largely due to …………………………………………………… .
(ignore, ignorantly, ignorant, ignorance)

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 III. THE USE OF THE ADJECTIVE
1. Before the noun. ‫قبل اإلسم‬

to …………………………………………………… information (use, useful, usefully)

the …………………………………………………… information (use, useful, usefully)

- Sami earns his living by giving …………………………………………………… lessons in music.
(private, privately, privacy)

2. After (make), (find) and (become) ‫بعد األفعال التالية‬

become + adjective become + (a, an, the) + noun

- Education has become ……………………………………………………for both boys and girls.

(necessity, necessary, necessarily)
- Education has become a …………………………………………………… for both boys and girls.
(necessity, necessary, necessarily)

make + object + adjective make + object + verb

- His encouragement made me ……………………………………………………

(succeed, success, successfully)

- His encouragement made me ……………………………………………………

(successful, success, successfully)

find + object + adjective be + found + adjective

- She found the film ……………………………………………………

(boredom, boring, boringly, bore)

- Our neighbour was found in the forest.
……………………………………………………

(death, die, dead)

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3. After (verb to be) (be) ‫بعد أفعال‬

be + adjective be + (a, an, the) + noun

it's + adjective its + noun

- Life in the future will be ……………………………………………………from life today.

(differ, difference, different, differently)
- There will be a …………………………………………………… in life in the future.
(difference, different, differently, differ)

there + be + noun subject + be + adjective

- There was …………………………………………………… in the city after the match.

(chaos, chaotic, chaotically)
- It was …………………………………………………… in the city after the match.
(chaos, chaotic, chaotically)

4. After the following verbs (look, seem, feel, smell, taste, sound) ‫بعد أفعال الشعور‬
- She looks ……………………………………………………

(sad, sadness, sadly)

: ) V.3 ( ‫ ) و اسم المفعول‬V-ing ( ‫ اسم الفاعل‬

‫ ) للفعل و يستخدم اسم الفاعل كصفة و ذلك اذا كان االسم الموصوف‬-ing( ‫• يتم تكوين اسم الفاعل باضافة‬
.‫هو الذي قام بالفعل أو كان سبب حدوثه‬
‫• يتم تكوين اسم المفعول من التصريف الثالث للفعل و يستخدم اسم المفعول كصفة و ذلك اذا وقع الفعل على‬
.‫االسم الموصوف‬
a. My grandma told us an …………………………………………………… story last night.
(amazing, amazed, amaze, amazement )
b. There are some …………………………………………………… vegetables in the fridge.
(cooked, cooking, cook, cookery )

interest - interesting - interested - interestingly

amaze - amazing - amazed - amazingly
excite - exciting - excited - excitedly
boredom - boring - bored - boringly

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 IV. THE USE OF THE ADVERB
:‫ و إنما تكون صفة مثل‬،‫) وال تكون حال‬ly( ‫يوجد بعض الكلمات التي تنتهي بـ‬

likely, unlikely, lovely, lively, friendly, costly, ugly, sly, oily, manly, silly, deadly

fast, well, hard, late :‫ مثل‬،‫) و تكون حال‬ly( ‫يوجد بعض الكلمات ال تنتهي بـ‬

1. To describe the verb. ‫لوصف الفعل‬

Subject + verb + object + adverb .‫ في نهاية جملة مكتملة‬.1

Subject + adverb + verb + compliment .‫ قبل الفعل الرئيسي‬.2
Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb .‫ بين الفعل المساعد والفعل الرئيسي‬.3
- I thanked him ……………………………………………………

(politely, politeness, polite)

- She …………………………………………………… drove along the narrow road.
(carefully, care, careful)
- We will ……………………………………………………help her.
(willing, will, willingly)

Subject + transitive verb + object (noun) ‫بعد الفعل المتعدي يأتي مفعول به‬
Subject + intransitive verb + adverb ‫بعد الفعل الالزم يأتي حال‬

- Tom swam …………………………………………………… in the river.

(skill, skilful, skilfully)
- Tamara needs …………………………………………………… in this matter.
(help, helpful, helpless, helpfully)

2. Before the adjective. ‫قبل الصفة‬

- The meeting was …………………………………………………… successful.

(complete, completion, completely)

.‫يجوز إستخدام صفة قبل صفة أخرى و ذلك عند وجود إسم بعد الصفة‬ -

Subject + verb + adjective + adjective + noun.

- It's an cheap restaurant.

……………………………………………………

(amazement, amazed, amazing, amazingly)

3. Before (p.p) ‫قبل التصريف الثالث للفعل‬

- The meeting was …………………………………………………… organised.

(carefully, careful, care, careless)

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4. After (very, too, so, quite, a bit, really) and between (as ……………… as) ‫بعد المشددات‬

(look, feel, seem, taste, smell, sound) ‫يتم إستخدام صفة بعد المشددات و ذلك إذا سبقها أحد أفعال الشعور‬
.‫( أما غير ذلك فنستخدم حال‬find, make, become) ‫( أو أحد األفعال التالية‬be) ‫أو أحد أفعال‬
- His ideas are too ……………………………………………………

(theoretically, theorise, theory, theoretical)

- Laila walks very ……………………………………………………

(caution, cautious, cautiously)

- Ali is as …………………………………………………… as Nabeel.
(careful, care, carelessly, carefully)
- Jalal drives as …………………………………………………… as his brother.
(careless, careful, care, carefully)

5. At the beginning before the comma. ‫قبل الفاصلة في بداية الجملة‬

- ……………………………………………………. , people get married at the weekends.

(Tradition, Traditional, Traditionally)

Adverb, ‫جملة‬ ‫ فعل أمر‬+ ‫جملة ال تحتوي على فعل‬

‫ جملة‬. Adverb, ‫جملة‬ ‫إسم‬ + ‫جملة تحتوي على فعل‬
‫ جملة‬, Adverb, ‫جملة‬ ‫صفة‬ + ‫ إسم‬+ ‫جملة‬
‫ ; جملة‬Adverb, ‫جملة‬ Adverb, ‫جملة‬

- Salama has passed all her exams successfully, , she will get the job.
……………………………………………………

(accordance, according, accordingly)

.‫( و الفعل المجرد‬to) ‫يتم إستخدام حال بين‬

- She wanted to …………………………………………………… emphasize on the matter.
(deepen, deep, depth, deeply)
.‫ أي أننا نعتبر الحال غير موجود‬.‫ نعتمد على ما قبل الحال لتكملة الفراغ‬، ‫عند وجود حال قبل الفراغ‬
- She will definitely …………………………………………………… in her exams.
(succeed, success, successful, successful)
- She is completely …………………………………………………… from her sister.
(differ, different, difference, differently)

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 :‫مالحظات هامة‬
and ‫ عند وجود حرف العطف‬.1
1. He needs enthusiasm and to fulfil his dream.
……………………………………………………

(encouragingly, encourage, encouragement, encouraging)

2. Artists usually meet to discuss ideas and ……………………………………………………each other's work.
(criticise, criticism, critical, critcally)

.‫ عند وجود فاصلة بعد الفراغ الذي يأتي في بداية الجملة‬.2

1. …………………………………………………… , he is not still ready.
(Educational, Education, Educate, Educationally)
2. …………………………………………………… , health and transport should be available to any citizen.
(Education, Educate, Educational, Educationally)

.‫ يتم إستخدام حال بعد الفعل مباشرة إذا كان في صيغة المبني للمجهول و يجوز إستخدام الحال بين الفعلين‬.3
1. The conference was held ……………………………………………………

(successful, success, succeed, successfully)

2. The conference was held.
……………………………………………………

(successfully, success, succeed, successful)

Choose the correct item from those given in brackets to complete the following sentences.
1. The Ministry of plays an important role in Jordan.
…………………………………………………….

a. Health b. Healthy c. Healthily

2. You can this tool to help you.
…………………………………………………….

a. use b. useful c. usefully

3. His speech made me for some time.
…………………………………………………….

a. happiness b. happy c. happily

4. , nobody was hurt during the storm.
…………………………………………………….

a. Fortune b. Fortunate c. Fortunately

5. This game needs encouragement and .
…………………………………………………….

a. enthuse b. enthusiastic c. enthusiasm

6. Laila speaks English as as Manar.
…………………………………………………….

a. fluency b. fluent c. fluently

7. He looks after the death of his wife.
…………………………………………………….

a. sad b. sadness c. sadly

8. I need some about your experience.
…………………………………………………….

a. inform b. information c. informal

9. You have to loud and clear.
…………………………………………………….

a. speak b. speech c. speechless

10. She became when I told her the truth.
…………………………………………………….

a. anger b. angry c. angrily

11. Ibn Sina wrote textbooks.
……………………………………………………

a. medicine b. medicate c. medical

18
 12. My father bought our house with an from his grandfather.
……………………………………………………

a. inheritance b. inherited c. inherit

13. Scholars have discovered an document from the twelfth century.
……………………………………………………

a. original b. originate c. origin

14. I will be going to university to continue my .
……………………………………………………………………………

a. education b. educate c. educational

15. In our exam, we had to a text from Arabic into English.
………………………………………………………………

a. translate b. translated c. translation

16. They are going to ……………………………………………………………………………a new air conditioning unit in our flat.
a. installation b. install c. installed
17. Thank you for your help, I really it.
……………………………………………………………………………

a. appreciated b. appreciation c. appreciate

18. Have you seen Nasser's of postcards? He's got hundreds.
……………................……………………………………

a. collection b. collective c. collect

19. There are many ways to keep our children engaged when stuck at home.
…………………………………………

a. academically b. academy c. academic

20. I think the rich industrial nations the global economy.
……………................……………………………………

a. domination b. dominance c. dominate

21. Our country’s fields fine crops.
……………................……………………………………

a. produce b. production c. productive

22. Why are you so of his achievements? He’s working day and night.
……………................…………………………………

a. critical b. critically c. criticism

23. Ahmad’s very ; he composes music and sings his own songs.
……………................……………………………………

a. creativity b. create c. creative

24. In democratic countries, the majority of politicians their political
……………................……………………………………

decisions in the parliament.

a. dominant b. dominance c. dominate
25. Many doctors believe that supports brain development.
……………................……………………………………

a. repeat b. repetition c. repeated

Answers:

1. a 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. c
6. c 7. a 8. b 9. a 10. b
11. c 12. a 13. a 14. a 15. a
16. b 17. c 18. a 19. a 20. c
21. a 22. a 23. c 24. a 25. b

19
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ TENSES ‫شادي الرمحي‬
‫أزمنـ ـ ـ ــة الفعـ ـ ـ ــل‬
I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT
• THE FORM OF THE VERB
a. base : I, They, We, You, ‫اسم جمع‬: clean , do , study.
b. base + s, es, ies : He, She It, ‫اسم مفرد‬: cleans, does, studies.
: ‫مالحظات‬
‫ ) أو أي اسم مفرد و ينتهي هذا الفعل‬He, She, It ( ‫ ) و ذلك اذا كان الفاعل‬es ( ‫ نضيف للفعل المضارع‬.1
: ‫بأحد الحروف التالية‬
O : goes , does X : mixes , fixes SS: passes , assesses
Ch: watches , catches Sh: washes , pushes
‫ ) أو أي اسم مفرد و ينتهي هذا الفعل بحرف‬He, She, It ( ‫ ) و ذلك اذا كان الفاعل‬ies ( ‫ نضيف للفعل المضارع‬.2
)s( ‫ ) فنضيف‬y ( ‫ أما اذا جاء حرف علة قبل حرف‬، ) a, e, i, o, u ( ‫) على شرط أن ال يسبقه أحد حروف العلة‬y(
study : studies carry: carries
stay: stays enjoy: enjoys
‫ ) أو أي اسم مفرد و ينتهي هذا الفعل بباقي‬He, She, It ( ‫ ) و ذلك اذا كان الفاعل‬s ( ‫ نضيف للفعل المضارع‬.3
: )2( ‫) و‬1( ‫الحروف التي لم تذكر سابقا في النقطتين‬
works paints looks types meets sees

 USES:
1. We use the Present Simple for habits and routines ‫التحدث عن عادة‬

always, usually, often, normally, generally, frequently, repeatedly, sometimes, hardly,

scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, hardly ever, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, annually,
every so often, nowadays, once in a while, occasionally, at weekends, from time to time,

(on + ‫)اسم األيام جمع‬, (every + ‫)زمن‬.

once
twice day, week, fortnight,
three times + a + month, season, year
several times decade, century
many times

20
 ‫ ( و‬do, does ) ‫يتكون المضارع البسيط من كلمة واحدة فقط في حالة الجمل المثبتة و يتكون من كلمتين احداهما‬
.‫األخرى الفعل المجرد في حالتي النفي و السؤال‬

1. John ……………………………………………………… bread and butter before going to school every morning.
(eat, eats, ate, is eating)
2. John ……………………………………………………… bread and butter before going to school every morning.
(don’t eat, doesn’t eat, didn’t eat, isn’t eating)
3. -…………………….…… John ………………………….………………… bread and butter before going to school every morning?
(Did … eat, Do … eat, Does … eat, Is … eating)
4. He often ……………………………………………………… touch with his colleagues.
(lose, loses, lost, is losing)

2. We use the Present Simple for facts and things that are generally true. ‫التحدث عن حقيقة‬
.‫جملة الحقيقة ال تحتوي على دالئل زمنية و تتحدث عن فكرة عامة معروفة لمعظم الناس‬

1. The human body ……………………………………………………… 206 bones.

(contain, contained, is containing, contains)
2. Light ……………………………………………………… at almost 300,000 kilometres per second.
(travel, travels, is travelling, travelled)
3. We use the Present Simple for permanent situations around the present time.
He now ……………………………………………………… a flat with his friend.
(share, shared, is sharing, shares)
4. We use the Present Simple for timetabled events.
.‫الخ‬... ‫عند التحدث عن حركة المواصالت و دوام الدوائر الرسمية و البنوك و المدارس و الجامعات والسينما‬
1. The plane ……………………………………………………… tomorrow at 6:30.
(arrives, arrive, arrived, will arrive)
2. The bank ……………………………………………… next Sunday at 3:00.
(close, closes, closed, will close)
3. The conference ……………………………………………… tomorrow at 9:00am.
(starts, start, started, will start)
5. States (verbs not usually used in the continuous form).
6. Some state verbs change their meaning and can be used in continuous form.
• States are verbs not usually used in the continuous form.
Examples:
love, like, believe, know, prefer

1. He loves getting traditional letters.

2. She likes watching documentary programmes.
3. They believe they will win the competition.
4. She knows how to use stative verbs.
5. I prefer burger over pizza.

21
• Some state verbs change their meaning and can be used in the continuous form
Examples:
think, see, look at, appear, have, look, smell

1. think of/about
a. What do you think of this message? (opinion)
b. What are you thinking about? (consider, have in mind)
c. I think the exam would be difficult. (opinion, believe)
d. I am thinking about going to Aqaba. (have in mind)

2. see (go out with)

a. I don’t see why you want to stay in touch with him. (understand)
b. I am seeing Ammar these days. (meet/ go out with)
c. I see the mountains from here. (see using your eyes)
d. I don’t see any problem in that. (understand, know, realise)
e. She sees places from a distant. (use eyes)
f. They are seeing each other these days. (meet)

3. look at:
a. I’d like to establish contact with that company, but my boss doesn’t look at it that
way. (think in a particular way)
b. Why are you looking at me that way? (use eyes)

4. appear:
a. She appears to be unhappy. (seem)
b. She is appearing in a concert at the Royal Hall. (come into sight)

5. have
a. She has a new Mercedes Benz. (own)
b. They have a beautiful house. (own)
c. They have two sons and a daughter. (own)
d. We are having a party these days. (talk about event)
e. She is having her breakfast at office. (eat)
f. I am having a bad day today. (experience)

6. look:
a. She looks very sad. (seem)
b. She is looking at him in a strange way. (use eyes)

7. smell:
a. The stew smells delicious. (have a smell)
b. She is smelling the flowers now. (use nose)

22
 Examples:
1. I ……………………………………………………………… that coffee is great (think/ am thinking)
2. I ……………………………………………………………… about my next holiday. (think/ am thinking)
3. I ……………………………………………………………… too much about my future career. (think/ am thinking)
4. I ……………………………………………………………… what you mean. (see/ am seeing)
5. I ……………………………………………………………… your new car now, it is parked next to my car. (see/ am seeing)
6. I ……………………………………………………………… my cousins tomorrow. (see/ am seeing)
7. My father …………………………………… at the matter in a different way. (looks/ is looking)
8. Samer ……………………………………………… like his father. (looks/ is looking)
9. Jameela ………………………………………… at them through the window. (looks/ is looking)

II. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ is, are, am + V-ing ]
• KEY WORDS:

1. We use the Present Continuous for actions in progress at the time of speaking.
now, currently, at the moment, at this minute, at the present, right now, these days
1. What ……………………… you …………………………………………… at the moment?
(is …doing, are…doing, were…doing, will…do)
2. What ………………………………… you ………………………………………… right now?
(is …read, will….read, were…reading, are…reading)
3. He …………………………………………………………… on his mobile at the moment.
(talk, will talk, was talking, is talking)
4. He ……………………………………………………… of getting a new phone at the present.
(are thinking, is thinking, were thinking, will think)
:‫انتبه يا ابالولوس‬
a. Ahmad now lives with his brother in a small flat.
b. Ahmad is living with his brother in a small flat now.

2. We use the Present Continuous for temporary actions in progress around now.

for the time being, temporarily, currently, this (week, month, year, …etc)

1. He of getting a new phone this week.

…………………………………

(are thinking, will think, is thinking, was thinking)

2. John his father’s car because his own car is in the workshop.
…………………………………

(was driving, is driving, will be driving, drives)

3. They temporarily
………………………………… with his uncle. They’ll stay there until they
…………………………………

find an apartment.
(is…living, are…living, were…living, was…living)
4. Julia in Chicago this month; she will be back in her office next month.
…………………………………

(works, worked, was working, is working)

23
 5. I in Berlin this year; I will return to my language studies at the end of the year.
…………………………………

(is studying, are studying, am studying, was studying)

6. Aisha currently
………………………………… her English.
…………………………………

(has…improved, have…improved, is…improving, will…improve)

7. She the train to university for the time being but she will go in the car with
…………………………………

classmate as soon as she can.

(takes, was taking, will take, is taking)

3. We use the Present Continuous for changes and developments.

We often use these verbs in this way:

getting, becoming, changing, improving, starting, beginning, increasing, rising,

falling, growing.

1. I feel that things better.

…………………………………

(get, is getting, are getting, will get)

2. More and more people up smoking.
…………………………………

(give, is giving, were giving, are giving)

3. The news quickly.
…………………………………

(are spreading, is spreading, spreads, spread)

4. Young people by hand less often these days.
……………………………………………………….

(is writing, was writing, are writing, were writing)

5. …………………. your English better?
………………………………….

(Is / getting, Was / getting, Are / getting, Were / getting)

6. The population of the world very fast.
……………………………………………………….

(was increasing, were increasing, are increasing, is increasing)

7. It colder and colder.
……………………………………………………….

(was getting, is getting, are getting, were getting)

4. We use the Present Continuous for a future arrangement with another person.

1. We my brother’s graduation next Friday.

……………………………………………………….

(is celebrating, was celebrating, will celebrate, are celebrating)

2. I the dentist tomorrow.
……………………………………………………….

(will visit, am visiting, was writing, am going to visit)

24
 III. THE SIMPLE PAST
• THE FORM OF THE VERB ‫التصريف الثاني من الفعل‬
We use the Past Simple to talk about actions or events completed at a specific time in
the past:

• KEY WORDS:
yesterday, (last +‫)زمن‬, (‫ زمن‬+ ago), (in + ‫)سنة في الماضي‬, in the past, (the previous +‫)زمن‬
at the time, earlier today, the day before yesterday, a little while back, in ancient times,
at the turn of the 20th century, (‫ زمن‬+ later), soon after, when

‫ ( و األخرى‬did ) ‫يتكون الماضي البسيط من كلمة واحدة فقط في حالة الجمل المثبتة و يتكون من كلمتين احداهما‬
.‫الفعل المجرد في حالتي النفي و السؤال‬
1. They home very late last night.
……………………………………………………

(get, got, gets, will get)

2. They home very late last night.
……………………………………………………

(doesn't get, don't get, didn't get, won’t get)

3. they
……………………… home very late last night?
………..………………………

(Did …get, Does …get, Do…get, Will…get)

4. Neil Papworth the first text message in 1992.
……………………………………………………

(send, sent, sends, will send)

IV. THE PAST CONTINUOUS

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ was, were + V-ing ]
• KEY WORDS:
1. We use the Past Continuous for a long activity interrupted by a shorter action.

V.2 while , as (was, were ) + V-ing

(was, were) + V-ing when V.2
1. While we the film, someone broke the window.
……………..............…………………………………

(will watch, watched, are watching, were watching)

2. I when the alarm clock rang.
……………..............…………………………………

(slept, was sleeping, are sleeping, sleep)

3. She when suddenly somebody tossed a brick through the window.
……………..............…………………………………

(studied, was studying, is studying, studies)

25
 2. We use Past continuous to talk about actions that were in progress at a specific
time in the past. (this often provides background to other past events)
(was, were) +V-ing while , as (was, were ) + V-ing
1. While Hani for us, his mum was texting.
……………..............…………………………………

(waited, had waited, was waiting, were waiting)

2. I my homework while my brother was watching a football match.
……………..............……………………………

(do, did, had done, was doing)

3. We use the Past Continuous for actions in progress at a specific time in the past.

This time + ‫أحد مؤشرات الماضي البسيط‬ ( was , were ) + V-ing

‫ أحد مؤشرات الماضي البسيط‬+ ‫تحديد الزمن‬ ( was , were ) + V-ing
‫ جملة في زمن الماضي البسيط‬+ at the time ( was , were ) + V-ing

1. This time last year, we for the first semester exams.

………………………………………………………………

(had prepared, prepared, were preparing, was preparing)

2. Ahmad ……………………………………………………….…… his computer last night at 8:00pm.

(was fixing, were fixing, is fixing, fixed)

3. My father arrived home last night, we the football match at the time.
……………………………………………………

(had watched, watched, were watching, was watching)

.‫ للتحدث عن فعل مستمر الحدوث في وقت محدد في الماضي‬back then ‫و تستخدم‬

- We ……………………………… each other regularly back then.
(was meeting, were writing, has been writing, will have written)

26
 V. THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ have, has + V.3 ]
• KEY WORDS:
1. We use the Present Perfect Simple to talk about the duration of states that began in
the past and continue up to now. (experiences during a present period of time)
since, for, ever since, never, recently, lately, finally, lastly, at last, before, up to now,
up to present, yet, so far, already, just, ‫ عدد‬+ ‫ زمن‬/‫ اسم‬+today, in recent years, always.
1. He stuck here for five years.
………………………………………………………..…………

(have been, has been, had been, will be)

2. I five thousand text messages so far.
………………………………………………………

(have sent, has sent, had sent, sent)

3. I three complaint letters today.
………………………………………………………

(have written, has written, had written, wrote)

4. I in such a nice place before.
………………………………………………………

(haven't been, hasn't been, hadn't been, wasn’t)

2. We use the Present Perfect Simple for finished actions in the past when we don’t
say exactly when they happened.
.‫يتم استخدام المضارع التام عند التحدث عن ماضي غير محدد‬
1. The earth around the sun.
………………………………………………………

(moves, is moving, has moved, has moved)

2. My brother to another flat.
………………………………………………………

(moves, have moved, is moving, has moved)

3. We use the Present Perfect Simple for completed past actions with a present
relevance / result.
.ً‫يدل المضارع التام على فعل بدأ في الماضي وانتهى قبل وقت قريب جدا‬
1. She the kitchen. It is clean now.
……………………………………………….……………….

(cleans, have cleaned, is cleaning, has cleaned)

2. You look very nice today. You ………………………………………………………a nice haircut.
(have, has, are having, have had)
3. The light ……………………………………………….……………….out. And now it’s pitch dark here.
(goes, has gone, is going, has gone)
4. He dramatically. He looks very different now.
………………………………………………………

(have changed, changes, is changing, has changed)

.‫ ( تدل على تكرار منفي فنستخدم مضارع بسيط‬never ) ‫اذا كانت‬

.‫ ( تدل على فعل منتهي فنستخدم مضارع تام‬never ) ‫اذا كانت‬
1. She never ……………………………………………………… coffee in the morning.
(drinks, is drinking, has drunk, had drunk)
2. She ………………………………… never ……………………………………………………… coffee in the morning.
(has…drunk, have…drunk, had…drunk, will…drink)

27
 VI. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ have, has + been + V-ing ]
• KEY WORDS:

1. We use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about the duration of actions that
began in the past and continue up to the present

(for, since) + ‫أحد مؤشرات المضارع المستمر‬, (for, since) +‫ دليل من الجملة على عدم انتهاء زمن حدوث الفعل‬,
all + ( ‫ ) زمن‬, every + ( ‫ ) زمن‬+ this + ( ‫ ) زمن‬, over the past ‫ عدد‬+ (‫)زمن جمع‬

1. It ………………………………………………………..………… for three hours without stopping.

(has been raining, had been raining, have been raining)
2. Randa …………………………………………………………..…………………… letters all day.
(has been writing, have been writing, had been writing)
3. They ………………………………………………………………………………… tennis since two o'clock till now.
(has been playing, have been playing, had been playing)
4. She ………………………………………………………………………………… math every day this week.
(has been studying, have been studying, had been studying)
5. I ………………………………………………………..………… here since 9 a.m.
(have been waiting, had been waiting, has been waiting)

2. We use the Present Perfect Continuous for past processes with a present relevance /
result:
:‫ الكلمات التالية تدل على أثر الفعل‬، )ً‫يتم استخدام مضارع تام مستمر وذلك اذا كان أثر الفعل واضحا ً (باقيا‬
‫ عيون حمر‬،‫ عيون مدمعة‬،‫ تعبان‬،‫مرهق‬ ،‫يلهث‬ ،‫ ينزف‬،‫ متأخر‬، ‫ متسخ‬، ‫مبلل‬, ‫ مغطى بـ‬, ‫مشغول‬
red eyes, watery eyes, tired, exhausted, out of breath, bleeding, late, dirty, wet, covered with, busy

1. Your eyes are red and watery. you

…………………………. ?
…………………………………….……………….

(Has …been crying, Have …been crying, Had…been crying)

2. Saeed is out of breath. He for the bus.
……………………………………………….……………….

(has been running, have been running, had been running)

3. I’ve got better grades because I a lot lately.
………………………….………………………………….……………….

(has been studying, have been studying, had been studying)

.‫ يفضل استخدام مضارع تام مستمر‬,‫( و ال يوجد فيها مؤشرات‬since, for) ‫أي جملة يوجد فيها‬
1. She ……………………………………….………………. in this company since she graduated from the university.
(is working, worked, has worked)
2. She ………………………………………….………………. in this company since she graduated from the university.
(has been working, have been working, works)

:‫مالحظة هامة‬
1. Salem wants to relax because he has been working all day.
2. Salem wanted to relax because he had been working all day.
28
 VII. THE PAST PERFECT

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ had + V.3 ]

• KEY WORDS:
We use the Past Perfect for an action in the past that was completed before another
action or time in the past. (the duration of states before a specific point in the past)
(completed earlier actions with a relevance to the time of the story)

V.2 after, because, as , that had + V.3

had +V.3 before, when V.2
1. Sami went to bed after he his homework.
……………………………………………………………..…………….

(has done, had done, did, will do)

2. He a teacher before he became a businessman.
……………………………………………………………..…………….

(has been, had been, was, were)

3. After I my supper, I went to bed.
……………………………………………………….………………………

(have had, was having, had, had had)

4. Before Hassan met his wife, he ……………………………………………………….……………………… single for a decade.
(have been, were, has been, had been)
5. He missed that event because he ………………………………….……………………… in hospital for two weeks.
(has been, had been, was, were)
6. She ………………………………….……………………… blind for 12 years when she started her journey.
(has been, have been, had been, was)
7. He wrote about a spot that he on the surface of Venus.
………………………………….………………………

(had discovered, discovered, has discovered, discovered)

We use the Past Perfect to talk about experiences that happened before a specific
point in the past
by + ‫أحد مؤشرات الماضي البسيط‬ had + p.p
by the time + sub + V.2 had +p.p

1. They everything by the time I arrived office.

……………………………………………………………….

(arranged, will arrange, have arranged, had arranged)

2. She ………………………………………………….……………………….the university by 1999.
(has joined, joined, have joined, had joined)
3. By the age of 15, he his system.
………………………………………………….……………………….

(had completed, will complete, have completed, completed)

4. By the time he died, he a lot of letters.

………………………………….………………………

(was writing, had been writing, wrote, had written)

29
 IIX. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ had + been + V-ing ]

V.2 after, because, as, that had + been + v-ing
had +been+ v-ing before, when V.2
by + ‫أحد مؤشرات الماضي البسيط‬ had + been + v-ing
by the time + Sub. + V.2 had + been + v-ing

since, for, every ‫حيث يوجد في الجملة‬

1. By 2003, Ahmad in London for 10 years.
…….............................................................................………………………………..…

(have been living, had been living, lived, had lived)

2. Suha as a secretary for 20 years when she retired.
…….............................................................................………………………………..…

(worked, was working, has been working, had been working)

3. The streets were wet after it since last night.
…….............................................................................………………………………..…

(had rained, rained, has been raining, had been raining)

4. Before they reached the top of the mountain, they …….............................................................................………………………………..…

down every few minutes.

(has been falling, had been falling, fell, had fallen)

1. We use the Past Perfect Continuous to talk about the duration of actions that began
earlier in the past and continued to the time of the story:
a. He ……………………………………………… bird migration for years.
(have been studying, had studied, studied, had been studying)
b. He ……………………………………………… bird migration for years.
(has been studying, have been studying, had studied, studied)
c. He ……………………………………………… bird migration for years.
(has been studying, have been studying, had been studying, studied)

2. We use the past perfect continuous to talk about earlier past processes with a relevance to
the main events in the story:
- He had an accident with a pair of scissors that he with. ………………………………………………

(have been playing, had been playing, were playing, has been playing)

3. We use the Past Perfect Continuous when we want to focus on the duration of an activity
or when we are explaining a past result:
- She was tired because she for hours. ………………………………………………

(flew, were flying, has been flying, had been flying)

4. We do not use the Past Perfect Continuous with repeated actions when we say how many
(frequently) times something happened:
She had been visiting him regularly.
NOT She had been visiting him three times. (She had visited him three times)
30
 IX. FUTURE SIMPLE:
 THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ will + base ]
 USES:
1. Predictions based on our opinions or expectations: ‫تنبؤات بدون دليل‬
(I think, I’m sure, I expect) (possibly, probably, definitely)
1. I think it
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… tomorrow.
(rains, is going to rain, will rain)
2. I expect he…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… in London.
(study, will study, have studied)
3. I’m sure you …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… any problem with it.
(don’t have, won’t have, haven’t had)
4. Definitely, she ………………………………………………………tonight.
(will arrive, arrive, has arrived)
5. He ……………………………… probably ………………………………………… late, as usual.
(will … be, is going to … be , is ... being)

2. Decisions made at the moment of speaking: ‫قرارات عفوية‬

1. On seconds thoughts, I think I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… it till the weekend.
(leave, will leave, am going to leave)
2. I am tired so I to bed.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(go, will go, am going)

3. Someone is knocking the door so I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… it.
(will open, have opened, am going to open)

X. FUTURE WITH GOING TO

 THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ is, are, am + going to + base ]
1. Existing plans or intentions for the future (Future plans): ‫مستقبل مخطط له‬
1. I cake for my friend tomorrow because it is his birthday.
………………………………………………………

(am going to buy, will have bought, will be buying)

2. I……………………………………………………Architecture at college..
(will have studied, will be studying, am going to study)
a future arrangement with another person ‫يجوز استخدام مضارع مستمر للتحدث عن مستقبل مخطط له‬
3. Next Monday, we my brother’s graduation.
……………………………………………………

(will celebrate, celebrate, are celebrating)

4. She her uncle in Paris next month.
……………………………………………………

(will have visited, will be visiting, is visiting)

2. Predictions based on evidence you have now: ‫تنبؤ مع دليل‬

1. Look at the black sky. It soon.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(is snowing, will snow, is going to snow)

2. You a busy weekend. I know all the things my friend has to do at the weekend.
…………….………

(are going to have, will have, is having)

31
 XI. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS
• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ will + be + V-ing ]
1. Actions that will be in progress at a particular time in the future:
by the end of the + ‫زمن‬ will be + V-ing
‫ أحد مؤشرات المستقبل البسيط‬+ ‫تحديد الزمن‬ will be + V-ing
in + (‫ )عدد‬+ (‫ )زمن‬+ time will be + V-ing

1. By the end of the century, more people in the country than in the city.
…………………………………………………

(will have live, will live, will be living)

2. …………………………… you on it tomorrow at 5:30?
…………………………………..……………………

(will …have worked, will…work, will…be working)

3. We …………………………………..…………………… the football match tomorrow at 6:00 pm.
(will be watching, will have watched, will watch)
4. I …………………………………..…………………… for my physics exam in three days’ time.
(will be studying, am going to study, will study)

2. Events that will happen as part of the normal course or events, or routine:
- She her family at the weekend. (She does it every weekend)
………………………………………….……………………

(will have visited, will visit, will be visiting)

3. We don’t use stative verbs with the future continuous:

(be, believe, forget, like, want, etc…)
- She ………………………………………….…………………… late tomorrow night. (She does it every weekend)
(will have been, will be, will be being)

XII. THE FUTURE PERFECT

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ will + have + V.3 ]
- Actions that will be completed before a particular time in the future:
by + ‫أحد مؤشرات المستقبل البسيط‬ will have + P.P
by the time + sub + V.1 will have + P.P
in + ( ‫ )عدد‬+ (‫ ) زمن‬+ time will have + P.P
by + then will have + P.P

1. They to the U.S.A by next month.

……………………………………………………………..…………….

(had moved, will have moved, will move)

2. I all my homework by the time they arrive.
………………………………………………….……………………….

(had done, will have done, will do)

3. In 100 years' time half the world’s languages .
………………………………………………….………………………

(had disappear, will have disappeared, will disappear)

4. you
…………………………… it by then?
…………………………….……………………

(will …have finished, will…finish, have….finished)

32
 XIII. THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ will + have been + V-ing]
- To focus on a duration of action which is still ongoing at some point in the future:

for + ( ‫ )عدد‬+ (‫ )زمن‬+ time + ‫أحد مؤشرات المستقبل البسيط‬ will have been + V-ing

- I in Berlin for three years in July.

………………………………………………….……………………

(had have lived, will have been living, will live)

The Future Continuous, the Future Perfect and the Future Perfect Continuous
are often used with:
by (2050, next year, then, the time, etc.) and in (ten years, two months, a few months)
(five years from now)
Other modal verbs can be used instead of will with Future Continuous and Future Perfect
forms to show different degrees of certainty (might, may, could)

:‫مالحظات هامة‬
:‫ و هذه األسماء هي‬، ‫ اذا دخلت األسماء التالية على االسم الجمع فيعامل معاملة المفرد‬.1
every one of, no one of, one of, each one of
- No one of the volunteers the hall room yet.
……………………………………………………

(has left, have left, are leaving)

‫ ( تعامل معاملة المفرد حتى لو جاء بعدها اسم جمع‬V-ing ) ‫ اذا بدأت الجملة بمصدر‬.2
- Reading English stories strengthened my language.
……………………………………………………

(has, have, are)

‫ تدخل على االسم الجمع فيعامل معاملة المفرد‬The number of .3
‫ تدخل على االسم الجمع فيبقى جمع‬A number of
- The number of workers in this factory increased rapidly.
……………………………………………………

(has, have, are)

- A number of workers waiting outside the factory.
……………………………………………………

(has, is, are)

Auxiliaries:
Modals + base Do + base
Have + V.3 Be + V-ing
1. This time next year, she will be …………………………………………………… at Al-Yarmouk university.
(study, studied, studying)
2. He has …………………………………………………… sleeping since he arrived.
(be, being, been)
33
 have +V.3 since V.2
have + been + V-ing since V.2
1. She has been working here since she from the university.
……………………………………………

(graduates, has graduated, graduated)

2. I have done all the housework since I home.
……………………………………………

(arrived, have arrived, arrive)

# FOR:
1. Toleen ………………….………………..………her homework for three hours.
(have done, has done, will have done, has been doing)
2. Toleen ………………….………………..………her homework for three hours.
(will be doing, have been doing, will have done, has done)
3. Toleen ………………….………………..………her homework for three hours.
(have been doing, will have done, will be doing, had been doing)
4. Toleen ………………….………………..………her homework for three hours.
(have been doing, will have done, will do, is going to do)
5. Toleen ………………….………………..………her homework for three hours.
(have been doing, will be doing, will do, is going to do)
6. Toleen ………………….………………..………her homework for three hours when I arrived.
(have been doing, has been doing, has done, had been doing)
7. Toleen ………………….………………..………her homework for three hours tomorrow.
(have been doing, has been doing, has done, will have been doing)
# SINCE:
1. Ameer computer games since he arrived home.
………………….………………..………

(have played, has played, had been playing, played)

2. Ameer computer games since he arrived home.
………………….………………..………

(has been playing, have been playing, has played, had played)
3. Ameer computer games since he arrived home.
………………….………………..………

(have played, have been playing, were playing, had been playing)
# WHEN:
1. Aws ………………….………………..………his room when I arrived home.
(have painted, has painted, had been painting, was painting)
2. Aws ………………….………………..………hard for three hours when I arrived home.
(has been training, had been training, was training, had trained)
# ‫تحديد الزمن‬:
1. The match ………………….………………..………tomorrow at 6:00pm.
(start, started, will start, starts)
2. We ………………….………………..………the match tomorrow at 6:00pm.
(have been watching, had been watching, will be watching, will watch)
# ‫أثر الفعل‬:
1. My mother is very tired; she all afternoon for a special family dinner.
………………….………………..………

(has cooked, had been cooking, was cooking, has been cooking)
2. My mother was very tired; she all afternoon for a special family dinner.
………………….………………..………

(had cooked, had been cooking, was cooking, has been cooking)
34
 ‫‪ #‬كيفية دراسة األزمنة‪:‬‬

‫‪Present‬‬ ‫‪Simple:‬‬ ‫تكرار‬ ‫‪Fact‬‬ ‫جدول زمني ثابت‬ ‫موقف دائم حول الوقت‬
‫في المستقبل‬ ‫الحالي‬
‫‪always‬‬ ‫بدون مؤشرات‬ ‫مواصالت ‪/‬‬
‫كلمة عامة‬ ‫دوام رسمي‬ ‫‪now‬‬

‫‪Continuous:‬‬ ‫فعل وقت الكالم‬ ‫موقف مؤقت‬ ‫مستقبل مخطط له‬ ‫تغييرات و تطورات‬
‫‪now‬‬ ‫‪for the time‬‬ ‫مع شخص اخر‬ ‫مع المقارنة و افعال تدل‬
‫‪at the moment‬‬ ‫‪being, currently‬‬ ‫رحالت ‪ /‬سفر‪/‬‬ ‫على التغيير‬
‫مناسبات ‪ /‬حفالت‬ ‫‪getting, becoming‬‬
‫‪Perfect:‬‬ ‫فعل بدأ في الماضي و انتهى قبل وقت قريب‬ ‫ماضي غير محدد‬
‫جدا و تجربة في زمن غير محدد‬
‫)‪(since, for) (recently) (yet‬‬ ‫بدون مؤشرات و و ليست حقيقة‬
‫)‪(already) (before) (today‬‬

‫‪Perfect‬‬ ‫فعل بدأ في الماضي و ما زال مستمر‬ ‫أثر فعل‬

‫‪continuous:‬‬ ‫مضارع مستمر ‪(since, for) +‬‬
‫‪(since, for) + without stopping‬‬ ‫الوجه ‪ /‬الجسم ‪ /‬المالبس‬
‫‪(since, for) + still‬‬
‫زمن ‪all +‬‬
‫‪Be going to:‬‬ ‫مستقبل مخطط له مع نفسك‬ ‫تنبؤ مع دليل‬
‫رحالت ‪ /‬سفر‪ /‬مناسبات ‪ /‬حفالت‬ ‫أحوال الطقس‬

‫‪Past‬‬ ‫‪Simple:‬‬ ‫حدث في الماضي‪:‬‬

‫‪yesterday‬‬
‫‪Continuous:‬‬ ‫زمن طويل ‪ ،‬زمن قصير‬ ‫زمن ماضي ‪this time +‬‬
‫‪when / while / as‬‬ ‫تحديد الزمن ‪ +‬زمن ماضي‬
‫جملة ماضي ‪at the time +‬‬
‫‪back then‬‬
‫‪Perfect:‬‬ ‫حدث أول ‪ ،‬حدث ثاني‬ ‫زمن ماضي ‪by +‬‬
‫‪after / before / because / that / as‬‬ ‫‪by the time + sub + V.2‬‬
‫‪when‬‬
‫‪Perfect‬‬ ‫حدث أول ‪ ،‬حدث ثاني‬ ‫زمن ماضي ‪by +‬‬
‫‪continuous:‬‬ ‫‪after / before / because / that / as‬‬ ‫‪by the time + sub + V.2‬‬
‫‪when‬‬

‫‪Future‬‬ ‫‪Simple:‬‬ ‫حدث في المستقبل‬ ‫قرار عفوي‬ ‫تنبؤ بدون دليل‬

‫‪tomorrow‬‬ ‫‪present + so + will‬‬ ‫…‪I think‬‬
‫)‪(base‬‬ ‫‪I hope….‬‬
‫‪Continuous:‬‬ ‫زمن مستقبل ‪this time +‬‬ ‫‪routine‬‬
‫تحديد الزمن ‪ +‬زمن مستقبل‬
‫‪Perfect:‬‬ ‫زمن في المستقبل ‪by +‬‬ ‫‪ + time‬زمن ‪ +‬عدد ‪in +‬‬
‫‪by the time + sub + V.1‬‬

‫‪Perfect‬‬ ‫أحد مؤشرات المستقبل البسيط‪ + time +‬زمن ‪ +‬عدد ‪for +‬‬
‫‪continuous‬‬

‫‪35‬‬
Complete the following by putting the verb between brackets into its correct form.
1. The government hardly to raise the citizen’s awareness of human rights.
………………………………

a. has be work b. has be working c. has been worked d. has been working
2. Ali about his friend when he received an email from him.
………………………………

a. was thought b. were thought c. was thinking d. were thinking

3. The children ……………………………… in the yard for two hours.
a. is playing b. has been playing c. have been playing d. were playing
4. I my car. That’s why my hands are dirty.
………………………………

a. am cleaned b. has been cleaning c. had been cleaning d. have been cleaning
5. Nadia ……………………………… her homework for two hours.
a. have done b. have been doing c. has been doing d. had been doing
6. Salam ……………………………… her report when the light in her room switched itself off.
a. was typing b. is typing c. types d. was typed
7. The phone ……………………………… and I can’t find where I’ve put it.
a. was ringing b. is ringing c. rings d. will ring
8. The phone ……………………………… all the time now that we run a business.
a. was ringing b. had rung c. rings d. will ring
9. I Mike all day today.
………………………………

a. have called b. had called c. had been calling d. have been calling
10. I ………………………………Mike a couple of times today.
a. have called b. had called c. had been calling d. have been calling
11. It……………………………… easier and easier to stay in touch with people.
a. got b. will have got c. was getting d. is getting
12. I a film when the lights suddenly went out.
………………………………

a. have watched b. will be watching c. watch d. was watching

13. What you
……………………………… of my phone?
………………………………

a. had / thought b. are / thinking c. do / think d. did / think

14. What ……………………………… you ……………………………… about?
a. had / thought b. are / thinking c. do / think d. did / think
15. He thank-you letters all morning.
………………………………

a. had written b. has been writing c. had been writing d. has written
16. I ………………………………an English essay last night.
a. had written b. wrote c. will be writing d. will have written
17. She ……………………………… a text message right now.
a. is writing b. has been writing c. is going to write d. has written

36
18. Young people ……………………………… by hand less often these days.
a. have written b. are writing c. were writing d. will have written
19. I ……………………………… to Jad when he called.
a. wrote b. had been writing c. was writing d. will write
20. We to each other regularly back then.
………………………………

a. was writing b. were writing c. has been writing d. will have written
21. Fawzi ……………………………… at least ten texts every day.
a. is writing b. has been writing c. is going to write d. writes
22. Teenagers rarely ……………………………… emails.
a. writes b. write c. are writing d. have written
23. Most teenagers ……………………………… texting to calling.
a. prefer b. prefers c. are preferring d. is preferring
24. My friends and I usually
……………………………… ………………………………emails.
a. don’t / send b. didn’t / send c. doesn’t / send d. won’t / send
25. Once in a while, Salma ……………………………… a letter.
a. wrote b. write c. writes d. have written
26. ………………………………you your laptop right now? I’d like to borrow it.
………………………………

a. Have / used b. Were / using c. Do / use d. Are / using

27. Can I call you back? I ……………………………… to someone else at the moment.
a. talk b. talked c. is going to talk d. am talking
28. Landline telephones less and less common these days.
………………………………

a. become b. are becoming c. is becoming d. will have become

29. ……………… you ……………… how much credit you’ve got left on your phone?
a. Do / know b. Did / you c. Are / knowing d. Is / knowing
30. I ……………………….…………… touch with a few of my friends in recent years.
a. lost b. had lost c. have lost d. will have lost
31. Dad ……………………….…………… contact with his cousin from time to time so they're not close.
a. make b. made c. makes d. has made
32. She ……………………….…………… on her mobile for ages. Can’t they see each other in person?
a. chatted b. had chatted c. has been chatting d. have chatted
33. I ……………………….…………… contact with Mr. Farley earlier today but he hasn't responded yet.
a. establish b. has established c. have established d. established
34. the laptop right now? I need to send an email.
……………………….……………

a. Have you used b. Did you use c. Are you using d. Will you use
35. My teacher took my mobile phone off me yesterday- I ……………………… to my friend at the time!
a. talked b. was talking c. had talked d. had been talking
37
36. He ……………………….…………… with me ever since we had that argument.
a. hasn’t stayed b. don’t stay c. didn’t stay d. haven’t stayed
37. I ……………………….…………… going for a regular run once a week.
a. loves b. have loved c. love d. am loving
38. Jaber ……………………….…………… to stay in on Saturday nights these days.
a. is preferring b. prefer c. preferred d. prefers
39. Muneer wanted to sit down because he all day at work.
……………………….……………

a. was standing b. has been standing c. had been standing d. stood

40. Do you know that man? He ……………………….…………… at you all evening.
a. has looked b. has been looking c. is looking d. will have looked
41. Why the milk? Do you think it has gone bad?
……………………….……………

a. does you smell b. did you smell c. are you smelling d. will you be smelling
42. We ……………………….…………… lunch now. Will you join us, please?
a. are having b. have c. were having d. will be having
43. Just look at his face: I bet he ……………………….…………… about something amazing!
a. thinks b. thought c. is thinking d. think
44. Apologies, but I much time at the moment. I'll get back to you soon, I promise.
……………………

a. don’t have b. didn’t have c. am not having d. wasn’t having

45. Monther Rayahneh at awarded-winning TV show, The Invasion.
……………………….……………

a. appears b. was appearing c. is appearing d. appear

46. She ……………………….…………… to be highly intelligent, but she's awfully lazy too. What a waste!
a. appears b. was appearing c. is appearing d. appear
47. I ……………………….…………… what you mean, but I can't agree with you.
a. am seeing b. see c. had seen d. have been seeing
48. My mum ……………………….…………… it’s the best idea.
a. thinks b. is thinking c. thought d. think
49. Malek ……………………….…………… much better with his hair cut.
a. is looking b. looks c. looked d. look
50. When I got home, the flat ……………………….…………… of smoke.
a. was smelling b. smelled c. has smelled d. smells
51. anybody these days, Faisal?
……………………….……………

a. Are you seeing b. Were you seeing c. Will you see d. Do you see
52. I ……………………….…………… the website twice before I went to school.
a. checked b. was checking c. had been checking d. had checked
38
53. Had Amelia Earhart Bangkok when she disappeared? ……………………….……………

a. be visiting b. been visited c. been visiting d. visit

54. Elvis ……………………….…………… 24 studio albums before he died.
a. had recorded b. had been recording c. had be recording d. recorded
55. Paul McCartney to play the trumpet before he was given a guitar.
……………………….……………

a. have learnt b. was learning c. had be learning d. had been learning

56. She was tired because she ……………………….…………… the news for hours.
a. was watching b. watched c. had been watching d. had watched
57. When Nasser arrived at the party, the other boys .............................................………… the food.
a. already ate b. had already eaten c. has already eaten d. is already eating
58. There was a strong smell because someone fish. .............................................…………

a. had cooked b. were cooking c. had been cooking d. was cooking

59. Loud music and the guests were dancing or chatting to each other.
.............................................…………

a. were playing b. had been playing c. had played d. was playing

60. Rakan all week for the chance to play football with his friends.
.............................................…………

a. had waited b. had been waiting c. were waiting d. have been waiting
61. Rakan all week for the chance to play football with his friends.
.............................................…………

a. had waited b. was waiting c. had been waiting d. has been waiting
62. While they , there was a power cut and the music stopped.
.............................................…………

a. was dancing b. have been dancing c. were dancing d. has been dancing
63. My grandfather is 89 years old, but he's in great shape, so I'm sure he's .................………… to be 100.
a. lives b. will have living c. will be lived d. will live
64. My grandfather is 89 years old, but he's in great shape, so I'm sure he's to be 100. .........................…

a. lives b. will have living c. will be lived d. is going to live

65. I.............................................………… English literature at Al-Yarmouk University for four years next year.
a. study b. will have studied c. will be studying d. will have been studying
66. I this essay in time to hand it in by next Friday.
.............................................…………

a. won’t finish b. won’t be finishing c. won’t have finished d. won’t be finished

67. They their ideas tomorrow at 5 p.m.
.............................................…………

a. will present b. will have presented c. will be presented d. will be presenting

68. It’s probable that I my first driverless car by 2050.
.............................................…………

a. will buy b. will have bought c. will be buying d. will have buying
69. l usually take a break from my screen …………………………………………………….…………… to rest my eyes.
a. right now b. from time to time c. ever since d. at the time

39
 70. According to my phone, I've spent 67 minutes online …………………………………………………….…………… .
a. earlier today b. since nine o’clock c. ever since now d. yesterday
71. We've been learning about ancient methods of communication at school ……………………….…………… .
a. last week b. once in a while c. recently d. at the moment
72. I forgot my password and blocked my email account …………………………………………………….…………… .
a. usually b. in recent weeks c. recently d. the day before yesterday
73. We were walking on the beach earlier today ……………………………… we found a message in a bottle.
a. when b. once a while c. recently d. right now
74. I’ve been texting Heba .
……………………….……………

a. all morning b. three times today c. yesterday night d. right now

75. I’ve texted Heba .
……………………….……………

a. all morning b. three times today c. yesterday night d. right now

Answers:

1. d 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. c
6. a 7. b 8. c 9. d 10. a
11. d 12. d 13. c 14. b 15. b
16. b 17. a 18. b 19. c 20. b
21. d 22. b 23. a 24. a 25. c
26. d 27. d 28. b 29. a 30. c
31. c 32. c 33. d 34. c 35. b
36. a 37. c 38. d 39. c 59. b
41. c 42. a 43. c 44. a 45. c
46. c 47. b 48. a 49. b 50. b
51. a 52. d 53. c 54. a 55. d
56. c 57. b 58. c 59. d 60. b
61. d 62. c 63. d 64. d 65. d
66. c 67. d 68. b 69. b 70. b
71. c 72. d 73. a 74. a 75. b

40
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ Question tags and echo questions ‫شادي الرمحي‬

Auxiliaries:
1. verb to be: is, are, am, was, were
2. verb to do: do, does, did
3. verb to have: have, has, had
4. modals: will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought to.

:‫ عند وجود فعل مساعد‬.1

Positive statement………………….., negative auxiliary + subject pronoun?
Negative statement…………….……, positive auxiliary + subject pronoun?
- You’ve read this book, ……………............................................................................……… ?
- You haven’t read this book, ……………........................................................……… ?
- She does speak English, ……………........................................................................……… ?
- She doesn’t speak English, …………….............................................................……… ?
- You’re tired, ?
……………........................................................................................................................………

- You’re not tired, …………….........................................................................................................……… ?

:‫ عند عدم وجود فعل مساعد‬.2

)do( ‫يتم إستخدام أحد أفعال‬
a. V.1 ......., don't + subject pronoun?
b. V.1s......, doesn't + subject pronoun?
c. V.2 ......, didn't + subject pronoun?
- You work in that hospital, ……………..............................................................……… ?
- She gets up very early, ……………............................................................................……… ?
- We told them the latest news, ..……..........................................................……… ?

:‫مالحظات‬
:‫) تدل على النفي‬never, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom( ‫ الكلمات التالية‬.1
- She has never been late, ? ……………..............................................................………

- She rarely wakes up late, ? ……......................................................................………

)will you, won’t you( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬،‫ إذا بدأت الجملة بفعل أمر مثبت‬.2
- Open that window, ?
……………..............................................................………

)will you( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬،‫ إذا بدأت الجملة بفعل أمر منفي‬.3
- Don't open that window, ?
…….......................................................………

)am( ‫) بدالً من‬aren't( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬.4

- I am late,……………..............................................................……… ?
- I am not late, ……...........................................................……… ?
)Let's( ‫) إذا بدأت الجملة بـ‬shall we( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬.5
- Let's leave now, ?
……………..............................................................………

41
 )I'll( ‫) إذا بدأت الجملة بـ‬shall I( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬.6
- I'll help you in your homework, ?
……………..............................................................………

- I will help you in your homework, ?

……………....................................................………

)they( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬، )someone, somebody, no one, nobody( ‫ إذا بدأت الجملة بـ‬.7
- Someone left his book here, ? ....................................................................................………

- Somebody is waiting outside, ? ……......................................................................………

- No one has told us the news, ? ……………..............................................................………

- Nobody was here, ?

……......................................................................................................................………

)they( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬،)these, those( ‫ إذا بدأت الجملة بـ‬.8

- These were left here, ?
…………….................................................................................................………

- Those will leave soon, ? ……………..............................................................………

- These computers are old fashions, ? ……......................................................................………

- Those people are foreigners, ? ……………..............................................................………

)it( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬، )something, nothing( ‫ إذا بدأت الجملة بـ‬.9

- Something has occurred, ? ……………..............................………

- Nothing is wrong, ?
……......................................................................………

)it( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬،‫) كفاعل‬that, this( ‫ إذا بدأت الجملة بـ‬.10

- That is right, ?
…………….................................................................................................………

- This is an expensive car, ? ……………..............................................................………

- That girl is my cousin, ? ……......................................................................………

- This book is very precious, ? ……………..............................................................………

)there( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬، )there( ‫ إذا بدأت الجملة بـ‬.11

- There is something wrong, ? …………….................................................................................................………

- There aren’t any spiders in my room, ? ……………..............................................................………

:‫ إنتبه‬.12
- She's left school late, …………….........................................................................……… ?
- She's leaving school late, ……......................................................................……… ?
- She's late, …………….........................................................................................................................……… ?
- He'd wait for us, ……......................................................................……… ?
- He'd waited for us, …………….................................................……… ?
:‫ إنتبه‬.13
• requests:
Buy me the newspaper, will you? OR won’t you? OR could you?
• invitations:
Come to visit us next summer, will you? OR won’t you? OR could you?
• commands:
Write it down, will you? OR won’t you? OR could you?
Don’t make a mess, will you?

42
 :‫ إنتبه‬.14
- She has been late twice this week, …………….........................................................................……… ?
- She has breakfast at office, ? ……......................................................................………

- They have bought a large house in the country, …………….........................................................……… ?

- They have a large house in the country, …………….........................................................……… ?
- He had taken lunch at the restaurant, ……......................................................................……… ?
- He had lunch at restaurant yesterday, …………….................................................……… ?

:‫ إنتبه‬.15
- He needn’t stay, …………….........................................................................……… ?
- He needs to go, ……......................................................................……… ?

Complete the following sentences by using Question Tags.

1. You don’t understand, ?
……......................................................................………

a. do you b. don't you c. will you d. can you

2. She usually comes in late, ?
……......................................................................………

a. does she b. do she c. don’t she d. doesn’t she

3. You are coming to the party, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. are you b. aren’t you c. do you d. didn’t you
4. They haven’t been to London yet, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. have they b. haven’t they c. do they d. don’t they
5. They went to school, ?
……......................................................................………

a. do they b. did they c. didn’t they d. don’t they

6. She had a break, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. had she b. hadn’t she c. did she d. didn’t she
7. We had met them before, ?
……......................................................................………

a. had we b. hadn’t we c. did we d. didn’t we

8. This is an amazing house, ?
……......................................................................………

a. isn’t it b. is it c. isn’t this d. is this

9. Nothing has happened so far, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. have they b. haven’t they c. has it d. hasn’t it
10. Those are Majeda’s guests, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. are those b. aren’t those c. are they d. aren’t they
11. It's such a great city, ?
……......................................................................………

a. is it b. isn’t it c. does it d. doesn’t it

12. Wow, so you'd never been there before, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. would you b. wouldn’t you c. had you d. hadn’t you
13. I shouldn't be so fussy, ?
……......................................................................………

a. should I b. shouldn’t I c. shall I d. won’t I

43
14. Nothing ever changes, ?
……......................................................................………

a. doesn’t it b. does it c. don’t they d. do they

15. Come and look at this, ?
……......................................................................………

a. can you b. will you c. don’t you d. can’t you

16. Everyone was there, ?
……......................................................................………

a. were they b. was he c. wasn’t he d. weren’t they

17. Don't be late, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. do you b. don’t you c. will you d. won’t you
18. No one likes him, ?
……......................................................................………

a. does he b. do they c. doesn’t he d. don’t they

19. I'm having a great time, ?
……......................................................................………

a. aren’t I b. am I c. am not I d. weren’t I

20. Majeda and Malak have arrived, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. has she b. hasn’t she c. have they d. haven’t they
21. Jawad didn’t want to play tennis, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. did he b. didn’t he c. does he d. doesn’t he
22. Reem was wearing some beautiful shoes, ?
……......................................................................………

a. was she b. wasn’t she c. did she d. didn’t she

23. I can't understand what he's saying, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. can you b. can’t you c. can’t I d. can I
24. Let's go to the party, ?
……......................................................................………

a. shall we b. can we c. will we d. could we

25. Sorry, I'm putting you on the spot, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. are we b. were we c. aren’t I d. am I
26. Somebody told you, ?
……......................................................................………

a. did you b. didn’t you c. did they d. didn’t they

27. Nobody gave you the message, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. did you b. didn’t you c. did they d. didn’t they
28. He'll turn the laptop off, ?
……......................................................................………

a. will he b. does he c. won’t he d. wouldn’t he

29. You couldn't help me, ?
……......................................................................………

a. can you b. could you c. can’t you d. couldn’t you

30. Come to the party, ?
……......................................................................………

a. do you b. do they c. will you d. may you

31. He doesn't come across very well, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. does he b. doesn’t he c. is he d. isn’t he
44
32. You can't let it drop, ?
……......................................................................………

a. can’t it b. can it c. can you d. can’t you

33. You're going to Paris, ?
……......................................................................………

a. are you b. aren’t you c. will you d. won’t you

34. You haven't seen my mobile, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. haven’t they b. have they c. have you d. haven’t you
35. I should pay her a compliment when we first meet, ?
……......................................................................………

a. should I b. should we c. shouldn’t we d. shouldn’t I

36. He's not going to take to you if you insist on having the last word, …….......................................................……… ?
a. is he b. isn’t he c. will he d. won’t he
37. The room looks different. Someone has moved the couch, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. does it b. has he c. have they d. haven’t they
38. Parents need to teach children not to drop litter, ?
……......................................................................………

a. need they b. needn’t they c. do they d. don’t they

39. Nobody helped her, ?
……......................................................................………

a. did he b. did they c. didn’t he d. didn’t they

40. Don't go out tonight, ?
……......................................................................………

a. will you b. won’t you c. can you d. can’t you

41. …….......................................................……… a good question, isn’t it?
a. It isn’t b. It was c. That’s d. There’s
42. lovely beaches in this country, aren’t there?
……......................................................................………

a. There is b. There are c. These are d. These aren’t

43. be hot here, can’t it?
……......................................................................………

a. Can it b. Can’t it c. It can’t d. It can

44. too hot there last summer, was it?
……......................................................................………

a. It wasn’t b. It was c. Was it d. Wasn’t it

45. talking too much, aren’t I?
……......................................................................………

a. I’m b. We are c. I were d Am I

Answers:
1. a 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. c
6. d 7. b 8. a 9. c 10. d
11. b 12. c 13. a 14. b 15. b
16. d 17. c 18. b 19. a 20. d
21. a 22. b 23. d 24. a 25. c
26. d 27. c 28. c 29. b 30. c
31. a 32. c 33. b 34. c 35. d
36. a 37. d 38. d 39. b 40. a
41. c 42. b 43. d 44. a 45. a

45
Echo questions

:‫ عند وجود فعل مساعد‬.1

A: Positive statement…………………..
B: Positive auxiliary + subject pronoun?

- A: She will leave tomorrow.

B: Will she?

A: Negative statement…………………..
B: Negative auxiliary + subject pronoun?

- A: My father won’t go with us to Aqaba.

B: Won’t he?

:‫ عند عدم وجود فعل مساعد‬.2

)do( ‫يتم إستخدام أحد أفعال‬
A: Subject + V.1 .......
B: Do + subject pronoun?

- A: My friends work hard to win the prize.

B: Do they?

A: Subject + V.1s .......

B: Does + subject pronoun?

- A: She works in a café to pay her university fees.

B: Does she?

A: Subject + V.2 .......

B: Did + subject pronoun?

- A: Salem won the golden medal last summer.

B: Did he?

:‫مالحظة هامة‬
.‫) و العكس صحيح‬you( ‫) يتم تحويل الضكير إلى‬I, We( ‫ إذا كان الفاعل‬-

- A: I can’t do such a thing.

B: Can’t you?

- A: We would arrange something for her graduation party.

B: Would you?

46
Complete the following sentences by using Echo Questions.

1. Ahmad: I used to live in Aqaba.

Basem: ? I bet it was amazing!
……......................................................................………

a. Did I b. Did you c. Didn’t I d. Didn’t you

2. Habib: Actually, it's my birthday tomorrow.

Faisal: Is it? Do you have anything special planned?
a. Isn’t it b. It isn’t c. Is it d. Isn’t it

3. Omar: I get nervous in new situations.

Nader: ? I hadn’t noticed. You seem quite self-confident to me.
……......................................................................………

a. Don’t I b. Do I c. Don’t you d. Do you

4. Alia: I'm planning to make a chocolate cake for the party.

Hanan: ? Well, I certainly do, so please go ahead!
……......................................................................………

a. Am I b. Aren’t I c. Are we d. Are you

5. Rashed: He moved in next door recently.

Amer: ? Hi, Adel. Welcome to the neighbourhood. I'm Amer.
……......................................................................………

a. Does he b. Did he c. Doesn’t he d. Didn’t he

6. Fadia: My tablet is on the table.

Halima: ? Oh, yeah. Right, let's listen to something fun.
……......................................................................………

a. Is it b. It is c. Isn’t it d. It isn’t

7. Ramzi: The old club wasn’t fun.

Hani: ? I liked it.
……......................................................................………

a. Wasn’t it b. Was it c. It was d. It wasn’t

8. Jameela: I don’t know what to do.

Amal: ? Well, perhaps I can help.
……......................................................................………

a. Don’t I b. Don’t we c. Don’t you d. Do you

9. Jameela: You are always late.

Amal: ? Well, perhaps because of the traffic.
……......................................................................………

a. Am not I b. Am I c. Aren’t I d. Are you

10. Jameela: You are always late.

Amal and Muna: ……......................................................................……… ? Well, perhaps because of the traffic.
a. Are we b. Aren’t we c. Am I d. Are you

Answers:
1. b 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. b
6. a 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. a

47
Complete the sentences with the phrasal verbs from the article, in the correct form.

come across ‫يصادف‬ pick up ‫يلتقط‬ figure out ‫ يعرف‬/ ‫يفهم‬ point out ‫يشير‬
bring about ‫يقوم بـ‬ get across ‫يوصل فكرة‬ make out ‫يرى‬ spell out ‫يشرح‬

1. I was embarrassed when he ………….…………………………… that I had made some basic spelling mistakes.
a. got across b. brought about c. came across d. pointed out

2. It was cloudy, but he could still …………………………………… the distant star.

a. make out b. pick up c. spell out d. come across

3. I
…………………………………… an interesting article about space exploration the other day.
a. made out b. got across c. spelled out d. came across

4. Technology has …………………………………………………….…………… many changes in the way we live.

a. picked up b. brought about c. figured out d. spelled out

5. My science teacher is very good at ……………………………………… difficult ideas so that we always

understand them.
a. coming across b. making out c. bringing about d. getting across

6. It took me ages to ……………………………………………exactly how to use the telescope.

a. point out b. figure out c. come across d. spell out

7. You don't understand? Do I have to …………………………………………………….…………… what I mean?

a. come across b. bring about c. spell out d. make out

8. We couldn’t use our mobile phones in the desert, but started to ……………………………………………….……………

signals when we went into the mountains.

a. point out b. come across c. make out d. pick up

Answers:

1. d 2. a 3. d 4. b
5. d 6. b 7. c 8. d

48
Study the following meanings:
a. jump down somebody's throat: To react angrily to something someone said.
b. put somebody on the spot: To embarrass someone by forcing them to answer a
difficult question.
c. fire questions at someone: To ask someone a lot of questions quickly.
d. refuse to let something drop: To not stop talking about a particular subject
e. insist on having the last word: To have to make the final point in a discussion or argument
f. not get a word in edgeways: To be unable to say anything because someone else is
talking all the time.
g. strike up a conversation: start talking
h. come across as: give the impression
i. pay (someone) a compliment: comment on how nice
j. take to (someone): like immediately
k. have a laugh: find it funny
l. hit it off with (someone): like
m. create a bond:
n. make small talk:
o. make a favourable impression:
p. exasperated: annoyed
q. bewildered: totally confused
r. terrified: frightened
s. livid: furious
t. tense: nervous
u. devastated: sad, extremely upset
v. astonished: surprised
w. ecstatic: thrilled
x. figure out (how to do something)
y. pick up (signals)
z. point out (mistakes)
aa. strike up (a conversation)
bb. spell out (how to do something)
cc. speed up (your plans)
dd. sophisticated: intelligent or made in a complicated way
ee. rely on
ff. control on
gg. refer to
hh. direct to
ii. learn about

49
Choose the correct answer.
1. He started talking to the new neighbour.
a. He struck up a conversation with the new neighbour.
b. He paid a compliment with the new neighbour
c. He had a laugh with the new neighbour.
2. She gave the impression of being very self-confident.
a. She took to being self-confident.
b. She hit off being self-confident.
c. She came across as being very self-confident.
3. Abeer commented on how nice her shoes were.
a. Abeer had a laugh about her shoes.
b. Abeer struck up a conversation about her shoes.
c. Abeer paid her a compliment about her shoes.
4. I immediately liked him
a. I had a laugh with him.
b. I took to him immediately.
c. I struck up a conversation with him immediately.
5. We found it really funny.
a. We really hit it off.
b. We really paid a compliment about it.
c. We really had a laugh about it.
6. I didn’t really like her friends when I met them.
a. I didn’t really have a laugh with her friends when I met them.
b. I didn’t really come across as with her friends when I met them.
c. I didn’t really hit it off with her friends when I met them.
7. Sharing a house creates a strong between young people at university.
……………………………………

a. impression b. conversation c. bond

8. My tutor and I really hit it …………………………………… , so I’m looking forward to our lessons together.
a. off b. up c. down
9. My friend and I always have a …………………………………… when we get together.
a. conversation b. bond c. laugh
10. I met our new neighbours and I took …………………………………… them immediately.
a. off b. up c. to
11. I am not good at making and I often end up saying silly things.
……………………………………

a. small talk b. conversation c. bond

12. Although I may …………………………………… across as a confident person, I’m actually quite shy.
a. make b. come c. strike

50
13. Thankfully, Fadia made a favourable …………………………………… On her new tutor.
a. conversation b. bond c. impression
14. I always try to …………………………………… up a conversation when I meet someone new.
a. make b. strike c. pay
15. If someone pays you a …………………………………… , smile and say thank you.
a. compliment b. conversation c. bond
16. He continued to …………………………………… questions at me. He just kept asking me one after another.
a. throw b. fire c. take
17. You insisted on have the last , you always have to be the last one to speak.
……………………………………

a. say b. speech c. word

18. I didn’t like being put the spot. It was embarrassing.
……………………………………

a. on b. in c. up
19. She didn’t have to jump down my …………………………………… , she got really angry.
a. neck b. mouth c. throat
20. I could not get a word in …………………………………… , she talked so much that I couldn’t say anything.
a. edgeways b. sideways c. subways
21. He refused to let something …………………………………… , he wouldn’t stop talking.
a. drop b. stop c. fall
22. Get …………………………………… of here!
a. out b. off c. into
23. I’m worried …………………………………… .
a. ill b. patient c. sick
24. That’s a weight off my …………………………………… .
a. brain b. mind c. heart
25. Now I can …………………………………… a sight of a relief.
a. blow b. sneeze c. breathe
26. You’ve got to be …………………………………… me!
a. kidding b. joking c. playing
27. It’s been keeping me …………………………………… at night.
a. out b. up c. on
28. Who would have …………………………………… it?
a. thought b. understood c. believed
29. I’m feeling a bit …………………………………… in the dump.
a. up b. down c. in
30. I'm completely …………………………………… about my exam results - I never thought I'd do so well!
a. livid b. tense c. ecstatic

51
31. He has no idea how he got home last night. He feels completely . ……………………………………

a. bewildered b. ecstatic c. terrified

32. Randa’s mother was absolutely …………………………………… when she found out that her daughter had
cheated in the exam again.
a. terrified b. livid c. exasperated
33. She felt very …………………………………… as she waited for her job interview.
a. tense b. bewildered c. livid
34. He's…………………………………… that someone will find out his secret.
a. exasperated b. bewildered c. terrified
35. Nothing is changing and he is becoming more and more about the situation. ……………………………………

a. tense b. terrified c. exasperated

36. I can see my grandparents struggle to learn the latest developments in computing.
……….................………

a. to b. about c. on
37. Parents should have control their children’s internet use.
……………................………

a. to b. about c. on
38. We know that social media directs advertisements its users.
……………...............................................………

a. to b. about c. on
39. Too many children probably rely ……………...............................................……… social media to make friends
a. to b. about c. on
40. We …………………………………… right from the start. We talked all day!
a. took to b. hit it off c. real bond
41. We created a …………………………………… . I felt I’d known her for a year, not an hour.
a. laugh b. real bond c. conversation
42. I don’t usually like someone immediately but I really …………………………………… him.
a. struck up b. hit it c. took to
43. My grandparents are really funny. We always have a good …………………………………… .
a. laugh b. real bond c. conversation
44. It’s something difficult to ………………………………… a conversation at parties with people you don’t know.
a. hit b. have c. strike up
45. I found it hard to understand what the physics teacher was talking about.
a. l found it hard to figure out what the physics teacher was talking about.
b. I found it hard to figure in what the physics teacher was talking about.
c. I found it hard to figure up what the physics teacher was talking about.
46. You must explain your idea very clearly so he understands.
a. You must come across your idea so he understands
b. You must take to your idea so he understands.
c. You must spell out your idea so he understands.

52
47. Rana has drawn my attention to a problem.
a. Rana has figured out a problem to me.
b. Rana has pointed out a problem to me.
c. Rana has made out a problem to me.
48. I couldn’t process so much information.
a. I couldn’t take in all the information.
b. I couldn’t point out all the information
c. I couldn’t pick up all the information
49. I offered a coffee to ………………………………… the ice.
a. destroy b. break c. hit
50. Why are you ………………………………… down my throat? Calm down.
a. jumping b. running c. walking

answers:

1. a 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. c 6. c 7. c 8. a 9. c 10. c
11. a 12. b 13. c 14. b 15. a 16. a 17. c 18. a 19. c 20. a
21. a 22. a 23. c 24. b 25. c 26. a 27. b 28. a 29. b 30. c
31. a 32. b 33. a 34. c 35. c 36. b 37. c 38. a 39. c 40. b
41. b 42. c 43. a 44. c 45. a 46. c 47. b 48. a 49. b 50. a

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