2mark
A- Cache memory is used to store frequently accessed data and
instructions,
B- A USB device is primarily used for data storage, transfer, and
powering or charging other devices
C- SCANNER :- A scanner is a device that allows you to digitize
physical documents, images, or even objects, and convert them
into a digital format that can be viewed, edited, and stored on a
computer
PRINTER:- A printer is a computer device that creates a
permanent copy of visuals or text on paper
D- RAM :- RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile, meaning it
loses its data when power is off, and is used for active, temporary
storage
ROM :-ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile, retaining data
even when powered off, and stores permanent instructions like
the BIOS.
5MARK
A-
B-
C- . Primary Memory (Main Memory):
RAM (Random Access Memory):
This is volatile memory, meaning it loses its data when the power
is turned off. RAM is used for actively running programs and data
that the CPU needs to access quickly.
ROM (Read-Only Memory):
This is non-volatile memory, meaning it retains data even when
the power is off. ROM is used to store firmware, such as the BIOS,
which is essential for booting up the computer.
PROM (Programmable ROM): Can be programmed once after
manufacturing.
EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM): Can be erased by
exposure to ultraviolet light and reprogrammed.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM): Can be
erased and reprogrammed electrically.
2. Secondary Memory (Storage):
Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): Traditional storage devices that use
magnetic platters to store data.
Solid State Drives (SSDs): Modern storage devices that use flash
memory to store data, offering faster speeds than HDDs.
External Hard Drives: Portable storage devices that connect to the
computer via USB or other interfaces.
3. Cache Memory:
Cache memory is a small, very fast type of memory that stores
frequently accessed data and instructions, enabling the CPU to
access information more quickly than from main memory.
It's a type of RAM but much faster and closer to the CPU.
4. Virtual Memory:
Virtual memory is a technique that uses a portion of the hard
drive as an extension of RAM, allowing the system to handle more
data than physical RAM can hold.
D- Input Devices:
Keyboard: Used for typing text and commands.
Mouse: A pointing device used to control the cursor and interact
with the computer.
Scanner: Converts physical documents or images into digital
format.
Microphone: Captures audio input.
Joystick: Used for controlling games and other applications.
Touchpad: A pressure-sensitive surface on laptops for cursor
control.
Webcam: Captures video and still images.
Barcode Reader: Reads barcodes on products.
Digital Camera: Captures still images and videos in digital format.
Output Devices:
Monitor: Displays visual information from the computer.
Printer: Produces a hard copy of digital information.
Speakers: Produce audio output.
Headphones: Provide personal audio output.
Projector: Displays information on a larger screen or surface.
GPS: Provides location and navigation information.
8MARK
A- The input unit of a computer is responsible for receiving data
and instructions from the outside world and converting them into
a format the computer can understand. It acts as the bridge
between the user and the computer's processing unit. Common
input devices include keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, and
microphones.
Here's a breakdown of some common input devices:
Keyboard:
A primary input device for entering text, numbers, and symbols. It
uses a set of keys to transmit signals to the computer.
Mouse:
A pointing device that controls the cursor on the screen, allowing
users to interact with the graphical user interface (GUI).
Scanner:
Converts images or documents into digital format that can be
stored and manipulated by the computer.
Camera (Webcam):
Captures video or still images, providing input for video
conferencing, recording, or image processing.
Microphone:
Converts sound waves into electrical signals, allowing users to
input audio data into the computer.
Touchscreen:
A display screen that also acts as an input device, allowing users
to interact with the computer by touching the screen.
Joystick:
A lever used for controlling movement, often in games or
simulations.
Trackball:
A pointing device that uses a ball to control the cursor, similar to
a mouse.
Light Pen:
A light-sensitive pointing device used to draw or select items on a
screen.
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR):
Reads characters printed with special magnetic ink, commonly
used in banking.
Optical Character Recognition (OCR):
Converts scanned images of text into machine-readable text.
Barcode Reader:
Reads barcodes, often used in retail and inventory management.
B- An output unit in a computer is any hardware device that
conveys the results of data processing to the outside world. It
essentially translates information processed by the computer into
a human-readable format, such as text, images, or sound.
Essentially, it's how the computer communicates its "answers" to
us.
Here's a breakdown of different types of output devices:
1. Visual Display Units (VDUs) / Monitors:
These are the most common output devices, displaying
information visually on a screen.
Examples include LCD, LED, and OLED monitors, which use
different technologies to create images.
They can display text, images, videos, and other graphical
information.
2. Printers:
Printers produce a hard copy of the computer's output on paper.
Different types of printers include inkjet, laser, and thermal
printers, each using different methods to transfer ink or toner
onto the paper.
They are used for printing documents, images, and other visual
information.
3. Audio Output Devices:
These devices convert digital audio data into audible sound.
Examples include:
Speakers: Produce sound through a diaphragm.
Headphones: Deliver sound directly to the user's ears.
Sound Cards: Convert digital audio data into analog signals that
speakers can play.
4. Projectors:
Projectors display images or videos onto a screen or surface.
They are commonly used in presentations, classrooms, and home
theaters.
They can project both still images and videos.
5. Other Output Devices:
Video Cards: Generate the video signals that are sent to the
monitor.
GPS Devices: Provide location information and navigation
guidance.
C-
A computer's memory hierarchy is a layered system that
organizes memory based on speed, cost, and capacity, with
faster, smaller, and more expensive memory at the top and
slower, larger, and cheaper memory at the bottom.
The memory hierarchy typically includes the following levels:
1. Registers:
These are the fastest and smallest type of memory, located
directly within the CPU, used to store frequently accessed data
and instructions.
2. Cache Memory:
A faster, smaller memory that stores copies of frequently
accessed data from main memory, allowing for quicker retrieval
by the CPU.
3. Main Memory (RAM):
The primary storage area for data and instructions currently being
used by the CPU. It is larger than cache but slower.
4. Secondary Storage (e.g., Hard Drives, SSDs):
Used for long-term storage of large amounts of data that are not
currently being used by the CPU.
5. Tertiary Storage (e.g., Magnetic Tape):
Used for archival storage of data. It is the slowest but largest
capacity storage.
