OOPs Using JAVA Q&A

Java Buzzwords Explained (Exam Pattern):

1. Simple
o Java removed complex features like pointers, operator overloading. Syntax
is similar to C++ but easier.
2. Object-Oriented
o Everything in Java is an object. Follows OOP concepts like inheritance,
polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.
3. Platform Independent
o Java code compiles to byte code, which runs on any device with JVM.
"Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA).
4. Portable
o Byte code can be carried to any platform. No implementation-dependent
features.
5. Secured
oNo explicit pointers, byte code verification, and JVM sandbox prevent
security threats.
6. Robust
o Strong memory management, exception handling, and type-checking
reduce errors.
7. Architecture Neutral
o No platform-specific architecture (e.g., fixed size for primitive types).
8. Interpreted
o Byte code is interpreted by JVM, allowing cross-platform execution.
9. High Performance
o Just-In-Time (JIT) compilers optimize byte code to native code for faster
execution.
10. Multithreaded
o Supports concurrent execution of threads for efficient use of resources.
11. Distributed
o Built-in networking support allows Java to handle TCP/IP protocols and
remote method invocation (RMI).
12. Dynamic
o Libraries can be dynamically linked during runtime. Supports reflection and
adaptive code
EXPLANATON
1. Simple
o Java ne pointers jaise complicated cheeze hata di. C++ jaisa syntax hai par
easier hai.
2. Object-Oriented
o Java mein sab kuch "object" hai. Inheritance (parent-child classes),
polymorphism (same function ka alag behavior) jaise concepts follow karta
hai.
3. Platform Independent
o Java ka code compile hone ke baad bytecode banata hai. Ye bytecode JVM
wale kisi bhi device pe chalta hai. "Ek baar likho, kahin bhi chalao."
4. Portable
o Bytecode ko kisi bhi OS pe le jao. Java ka koi bhi code platform-specific
nahi hota.
5. Secured
o Java viruses se bachata hai. No direct memory access (pointers nahi), aur
JVM security checks karta hai.
6. Robust
o Automatic garbage collection, exception handling se errors kam hote hai.
Strong type-checking bhi hai.
7. Architecture Neutral
o Java ka code kisi bhi processor architecture pe chalega. Example: int ki size
fixed (4 bytes) har jagah.
8. Interpreted
o Java code pehle compile hota hai, phir JVM use karke line-by-line execute
hota hai.
9. High Performance
o JIT compiler bytecode ko fast machine code mein convert karta hai. Speed
acchi hai!
10. Multithreaded
o Ek saath multiple threads chalake tasks ko parallel process karta hai.
Example: Game mein background music aur gameplay saath chalana.
11. Distributed
o Internet-based apps banane mein help karta hai. RMI se alag machines pe
code run kar sakte ho.
12. Dynamic
o Runtime pe naye classes add kar sakte ho. Reflection API se objects ko
analyze/modify kar sakte ho.
Features & Benefits of Object-Oriented Development (Exam Pattern):

Features of OOP:
1. Encapsulation
o Bundling data and methods into a single unit (class). Data hiding using
access modifiers (private, protected).
2. Inheritance
Creating new classes (child) from existing ones (parent). Promotes code
o
reuse (e.g., Dog extends Animal).
3. Polymorphism
oSame method name with different implementations (method
overriding/overloading).
4. Abstraction
oHiding complex details, exposing only essential features (abstract classes,
interfaces).
5. Class & Objects
Class = blueprint; object = instance of a class.
o
6. Modularity
o Breaking code into independent, interchangeable modules (classes).

Benefits of OOP:
1. Code Reusability
o Inheritance and composition reduce redundant code. Follows the DRY
(Don’t Repeat Yourself) principle.
2. Easier Maintenance
oModular design allows changes in one part without affecting others.
3. Security
o Encapsulation protects data via access control (e.g., private variables).
4. Flexibility
oPolymorphism and dynamic binding enable adaptable code.
5. Scalability
oEasy to extend functionality by adding new classes.
6. Real-World Modeling
oObjects mimic real-world entities, improving problem-solving.
7. Collaboration
o Teams can work on different classes/modules simultaneously.
Hinglish Explanation (Alag se):

Features (Khasiyat):
1. Encapsulation
o Data aur uske methods ko ek class ke andar band karna. Jaise: Bank
account ka balance private rakho, direct access nahi.
2. Inheritance
Baap (parent class) ke properties aur methods ko beta (child class) mein
o
use karna. Example: Car class inherit kare Vehicle se.
3. Polymorphism
oEk naam, multiple kaam. Jaise: draw() method circle aur square ke liye alag
behave kare.
4. Abstraction
oComplexity chhupao, bas jo dikhana hai woh dikhao. Example: Car chalate
waqt engine kaise kaam karta hai, yeh sochna nahi padta.
5. Class & Objects
o Class = khali recipe, Object = us recipe se bana dish. Jaise: Student class →
object "Rahul".

Benefits (Fayde):
1. Code Reusability
Purana code copy-paste nahi karna padta. Inheritance se "reuse" karo.
o
2. Maintenance Asaan
oAgar ek class mein problem hai, toh baaki code ko chhedna nahi padta.
3. Security
oPrivate data ko koi bhi directly change nahi kar sakta. Getters/setters use
karo.
4. Real-World Jaisa
oObjects real-life cheezo ki tarah hote hai.
Example: Book, Library, User classes.
5. Scalability
Naye features add karna easy, bas nayi classes banao.
o
6. Teamwork
o Log alag-alag classes par kaam kar sakte hai, confusion kam.
Bytecode, Arrays, Operators (Exam Pattern):

1. Bytecode
 Definition: Platform-independent intermediate code (.class file) generated by the
Java compiler.
 Key Details:
Executed by the JVM (Java Virtual Machine), which translates bytecode
o
into machine-specific instructions.
o JIT Compiler (Just-In-Time): Converts frequently used bytecode to native
code for faster execution.
o Security: Bytecode is verified by JVM before execution (e.g., checks for
illegal access, memory violations).
o Portability: Works on any device with JVM installed (e.g., Windows, Linux,
Android).
 Example:
// Source code ([Link]) → Compiled to [Link] (bytecode).
2. Arrays
 Definition: A fixed-size, ordered collection of homogeneous elements stored in
contiguous memory.
 Key Details:
o Declaration & Initialization:
 int[] arr = new int[5]; (dynamic)
 int[] arr = {10, 20, 30}; (static)
o Default Values:
 Numeric types: 0, Boolean: false, Objects: null.
o Multidimensional Arrays:
 2D: int[][] matrix = new int[3][3]; (rows × columns).
o Limitations:
 Fixed size (use ArrayList for dynamic sizing).
 ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if accessed beyond size.
 Example:
int[] marks = new int[3];
marks[0] = 90; // Zero-based indexing
3. Operators
 Definition: Symbols that perform operations on operands (variables/values).
 Key Types:
1. Unary: ++ (increment), -- (decrement), ! (logical NOT).
2. Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, % (modulus).
3. Relational: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=.
 4. Logical: && (AND), || (OR) – supports short-circuit evaluation.
5. Bitwise: &, |, ^ (XOR), ~ (complement), << (left shift).
6. Ternary: condition ? expr1 : expr2 (compact if-else).
7. Assignment: =, +=, -=, *=.
8. instanceof: Checks object type (e.g., obj instanceof String).
 Precedence:
o Unary → Arithmetic → Relational → Logical → Assignment.
o Use () to override precedence (e.g., (2 + 3) * 4).

Hinglish Explanation (Alag se):

1. Bytecode
 Java ka code compile hone ke baad bytecode ban jata hai. Yeh ek aisa code hai
jo JVM samajhta hai.
o Example: Jaise ek universal remote jo har TV ke saath kaam karta hai,
bytecode har JVM pe chal jata hai.
o JIT Compiler: JVM bytecode ko fast bana deta hai by usse machine code
mein convert karke.

2. Arrays
 Arrays ek fixed-size ka dabba hai jisme ek hi type ki cheezein store hoti hai.
o Example: Almirah ke drawers jisme har drawer mein ek number (index 0 se
start).
o Problem: Size fix hone se agar 5 drawers hai, toh 6th item nahi daal sakte.
Isliye ArrayList use karte hai.
o Default Values: Agar aap int[] arr = new int[3]; banate ho, toh sab elements 0
se start hote hai.

3. Operators
 Operators maths aur logic ke symbols hai.
o Unary: ++ (badhao), -- (ghatao). Example: x++ = x ko 1 se badhao.
o Short-Circuit: && mein agar pehli condition false hai, toh dusri check nahi
hoti.
o Ternary: Chota if-else. Example: result = (age >= 18) ? "Adult" : "Child";
o Bitwise: Binary numbers ke saath kaam karna. Example: 5 << 1 = 10 (binary
shift left).
Object-Oriented Concepts in Java (Exam Pattern):

1. Class & Objects

 Class: A blueprint/template defining attributes (data) and methods (functions).
o Example: class Car { String color; void startEngine() { ... } }
 Object: An instance of a class with actual values and behavior.
o Example: Car myCar = new Car();

2. Encapsulation
 Definition: Bundling data (variables) and methods (functions) into a single unit
(class) + hiding internal details.
 Mechanism:
o Use private variables and expose them via public getters/setters.
o Example:
private String password;
public String getPassword() { return password; }
3. Inheritance
 Definition: Creating a new class (subclass) from an existing class (superclass).
Promotes code reuse.
 Types:
oSingle Inheritance: class Dog extends Animal { ... }
o Multilevel: A → B → C
 Keyword: extends.

4. Polymorphism
 Definition: "Many forms" – same method name with different implementations.
 Types:
o Compile-Time: Method overloading (same method name, different
parameters).
void add(int a, int b) { ... }
void add(double a, double b) { ... }
o Runtime: Method overriding (subclass redefines a superclass method).
@Override
void sound() { [Link]("Bark"); }
5. Abstraction
 Definition: Hiding complex logic, exposing only essential features.
 Implementation:
o Abstract Classes: abstract class Shape { abstract void draw(); }
o Interfaces: interface Drawable { void draw(); }
6. Dynamic Binding
 Definition: Linking method calls to their implementation at runtime (e.g., method
overriding).

Hinglish Explanation (Alag se):

1. Class & Objects

 Class: Khali recipe (jaise "Car" ka design).
 Object: Us recipe se bani gadi (jaise "myCar" jisme color = red).

2. Encapsulation
 Data aur uske methods ko ek dabbe (class) mein band karna.
 Example: Bank account ka balance private rakho, sirf getBalance() se access karo.

3. Inheritance
 Baap (superclass) ki properties beta (subclass) ko milti hai.
 Example: Dog class Animal se inherit karti hai, toh bark() aur eat() dono methods use
kar sakti hai.

4. Polymorphism
 Ek naam, kaam alag.
o Overloading: Ek hi method ka multiple versions (jaise add(2,3) aur add(2.5,
3.5)).
o Overriding: Beta class baap ke method ko modify kare
(jaise Dog ka sound() method Animal se alag).

5. Abstraction
 Complexity ko chhupana. Example: Car chalate waift engine kaise kaam karta hai,
yeh sochna nahi padta.
 Abstract Class: Adha-adhura class (jaise Shape), jisme draw() ka code nahi hota.
 Interface: Pure abstract class (sirf method names, no code).

6. Dynamic Binding
 Runtime pe decide karna ki kaunsa method chalega. Example:
Animal a = new Dog();
[Link](); // "Bark" print hoga, kyuki object Dog ka hai.
Control Statements in Java (Exam Pattern)

Control statements manage the flow of program execution based on conditions or

loops.

1. Decision-Making Statements
 if: Executes code if a condition is true.

if (age >= 18) {

[Link]("You can vote!");
}
 if-else: Executes one block if true, another if false.

if (marks >= 40) {

[Link]("Pass");
} else {
[Link]("Fail");
}
 switch: Multi-way branch based on a value.

switch (day) {
case 1: [Link]("Monday"); break;
case 2: [Link]("Tuesday"); break;
default: [Link]("Invalid day");
}
2. Looping Statements
 for: Repeats code for a fixed number of iterations.

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

[Link](i + " "); // Output: 1 2 3 4 5
}
 while: Repeats code while a condition is true.

int count = 1;
while (count <= 3) {
[Link](count + " "); // Output: 1 2 3
count++;
}
 do-while: Executes code once, then repeats if the condition is true.

int x = 5;
do {
[Link](x + " "); // Output: 5
x++;
} while (x < 5);
3. Branching Statements
 break: Exits a loop or switch block
 for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) break; // Loop stops at i=5
}
 continue: Skips the current iteration of a loop.

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

if (i == 3) continue; // Skips 3
[Link](i + " "); // Output: 1 2 4 5
}
 return: Exits a method and returns a value.

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;
}

Hinglish Explanation (Alag se):

1. Decision-Making (Faisla lena)

 if: Agar condition sahi hai, toh yeh code chalao.
Example: Agar age 18 se jyada hai, print karo "Vote de sakte ho!"
 if-else: Ek condition check karo: sahi hai toh if block, nahi toh else block.
Example: Agar marks 40+ hai, "Pass", warna "Fail".
 switch: Ek value ke hisab se alag-alag cases chalana. Jaise traffic signal: Red →
Stop, Green → Go.

2. Looping (Dohrana)
 for: Fixed baar code repeat karo.
Example: 5 rotiyan ginnane ke liye for (roti = 1; roti <=5; roti++).
 while: Jab tak condition sahi hai, code chalao.
Example: Jab tak paani boil nahi hota, gas chalu rakho.
 do-while: Pehle code ek baar chalao, phir condition check karo.
Example: Exam mein ek question solve karo, phir dekho time bacha hai ya nahi.

3. Branching (Rasta badalna)

 break: Loop ya switch se turant bahar nikal jao.
Example: Ghar mein light jalti hai toh alarm band karo (break).
 continue: Current iteration skip karo, agle pe jao.
Example: 1-10 print karo, lekin 5 ko chhod do (continue).
 return: Method ko khatam karo aur result wapas bhejo.
Example: Dukaan se samaan leke ghar wapas aao (return).
Object, Class, Constructors, Comparator (Exam Pattern)

1. Class

 Definition: A blueprint/template defining the state (fields) and behavior

(methods) of objects.
 Example:
class Student {
String name; // Field
void study() { ... } // Method
}
2. Object
 Definition: An instance of a class with actual values and behavior. Created using
the new keyword.

Student s1 = new Student(); // Object

[Link] = "Alice";
[Link]();
3. Constructor
 Definition: A special method used to initialize objects.
 Types:
1. Default: Automatically created if no constructor is defined.
Student() { }
2. Parameterized: Accepts parameters to set initial values.

Student(String name) {
[Link] = name;
}
 Key Points:
o Same name as the class.
o No return type.

4. Comparator
 Definition: A Java interface (Comparator<T>) to define custom sorting logic for
objects.
 Method: int compare(T o1, T o2)
Returns 0 (equal), positive (o1 > o2), or negative (o1 < o2).
o
 Example (Sort students by roll number):

class RollNoComparator implements Comparator<Student> {

public int compare(Student s1, Student s2) {
return [Link] - [Link];
}
}
  Usage:

[Link](students, new RollNoComparator());

Hinglish Explanation (Alag se):

1. Class
 Class ek blueprint ya recipe hai. Jaise "Student" class mein uske naam, roll
number aur padhai karne ka method define hote hai.
 Example: Jaise biryani banane ki recipe, jisme ingredients (fields) aur steps
(methods) hote hai.

2. Object
 Object class ka ek real example hai. Jaise recipe se banayi gayi biryani.
 Example: Student s1 = new Student(); → "s1" ek student object hai jiska naam "Alice"
hai.

3. Constructor
 Constructor ek special method hai jo object create hote hi chalata hai. Yeh
object ki initial setup karta hai.
 Example: Jaise naya phone kharidne ke baad setup karna (language select karna,
Wi-Fi connect karna).
o Default Constructor: Khud-ba-khud banta hai agar aapne nahi banaya.
o Parameterized Constructor: Aap parameters daalke object ko customize
kar sakte ho.

4. Comparator
 Comparator do objects ko compare karne ka tarika batata hai. Jaise students ko
roll number ya marks ke hisab se sort karna.
 Example:
o Maan lo Student objects ka list hai. Agar humein roll number ke hisab se
sort karna hai, toh Comparator banake compare() method mein logic likhenge.
o return [Link] - [Link]; → Agar s1 ka rollNo chhota hai, toh negative value
ayegi aur sorting ascending order mein hogi.
This, static, final, Garbage Collection & String Classes (Exam Pattern)

1. This Keyword
 Purpose: Refers to the current instance of the class.
 Uses:
oDifferentiate instance variables from method/constructor parameters.
o Invoke one constructor from another (constructor chaining).
 Example:
class Student {
String name;
Student(String name) {
[Link] = name; // Assign parameter to instance variable
}
}

2. Static Keyword
 Purpose: Belongs to the class, not individual objects.
 Uses:
oVariables: Shared across all instances (e.g., counter).
o Methods: Called without creating an object (e.g., [Link]()).
o Blocks: Executed once when the class loads.
 Example:
class Counter {
static int count = 0;
Counter() {
count++; // Shared across all objects
}
}
3. Final Keyword
 Purpose: Restricts modification.
 Uses:
o Variable: Value cannot be changed (constant).
final double PI = 3.14;
o Method: Cannot be overridden in subclass.
final void display() { ... }
o Class: Cannot be inherited.
final class MathUtils { ... }
4. Garbage Collection
 Definition: Automatic memory management by JVM to delete unreachable
objects.
 How It Works:
o JVM runs garbage collector periodically.
 o Objects without references are marked for deletion.
 Triggers:
oMemory is low.
o [Link]() (suggests JVM to run GC, no guarantee).
 Example:
Student s1 = new Student();
s1 = null; // Object becomes eligible for GC
5. String Classes
1. String:
o Immutable (cannot be modified after creation).
o Created using literals (String s = "Hello";) or new.
o Example:
String s1 = "Java";
[Link](" Programming"); // Returns new string "Java Programming"
2. StringBuffer:
o Mutable and thread-safe (synchronized).
o Example:
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Hello");
[Link](" World"); // Modifies original string
3. StringBuilder:
o Mutable but not thread-safe (faster than StringBuffer).
o Example:
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello");
[Link](" World");

Hinglish Explanation (Alag se):

1. this Keyword
 this current object ko refer karta hai.
 Example: Agar constructor mein parameter aur instance variable ka naam same
hai, toh [Link] se pata chalega ki hum instance variable ki baat kar rahe hai.

2. static Keyword
 static cheezein class se belong karti hai, objects se nahi.
 Example: Jaise school ka bell, jo sab students ke liye ek hi hai. static variable bhi
sab objects ke liye ek hi copy share karte hai.

3. final Keyword
 Variable: Jaise final int AGE = 25; – age ko badal nahi sakte.
 Method: Beta class baap ke final method ko override nahi kar sakta.
 Class: Jaise final class String – koi bhi nayi class String se inherit nahi kar sakti.
4. Garbage Collection
 JVM automatic kachra (unused objects) saaf karta hai.
 Example: Jaise bartan dhone wali machine jo khali plates ko utha leti hai.

5. String Classes
 String: Jaise ek patthar par likha message – modify nahi kar sakte, naya patthar
banana padega.
 StringBuffer: Jaise whiteboard – modify kar sakte ho aur multiple log safely use
kar sakte hai (thread-safe).
 StringBuilder: Bina lock ke whiteboard – jaldi modify kar sakte ho, lekin ek time
pe ek hi banda use karega.
 Differences Between String, StringBuffer, and StringBuilder

Feature String StringBuffer StringBuilder

Immutable (cannot be
Mutable (can be Mutable (can be
Mutability
modified) modified) modified)
Thread-safe
Thread-safe (but
Thread Safety (synchronized Not thread-safe
immutable)
methods)
Slower than Fastest (no
Slow for repeated
Performance StringBuilder due to synchronization
modifications
sync overhead)
Memory Creates new objects on Modifies the same Modifies the same
Efficiency modification object object
Multi-threaded Single-threaded
Use Case Fixed values/constants
environments environments
Introduced in
Java 1.0 Java 1.0 Java 5
Java
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuilder sb = new
Syntax String s = "Hello";
StringBuffer(); StringBuilder();

EXAMPLES
1. String:
String s1 = "Hello";
s1 = s1 + " World"; // Creates a NEW object in memory ("Hello World")
2. StringBuffer:
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Hello");
[Link](" World"); // Modifies the SAME object (thread-safe)
3. StringBuilder:
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello");
[Link](" World"); // Modifies the SAME object (faster, not thread-safe)
Type Conversion & Casting, Inheritance, Overloading vs Overriding

1. Type Conversion & Casting

 Implicit (Widening):
o Automatic conversion from smaller to larger data types.
o Example: int → double (no data loss).
int a = 10;
double b = a; // Implicit casting (int to double).
 Explicit (Narrowing):
o Manual conversion from larger to smaller data types (may cause data loss).
o Example: double → int.
double x = 10.5;
int y = (int) x; // Explicit casting (y = 10).

2. Inheritance
 Definition: Mechanism where a subclass (child) inherits properties/methods from
a superclass (parent).
 Types:
1. Single Inheritance: One subclass extends one superclass.
class Animal {}
class Dog extends Animal {}
2. Multilevel: Chain of inheritance (A → B → C).
class Grandparent {}
class Parent extends Grandparent {}
class Child extends Parent {}
3. Hierarchical: Multiple subclasses from one superclass.
class Shape {}
class Circle extends Shape {}
class Square extends Shape {}
4. Multiple (via Interfaces): A class implements multiple interfaces.
interface A {}
interface B {}
class C implements A, B {}

3. Overloading vs Overriding
Feature Overloading Overriding

Same method name, different Redefining a superclass method in a

Definition
parameters. subclass.

Scope Within the same class. Between superclass and subclass.

Feature Overloading Overriding

Parameters Must differ (type, number, or order). Must match exactly.

Return Type Can vary. Must be the same or covariant.

Polymorphism Compile-time. Runtime.

Keyword Not required. @Override (optional but recommended).

Examples:

 Overloading:
void add(int a, int b) { ... }
void add(double a, double b) { ... }
 Overriding:
class Animal {
void sound() { [Link]("Animal sound"); }
}
class Dog extends Animal {
@Override
void sound() { [Link]("Bark"); }
}

Hinglish Explanation (Alag se):

1. Type Conversion & Casting

 Implicit: Chhote data type ko bade mein convert karna (automatic). Jaise: 2kg
aam ko 5kg dabbe mein dalna.
 Explicit: Bade data type ko chhote mein force karna. Jaise: 5kg dabbe se 2kg aam
nikalna. Data loss ho sakta hai.

2. Inheritance
 Single Inheritance: Ek bachcha sirf ek baap se genes leta hai (Dog extends Animal).
 Multilevel: Dada → Baap → Beta (genes ka silsila).
 Hierarchical: Ek baap ke multiple bachche (Jaise: Shape ke Circle aur Square).
 Multiple (Interfaces): Java mein ek class multiple interfaces implement kar sakti
hai (implements A, B).

3. Overloading vs Overriding
 Overloading: Ek hi naam ke multiple methods, par parameters alag.
Jaise: Chai banane ke do tarike – ek with sugar, ek without.
 Overriding: Beta class baap ke method ko badal deta hai. Jaise: Papa
ka gaadiChalana() method ko Beta SportsCar style mein modify kare.
Interfaces & Packages in Java with Examples

1. Interfaces
 Definition: A blueprint of methods (without implementation) that classes must
implement.
 Features:
oAll methods are public abstract by default.
o Variables are public static final (constants).
o Supports multiple inheritance (a class can implement multiple interfaces).
o From Java 8: Can have default and static methods with bodies.
o From Java 9: Supports private methods.
 Example:
interface Drawable {
void draw(); // Abstract method
default void print() { // Default method (Java 8+)
[Link]("Printing shape...");
}
}

class Circle implements Drawable {

public void draw() {
[Link]("Drawing a circle");
}
}

2. Packages
 Definition: A folder-like structure to organize related classes/interfaces and avoid
naming conflicts.
 Features:
oUses the package keyword to declare.
o Classes in a package are accessed using import statements.
o Built-in packages: [Link], [Link], etc.
o User-defined packages: E.g., [Link].
 Example:
// File: com/example/shapes/[Link]
package [Link];

public class Circle {

public void draw() {
[Link]("Drawing circle");
}
}

// Usage in another file:

 import [Link];

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Circle c = new Circle();
[Link]();
}
}

Hinglish Explanation (Alag se):

1. Interfaces
 Interfaces ek "rule book" ki tarah hote hai. Agar koi class interface ko implement
karti hai, toh usse sabhi methods ko define karna hi padega.
o Example: Jaise Drawable interface ka rule hai ki har shape ko draw() method
hona chahiye. Circle aur Square classes yeh rule follow karegi.
o Default Method (Java 8+): Agar naya rule add karna hai, par purani
classes ko break nahi karna, toh default method use karo.
o Multiple Inheritance: Ek class multiple interfaces implement kar sakti hai
(e.g., class Robot implements Worker, Speaker).

2. Packages
 Packages code ko organize karne ka tarika hai, jaise folders mein files rakhte hai.
o Example: [Link] package mein Circle, Square jaise classes rakho.
o Import Statement: Dusre package ki classes ko use karne ke liye import
[Link]; likho.
o Built-in Packages: Java ke ready-made packages jaise [Link] (Scanner,
ArrayList) aur [Link] (File handling).

Key Differences & Use Cases

 Interfaces: Use when you need to define a contract for unrelated classes
(e.g., Drawable for Circle, Image).
 Packages: Use to manage large codebases, avoid class name conflicts, and
improve readability.
Exception Handling in Java

Exception handling is a mechanism in Java that allows developers to manage runtime

errors and maintain the normal flow of an application. When an error occurs during
program execution, Java creates an exception object containing details about the error.
Exception handling ensures the program does not crash abruptly and provides a way to
recover or log errors gracefully.

Types of Exceptions

Java categorizes exceptions into three main types:

1. Checked Exceptions
o Checked at compile-time. The compiler forces the developer to handle
these exceptions.
o Examples: IOException, SQLException, ClassNotFoundException.
o Handling: Must be caught using try-catch or declared with throws in the
method signature.

try {
FileReader file = new FileReader("[Link]"); // May throw FileNotFoundException (Checked)
} catch (IOException e) {
[Link]("File not found!");
}
2. Unchecked Exceptions (Runtime Exceptions)
o Not checked at compile-time. Occur due to logical errors in code.
o Examples: NullPointerException, ArithmeticException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExceptio
n.
o Handling: Optional to handle, but good practice to catch them.

int a = 10 / 0; // Throws ArithmeticException (Unchecked)

3. Errors
o Severe issues beyond the program’s control (e.g., system crashes).
o Examples: OutOfMemoryError, StackOverflowError.
o Handling: Generally, not recoverable. Avoid handling them in code.

Types of Exception Handling Mechanisms

1. try-catch Block
o Purpose: Enclose code that might throw exceptions.
o Syntax:
try {
 // Risky code
} catch (ExceptionType e) {
// Handle exception
}
2. finally Block
o Purpose: Execute code regardless of whether an exception occurs (e.g.,
closing files).
o Example:
try {
// Open file
} catch (IOException e) {
// Handle error
} finally {
// Close file (always runs)
}
3. throw Keyword
o Purpose: Manually throw an exception.
o Example:
if (age < 18) {
throw new ArithmeticException("Age must be 18+");
}
4. throws Keyword
o Purpose: Declare exceptions a method might throw (delegates handling
to the caller).
o Example:
void readFile() throws IOException {
// Code that may throw IOException
}
5. Multi-catch Block
o Purpose: Handle multiple exceptions in a single catch block.
o Example:
try {
// Code
} catch (IOException | SQLException e) {
// Handle both exceptions
}

Benefits of Exception Handling

1. Maintains Program Flow

o Prevents abrupt termination by handling errors gracefully.
o Example: Displaying "Invalid input" instead of crashing when a user enters
non-numeric data.
2. Separation of Error Handling
 oIsolates error-handling code from business logic using try-catch blocks.
3. Improved Debugging
o Stack traces in exceptions help identify the root cause of errors.
4. User-Friendly Error Messages
oCustomize messages (e.g., "Connection failed. Retry!") instead of technical
jargon.
5. Resource Management
oUse finally to release resources (e.g., closing database connections).
6. Robustness
oHandle edge cases (e.g., division by zero, invalid user input) to make
applications reliable.
7. Supports Recovery
o Retry failed operations (e.g., reconnecting to a server after a timeout).

Hinglish Explanation (Alag se):

1. Exception Handling Kya Hai?

o Jab program mein error aata hai (jaise file nahi mili ya zero se divide kiya),
toh Java uska exception banata hai. Exception handling se hum is error ko
catch karke program ko smoothly chalane dete hai.
2. Exceptions ke Types
o Checked Exceptions: Compiler ko pata hota hai, isliye handle karna
mandatory hai (jaise file read karte waqt).
o Unchecked Exceptions: Coding mistakes se aate hai (jaise null object use
karna).
o Errors: System-level problems (jaise memory khatam).
3. Exception Handle Karne ke Tarike
o try-catch: Risk wale code ko try mein dalo, error catch karo.
o finally: Chahe error aaye ya nahi, ye code hamesha chalta hai (jaise file
band karna).
o throw/throws: Apne se exception throw karna (jaise age < 18 hai toh
error dikhao).
4. Benefits (Fayde)
o Program crash nahi hota, user ko samajhne layak message dikhate hai.
o Code saaf rehta hai (error handling alag section mein).
o Debugging asaan hoti hai (error details milti hai).
Thread Lifecycle & Thread Properties (Exam Pattern)

Thread Lifecycle (States)

A thread in Java progresses through six states defined in the [Link] enum:

1. NEW
o A thread is created but not started (using the new keyword).
o Example:
Thread t = new Thread(); // State: NEW
2. RUNNABLE
o After calling start(), the thread is ready to run but may not yet be executing.
o It is either running or waiting for CPU time (scheduling).
o Example:
[Link](); // State: RUNNABLE
3. BLOCKED
o Thread is waiting to acquire a monitor lock (e.g., synchronized
block/method).
o Example:
synchronized (lock) { ... } // Another thread waits here → BLOCKED
4. WAITING
o Thread waits indefinitely for another thread’s action (e.g., [Link](), join()).
o Example:
[Link](); // Current thread waits until thread2 finishes → WAITING
5. TIMED_WAITING
o Thread waits for a specific time (e.g., sleep(ms), wait(timeout), join(timeout)).
o Example:
[Link](1000); // State: TIMED_WAITING
6. TERMINATED
o Thread completes execution (after run() method finishes).
o Example:
// After run() completes → TERMINATED

State Transitions:

 NEW → RUNNABLE: start() is called.

 RUNNABLE → BLOCKED: Waiting for a lock.
 RUNNABLE → WAITING/TIMED_WAITING: wait(), join(), or sleep().
  BLOCKED/WAITING/TIMED_WAITING → RUNNABLE: Lock acquired,
notification, or timeout.
 RUNNABLE → TERMINATED: run() completes.

Thread Properties
1. Name
o Identifies the thread (default: "Thread-0", "Thread-1", etc.).
o Set via setName() or constructor.
o Example:
[Link]("DownloadThread");
2. Priority
o Ranges from 1 (MIN_PRIORITY) to 10 (MAX_PRIORITY). Default: 5
(NORM_PRIORITY).
o Hint to the OS scheduler (not strictly enforced).
o Example:
[Link](Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
3. Daemon Status
o Daemon threads (background tasks) terminate when all non-daemon
threads finish.
o Set via setDaemon(true) before starting the thread.
o Example:
[Link](true); // JVM exits even if this thread is running
4. Thread ID
o Unique identifier assigned by the JVM.
o Accessed via getId().
o Example:
long id = [Link]();
5. Thread Group
o Groups threads for bulk management (e.g., security checks, logging).
o Example:
ThreadGroup group = new ThreadGroup("WorkerGroup");
Thread t = new Thread(group, "WorkerThread");
Hinglish Explanation (Alag se):

Thread Lifecycle
1. NEW: Thread ban gaya hai, lekin abhi start nahi hua. Jaise naya employee jo abhi
kaam shuru nahi kiya.
2. RUNNABLE: start() call karne ke baad, thread ready hai. OS decide karega kab
execute karega. Jaise employee kaam ke liye taiyar hai.
3. BLOCKED: Thread kisi lock ka wait kar raha hai (jaise synchronized block). Jaise
office mein bathroom ka wait karna.
4. WAITING: Thread ko kisi aur thread ka intezar hai (jaise join() ya wait()). Jaise
employee kehta hai, "Boss ka reply aane tak main wait karunga."
5. TIMED_WAITING: Limited time ka wait (jaise sleep(2000)). Jaise employee kehta
hai, "Main 5 minute break loonga."
6. TERMINATED: Thread ka kaam khatam. Jaise employee retire ho gaya.

Thread Properties
1. Name: Thread ka naam (default: "Thread-0"). Jaise employee ka ID card pe naam.
2. Priority: Kaunse thread ko pehle CPU milega (1-10). Java OS ko suggest karta hai,
lekin OS maane ya na maane.
3. Daemon: Background worker (jaise garbage collector). Agar sab non-daemon
threads khatam, toh JVM band ho jayega.
4. Thread ID: Unique number har thread ka. Jaise employee ka unique ID.
5. Thread Group: Threads ko groups mein manage karna. Jaise company ke
departments.

Exam Tips:

 For lifecycle, mention [Link] enum and transitions like start(), sleep(), and join().
 For properties, differentiate daemon vs non-daemon threads.
 Use keywords like synchronized, wait(), notify(), and interrupt().
1. isAlive() Method
 Purpose: Checks if a thread is still active (i.e., after start() is called but before
termination).
 Syntax:
boolean isAlive()
 Example:
Thread t = new Thread(() -> [Link]("Thread running"));
[Link]();
[Link]("Is thread alive? " + [Link]()); // true
[Link]();
[Link]("Is thread alive? " + [Link]()); // false

2. join() Method
 Purpose: Makes the current thread wait until the target thread terminates.
 Syntax:
void join() // Waits indefinitely
void join(long ms) // Waits for specified milliseconds
 Example:
Thread t = new Thread(() -> {
[Link]("Thread started");
try { [Link](2000); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
[Link]("Thread finished");
});
[Link]();
[Link](); // Main thread waits here until 't' completes
[Link]("Main thread resumes");

3. Inter-Thread Communication
 Mechanism: Uses wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() to coordinate threads.
o wait(): Releases the lock and pauses the thread until another thread
calls notify().
o notify(): Wakes up one waiting thread.
o notifyAll(): Wakes up all waiting threads.
 Rules:
oMust be called within a synchronized block/method.
o Operate on the object’s monitor (e.g., synchronized (lock) { [Link](); }).
 Example (Producer-Consumer):
class Buffer {
private int data;
private boolean empty = true;

public synchronized void produce(int value) {

while (!empty) wait(); // Wait for consumer to take data
data = value;
empty = false;
 notify(); // Notify consumer
}

public synchronized int consume() {

while (empty) wait(); // Wait for producer to add data
empty = true;
notify(); // Notify producer
return data;
}
}

4. Deadlock
 Definition: A situation where two or more threads are blocked forever, each
waiting for the other to release a resource.
 Causes:
Circular dependency (e.g., Thread 1 holds Lock A and waits for Lock B;
o
Thread 2 holds Lock B and waits for Lock A).
o No proper lock ordering.
 Example:
Object lock1 = new Object();
Object lock2 = new Object();

Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {

synchronized (lock1) {
try { [Link](100); } catch (Exception e) {}
synchronized (lock2) { } // Waits for lock2 (held by t2)
}
});

Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> {

synchronized (lock2) {
try { [Link](100); } catch (Exception e) {}
synchronized (lock1) { } // Waits for lock1 (held by t1)
}
});

[Link]();
[Link](); // Deadlock occurs!
 Prevention:
o Lock Ordering: Always acquire locks in the same order.
o Timeout: Use tryLock() with a timeout.
o Avoid nested locks.
Hinglish Explanation (Alag se):

1. isAlive() Method
 Kya Hai?: Yeh method check karta hai ki thread abhi zinda hai ya nahi. Jaise agar
aapne thread start kiya hai par woh khatam nahi hua, toh true return karega.
 Example: Jaise aapka dost train station pe pahunchne ke liye nikla
hai. isAlive() check karega ki woh abhi train mein hai ya nahi.

2. join() Method
 Kya Hai?: Ek thread ko doosre thread ka intezar karane ke liye. Jaise agar Papa
thread ko Mama thread ka kaam khatam hone ka wait karna hai.
 Example: Agar main thread (Papa) [Link]() call karega, toh woh tab tak rukega jab
tak t (Mama) ka kaam khatam nahi ho jata.

3. Inter-Thread Communication
 Kya Hai?: Threads ko aapas mein baat karane ka tarika. Jaise ek thread producer
data produce karega aur consumer ko signal dega ("data ready hai!").
 Example:
o wait(): Producer consumer se kehta hai, "Jab tak main data nahi banata,
tum wait karo."
o notify(): Producer data banane ke baad consumer ko jagata hai, "Utho, data
ready hai!"

4. Deadlock
 Kya Hai?: Do threads ek dusre ka intezar karte reh jate hai. Jaise do dost jo ek
dusre se pen maang rahe hai:
o Dost 1: "Mujhe Dost 2 ka pen chahiye, tabhi main apna pen dunga."
o Dost 2: "Mujhe Dost 1 ka pen chahiye, tabhi main apna pen dunga."
o Dono ke haath mein ek pen hai, lekin koi bhi pehle pen nahi chhod raha →
Deadlock!
 Solution: Pen dene ka ek order fix karo (jaise pehle Dost 1, phir Dost 2).
Unit 3: Java Collections & I/O

1. ArrayList
 Definition: A dynamic, resizable array implementation of the List interface.
 Features:
Allows duplicate elements.
o
o Maintains insertion order.
o Fast random access via index (O(1)).
o Slow insertion/deletion in the middle (O(n)).
 Key Methods:
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
[Link]("Java"); // Add element
[Link](0); // Remove by index
[Link](0); // Access element
[Link](); // Get size
 Use Case: Best for frequent read operations.

2. HashSet
 Definition: Implements Set using a hash table. Stores unique elements.
 Features:
No order (uses hashCode()).
o
o Allows null values.
o Fast operations (O(1) average time for add, remove, contains).
 Key Methods:
HashSet<String> set = new HashSet<>();
[Link]("Apple");
[Link]("Apple"); // true
[Link]("Apple");
 Use Case: Removing duplicates from a collection.

3. TreeSet
 Definition: Implements SortedSet using a Red-Black Tree.
 Features:
Stores elements in sorted order (natural ordering or custom Comparator).
o
o No duplicates.
o Slower operations (O(log n) for add, remove).
 Example:
TreeSet<Integer> nums = new TreeSet<>();
[Link](5);
[Link](2); // Sorted as [2, 5]
[Link](); // 2
 Use Case: Maintaining a sorted collection of unique elements.
4. StringTokenizer
 Definition: Legacy class to split a string into tokens based on delimiters.
 Features:
oDefault delimiter: whitespace.
o Implements Enumeration interface.
 Example:
String data = "Java,Python,C++";
StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(data, ",");
while ([Link]()) {
[Link]([Link]()); // Java, Python, C++
}
 Note: Prefer [Link]() for modern use.

5. Serialization
 Definition: Converting an object into a byte stream for storage/transmission.
 Steps:
1. Implement Serializable marker interface.
2. Use ObjectOutputStream to serialize:
try (ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("[Link]"))) {
[Link](obj);
}
3. Use ObjectInputStream to deserialize:
try (ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("[Link]"))) {
MyClass obj = (MyClass) [Link]();
}
 Transient Keyword: Excludes fields from serialization.

6. File & Stream Classes

1. File Class:
o Represents file/directory paths.
o Example:
File file = new File("[Link]");
[Link](); // Check if file exists
[Link](); // Create new file
2. Byte Streams:
o InputStream/OutputStream (e.g., FileInputStream, FileOutputStream).
o Example (Copy File):
try (FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream("[Link]");
FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream("[Link]")) {
int byteData;
while ((byteData = [Link]()) != -1) {
[Link](byteData);
}
}
3. Character Streams:
 o Reader/Writer (e.g., FileReader, BufferedWriter).
o Example (Read File):
try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("[Link]"))) {
String line;
while ((line = [Link]()) != null) {
[Link](line);
}
}

Hinglish Explanation

ArrayList
 Kya Hai?: Ek dynamic list jo apne aap size badhata hai. Jaise shopping list jisme
items add karte jao.
 Fayda: Index se direct access (jaise "3rd item kya hai?").
 Example: [Link]("Mango") → list mein Mango add hoga.

HashSet
 Kya Hai?: Ek bag jisme duplicate cheezein nahi aa sakti. Order matter nahi karta.
 Example: Agar [Link]("Apple") do baar call karo, toh ek hi Apple store hoga.

TreeSet
 Kya Hai?: Sorted version of HashSet. Jaise dictionary mein shabd alphabetical
order mein.
 Example: TreeSet mein 5, 2, 7 add karo → sorted order (2, 5, 7).

StringTokenizer
 Kya Hai?: String ko tukdon mein todne ka purana tarika. Jaise "A,B,C" ko comma
se split karna.
 Example: StringTokenizer se "Java-Python" ko hyphen se split karo → "Java" aur
"Python".

Serialization
 Kya Hai?: Object ko byte stream mein convert karke file mein save karna. Jaise
game ka progress save karna.
 Example: implements Serializable likhkar object ko file mein write karo.

File & Streams

 File Class: File ka path check karna, banana, ya delete karna.
 Byte Streams: Binary data (images, videos) handle karna. Jaise FileInputStream se
image read karna.
 Character Streams: Text files (like .txt) padhna/likhna. BufferedReader se fast
reading.
Unit 04

1. AWT Hierarchy

 Definition: The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) provides GUI components in

Java.
 Hierarchy:
Object
└─ Component (e.g., Button, Label, TextField)
└─ Container
├─ Panel
└─ Window
└─ Frame (main window for applications)
 Features:
o Component: Base class for all UI elements (e.g., buttons, labels).
o Container: Holds components (e.g., Frame, Panel).

2. MVC Architecture

 Model-View-Controller:
Model: Manages data and logic (e.g., database operations).
o
o View: Displays data (e.g., UI components like tables).
o Controller: Handles user input and updates Model/View.
 Example:
o In Swing, JTable (View) uses TableModel (Model) to fetch data.

3. Applet Life Cycle

 Methods:
1. init(): Initializes the applet (called once).
2. start(): Starts/resumes the applet (called after init() or when the browser
revisits).
3. stop(): Pauses the applet (when the browser minimizes or navigates away).
4. destroy(): Cleans up resources (before the applet is closed).

simple Applet Program

import [Link];
import [Link];

public class HelloApplet extends Applet {

public void paint(Graphics g) {
[Link]("Hello World!", 50, 50);
 }
}

5. Delegation Event Model

 Mechanism:
oEvent Source: Component generating events (e.g., Button).
o Event Listener: Interface that handles events (e.g., ActionListener).
o Registration: Link source to listener using addActionListener().
 Example:
[Link](e -> [Link]("Button clicked!"));

6. Mouse Event Handling

 Interfaces:
o MouseListener (clicks, enters/exits).
o MouseMotionListener (dragging, moving).
 Example:
[Link](new MouseAdapter() {
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
[Link]("Mouse clicked at: " + [Link]() + ", " + [Link]());
}
});

7. Keyboard Event Handling

 Interface: KeyListener.
 Methods: keyPressed(), keyReleased(), keyTyped().
 Example:
[Link](new KeyAdapter() {
public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {
[Link]("Key pressed: " + [Link]());
}
});

8. Adapter Classes

 Purpose: Provide empty implementations of listener interfaces to avoid

overriding all methods.
 Example: MouseAdapter, KeyAdapter.
 Usage:
addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) { ... }
});
9. JDBC Drivers

 Types:
1. Type 1 (JDBC-ODBC Bridge): Deprecated.
2. Type 2 (Native API): Uses OS-specific libraries.
3. Type 3 (Network Protocol): Middleware-based.
4. Type 4 (Thin Driver): Pure Java, direct DB communication (e.g., MySQL
Connector/J).

10. CRUD Operations

 Steps:
1. Connect: [Link](url, user, password);
2. Create Statement: [Link]();
3. Execute Queries:
 Create: INSERT INTO table VALUES (...);
 Read: SELECT * FROM table;
 Update: UPDATE table SET column=value WHERE ...;
 Delete: DELETE FROM table WHERE ...;
 Example:
Statement stmt = [Link]();
[Link]("INSERT INTO students VALUES (1, 'John')");

Hinglish Explanation

1. AWT Hierarchy: GUI components ka family tree. Jaise Button, Frame sab
Component ke bacche hai.
2. MVC: Data (Model), UI (View), aur logic (Controller) ko alag rakho. Jaise
restaurant mein menu (View), kitchen (Model), waiter (Controller).
3. Applet Life Cycle: Applet ka janam (init()), kaam karna (start()), break (stop()), aur
ant (destroy()).
4. Delegation Event Model: Button ko bolna ki click hone pe kiska method call
karna hai (Listener register karna).
5. Mouse/Keyboard Events: Mouse click ya keyboard press ko handle karna.
6. Adapter Classes: Listener ke sare methods implement na karna pade, bas jo
chahiye wohi likho.
7. JDBC Drivers: Database se connect karne ke tarike. Type 4 (Pure Java) best hai.
8. CRUD: Database mein Create, Read, Update, Delete karne ka code.
Unit 05

1. JLabel, JList, JButton (Swing Components)

JLabel
 Purpose: Displays uneditable text, images, or both in a Swing GUI.
 Features:
o Supports HTML formatting for text (e.g., <html><b>Bold Text</b></html>).
o Alignment options: setHorizontalAlignment(), setVerticalAlignment().
 Constructors:
java

Copy

JLabel label1 = new JLabel("Username");

JLabel label2 = new JLabel(new ImageIcon("[Link]"));
 Key Methods:
o setText(String text), setIcon(Icon icon), setToolTipText(String text).
 Example:
java

Copy

JLabel title = new JLabel("Login Form", [Link]);

[Link](new Font("Arial", [Link], 20));
JList
 Purpose: Displays a scrollable list of items.
 Features:
o Uses ListModel (e.g., DefaultListModel) for dynamic data.
o Supports single/multiple selection modes:
java

Copy

[Link](ListSelectionModel.SINGLE_SELECTION);
 Constructors:
java

Copy

String[] data = {"Java", "Python", "C++"};

JList<String> list = new JList<>(data);
  Key Methods:
o getSelectedValue(), setSelectedIndex(int index), addListSelectionListener().
 Example:
java

Copy

DefaultListModel<String> model = new DefaultListModel<>();

[Link]("Item 1");
JList<String> dynamicList = new JList<>(model);
JScrollPane scrollPane = new JScrollPane(dynamicList);
JButton
 Purpose: Triggers actions on click.
 Features:
o Supports icons, keyboard mnemonics
(e.g., setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER)).
o Event handling via ActionListener.
 Constructors:
java

Copy

JButton btn = new JButton("Submit");

JButton iconBtn = new JButton(new ImageIcon("[Link]"));
 Key Methods:
o addActionListener(ActionListener l), setEnabled(boolean b).
 Example:
java

Copy

JButton btn = new JButton("Click Me");

[Link](e -> [Link]("Button clicked!"));

2. Servlet Life Cycle

 Definition: Servlets follow a three-stage life cycle managed by the web

container (e.g., Tomcat).

Phases:
1. Initialization (init()):
 o Called once when the servlet is first loaded.
o Initializes resources (e.g., database connections).
o Overrides init(ServletConfig config) or init().

public void init() throws ServletException {

// Initialize resources
}
2. Request Handling (service()):
o For each HTTP request, the container calls service(), which delegates
to doGet(), doPost(), etc.

protected void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) {

// Delegates to doGet/doPost based on request type
}
3. Destruction (destroy()):
o Called once before the servlet is unloaded (e.g., server shutdown).
o Cleans up resources (e.g., closing database connections).

public void destroy() {

// Cleanup code
}
Key Points:
 Single-Threaded by Default: Each request is handled by a single servlet
instance.
 Load-on-Startup: Configured in [Link] to initialize servlets at server startup.

3. Handling HTTP Request & Response

HTTP Methods:
 GET: Retrieve data (parameters in URL).
 POST: Submit data (parameters in request body).

Request Handling:
 Access Parameters:
String username = [Link]("username");
 Headers & Cookies:
String userAgent = [Link]("User-Agent");
Cookie[] cookies = [Link]();
Response Handling:
 Set Content Type:
[Link]("text/html");
 Write Output:
PrintWriter out = [Link]();
[Link]("<h1>Hello, " + username + "</h1>");
  Redirects:
[Link]("[Link]");
Session Management:
 Create Session:
HttpSession session = [Link]();
[Link]("user", username);
 Invalidate Session:
[Link]();
Example (Login Servlet):
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) {
String user = [Link]("user");
String pass = [Link]("pass");

if (isValid(user, pass)) {
HttpSession session = [Link]();
[Link]("user", user);
[Link]("[Link]");
} else {
[Link]("[Link]");
}
}

Hinglish Explanation (Alag se):

JLabel, JList, JButton

 JLabel: GUI mein text ya image dikhane ka button jaisa, par click nahi hota.
Example: Form ka title "Login Here".
 JList: Ek list jisme items dikhaye jaate hai. Jaise music player mein gaane ka
playlist.
 JButton: Click karne par kuch action hota hai. Jaise "Submit" button dabane par
form process hota hai.

Servlet Life Cycle

 Init(): Servlet ka janam. Server start hote hi ek baar chalta hai. Jaise dukaan ka
setup karna.
 Service(): Har customer (HTTP request) ka kaam karna. Jaise dukaan mein
customer ko samaan dena.
 Destroy(): Server band hone par saaf-safai karna. Jaise dukaan band karke lock
karna.

HTTP Request & Response

 Request: Browser se server ko message. Jaise user ne form submit kiya.
 Response: Server se browser ko reply. Jaise "Login Successful" dikhana.
 Session: User ko track karna. Jaise shopping cart mein items rakhe jate hai
  import [Link].*;

 public class FileCopy {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 // Check for valid arguments
 if ([Link] != 2) {
 [Link]("Usage: java FileCopy <source-file> <destination-file>");
 return;
 }

 String sourcePath = args[0];
 String destPath = args[1];

 // Using try-with-resources to automatically close streams
 try (InputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(sourcePath));
 OutputStream out = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(destPath))) {

 // Buffer size can be adjusted (typically 1KB to 8KB)
 byte[] buffer = new byte[4096];
 int bytesRead;

 // Read until end of stream (-1 indicates EOF)
 while ((bytesRead = [Link](buffer)) != -1) {
 [Link](buffer, 0, bytesRead);
 }

 [Link]("File copied successfully!");

 } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
 [Link]("Error: File not found - " + [Link]());
 } catch (IOException e) {
 [Link]("Error copying file: " + [Link]());
 }
 }
 }

Key Features

1. Buffered I/O: Uses BufferedInputStream and BufferedOutputStream for efficient

reading/writing
2. Try-with-resources: Automatically closes streams to prevent resource leaks
3. Error Handling:
Catches specific exceptions for better error reporting
o
o Handles both file not found and general I/O errors
4. Flexible Buffer Size: 4KB buffer balances memory usage and performance
5. Proper Data Handling: Correctly handles partial buffer fills using bytesRead