MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

MUMBAI
Project Report
On:
‘Hybrid Car (Electric motor+ IC Engine)'

DIPLOMA
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by :

● Neeteesh Kumar

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Sant Gajanan Maharaja Rural Polytechnic, Mahagaon.

Semester –6th
Academic year 2024-25

Under the guidance of

Mr.A.I.MULLA

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 (MSBTE)

SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL HOSPITAL AND RESEARCH CENTRE,

MAHAGAON
“SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL POLITECHNIC”
A/P MAHAGAON, SITE – CHINCHEWADI, TAL – GADHINGLAJ, DIST – KOLHAPUR

CERTIFICATE IN
This is to certify that the following students of Third year of Diploma Programmed in Mechanical
Engineering of Institute ‘SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL POLITECHNIC MAHAGAON –
416503 (CODE – 0965)’ has completed Micro-project on ‘Hybrid Car (subject code –22652) for
academic year 2024-2025 as prescribed in the curriculum.

ROLL NO. ENROLLMENT NO. NAME OF STUDENT SIGNATURE

12 2209650570 Neeteesh Kumar

Date of submission:

Mr. A.I. Mulla Mr. V. R. Mohite Mrs. R. S. Patil

(Project Guide) (Head of Department) (Principal)

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 INDEX

SR.NO TITLE PAGE NO.

01. Aim And Objective 4

02. Introduction 5
03. Components 6
05. Working principle 7
06. Advantages & Disadvantages 8
07. Application 9
08. Conclusion & Reference 10

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 AIM

The primary aim of a hybrid car that combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine
is to create an energy-efficient, environmentally friendly vehicle that reduces fuel consumption
and emissions while maintaining reliable performance. This combination seeks to offer a
sustainable transportation alternative that balances modern automotive needs with environmental
responsibility.

 OBJECTIVE

One of the main objectives of a hybrid car is to improve fuel efficiency. By using electric power
during low-speed or city driving and switching to the engine during higher speeds, hybrid vehicles
optimize fuel usage and reduce overall consumption.

Another key objective is to minimize harmful emissions. Hybrid cars produce fewer greenhouse
gases and pollutants compared to traditional vehicles, making them a cleaner alternative for urban
and rural mobility.

Hybrid systems are also designed for energy optimization. The intelligent control system ensures
that power from the electric motor and the engine is used effectively depending on driving
conditions, terrain, and speed.

Cost savings in the long term is also a crucial goal. Although hybrid cars may have a higher initial
cost, they offer savings through reduced fuel expenses and lower maintenance needs due to less
engine wear and tear.

Performance enhancement is another important objective. The electric motor provides instant
torque, resulting in quicker acceleration and a smoother driving experience, while the engine
ensures high-speed performance and extended range.

Regenerative braking is a unique feature of hybrids, which helps recover energy during braking
and stores it in the battery. This increases overall efficiency and reduces energy loss.

Furthermore, hybrid cars help reduce dependence on fossil fuels by utilizing electric power, which
can be sourced from renewable energy. This contributes to energy security and environmental
conservation.

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 Finally, hybrid vehicles serve as a stepping stone towards full electrification of the automotive
industry. They help consumers transition from traditional vehicles to fully electric ones by offering
familiar features with added benefits of electrification.

 INTRODUCTION

Hybrid cars are an innovative solution in the automotive industry that combine an internal
combustion engine (ICE) with an electric motor to create a more efficient and environmentally
friendly mode of transportation. As concerns about climate change, air pollution, and fossil fuel
depletion continue to grow, hybrid vehicles offer a practical alternative that balances performance
with sustainability. Unlike conventional vehicles that rely solely on gasoline or diesel, hybrid cars
utilize both fuel and electric power, allowing them to reduce fuel consumption and emissions while
maintaining reliability and driving range. With features like regenerative braking, automatic
switching between power sources, and improved fuel economy, hybrid cars are playing a
significant role in the global shift towards greener mobility and energy efficiency.

Hybrid cars and other vehicles are powered by two sources: an internal combustion engine and an
electric motor with a battery pack. At slower speeds, the electric motor primarily drives the hybrid
car. It’s one reason why fuel economy is higher in city driving versus highway cruising, unlike a
traditional vehicle. As a hybrid car, truck, or SUV coasts or slows down, its regenerative braking
system generates electricity, charges the battery and stores energy. By contrast, the brakes in a
conventional car create heat and friction that go to waste.

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 COMPONENTS

1. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE):

A traditional petrol or diesel engine that provides power during high-speed driving or when
extra power is needed.
2. Electric Motor:
Powers the car at low speeds and assists the engine during acceleration. It also works as a
generator during regenerative braking.
3. Battery Pack:
Stores electrical energy for the electric motor. It is usually a high-voltage lithium-ion or nickel-
metal hydride battery.
4. Power Control Unit (PCU):
Manages the flow of electricity between the battery, electric motor, and generator. It ensures
optimal power usage and efficiency.
5. Generator:

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 Converts mechanical energy from the engine into electrical energy to recharge the battery.
6. Transmission System:
Transfers power from both the engine and the electric motor to the wheels. Hybrid vehicles
may use Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVT) for smooth operation.
7. Regenerative Braking System:
Captures kinetic energy during braking and converts it into electrical energy to
recharge the battery.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE :-

A hybrid car operates by intelligently combining power from both the internal combustion engine
(ICE) and the electric motor to optimize efficiency and performance. Here’s how it works in different
driving conditions:

1. Start-up and Low-Speed Driving:

At low speeds or when starting the car, the electric motor powers the vehicle using energy from
the battery. This helps save fuel and reduce emissions, especially in stop-and-go traffic.

2. Normal Driving:
While cruising at a steady speed, the car may use the engine, the electric motor, or a
combination of both depending on efficiency. The onboard computer automatically determines
the best power source.

3. Acceleration:
During acceleration or when climbing hills, both the engine and the electric motor work
together to provide extra power. This improves performance and reduces the load on the
engine.

4. Braking and Deceleration (Regenerative Braking):

When braking or slowing down, the electric motor acts as a generator. It converts kinetic energy
into electrical energy, which is stored in the battery for later use.

5. Stopping or Idling:
When the vehicle is stopped (e.g., at traffic lights), both the engine and motor may shut off to
conserve energy. The car can quickly restart using the electric motor when the accelerator is
pressed.

6. Battery Charging:
The battery is charged through regenerative braking and by the engine during operation. Some
hybrid systems also allow external charging (plug-in hybrids).

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This combination of electric and fuel power allows hybrid cars to achieve better fuel economy, lower
emissions, and smooth, quiet performance. Let me know if you want this in diagram or presentation
format.

 ADVANTAGE

1. Improved Fuel Efficiency:

Hybrid cars consume less fuel compared to conventional vehicles, especially in city driving
where the electric motor is used more often.
2. Lower Emissions:
Reduced exhaust emissions contribute to a cleaner environment and help meet strict emission
norms.
3. Regenerative Braking:
Energy is recovered during braking and used to recharge the battery, increasing overall
efficiency.
4. Smooth and Quiet Drive:
Electric motors provide a quiet, vibration-free driving experience, especially at low speeds.
5. Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels:
By using electric power along with fuel, hybrids help reduce overall consumption of non-
renewable resources.
6. Automatic Energy Management:
The system smartly switches between engine and motor for optimal performance, requiring
no input from the driver.
7. Incentives and Tax Benefits:
Many governments offer tax rebates, reduced registration fees, and other benefits for hybrid
vehicle owners.

 Disadvantages:

1. Higher Initial Cost:

Hybrid vehicles generally cost more than conventional cars due to advanced technology and
dual powertrains.
2. Battery Replacement Cost:
The high-voltage battery packs may need replacement after several years, which can be
expensive.
3. Complex Maintenance:

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 More components and advanced systems may lead to higher maintenance costs or limited
service options in some areas.
4. Less Power in Electric Mode:
The electric motor alone may not provide strong acceleration or towing capacity compared to
a powerful engine.
5. Limited Trunk Space:
The battery pack and additional components may reduce available storage space .
6. Performance Variation:
Fuel efficiency and performance may vary depending on driving habits, terrain, and climate.

 APPLICATION

1. Personal Transportation:
Hybrid cars are widely used by individuals and families for daily commuting, offering a
balance of performance, comfort, and fuel savings.
2. Commercial Fleets:
Businesses and companies use hybrid vehicles for delivery services, taxi fleets, and company
transport to reduce fuel costs and environmental impact.
3. Government and Public Services:
Many government agencies adopt hybrid vehicles for official use to promote green initiatives
and meet environmental regulations.
4. Ride-Sharing Services:
Companies like Uber and Lyft encourage the use of hybrid cars among drivers to reduce fuel
expenses and emissions over long distances.
5. Urban Transportation:
In cities with high traffic congestion, hybrids are ideal due to their efficiency in stop-and-go
conditions and low emissions.
6. Educational and Research Purposes:
Engineering institutes and research centers use hybrid vehicles for academic studies,
innovation, and testing of new technologies in mobility.
7. Emergency and Utility Services:
Some hybrid vehicles are adapted for use in police, fire, and utility services to reduce fuel
costs and downtime.

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 CONCLUSION

Hybrid cars represent a significant step forward in the evolution of automotive technology,
combining the benefits of both internal combustion engines and electric motors. They offer a
practical solution to modern challenges such as rising fuel prices, environmental pollution, and the
need for sustainable transportation. With improved fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and
intelligent energy management systems, hybrid vehicles provide an eco-friendly alternative
without compromising performance or convenience. Although they come with certain limitations
like higher initial costs and complex systems, the long-term environmental and economic benefits
make them a valuable choice for individuals, businesses, and governments alike. As technology
advances, hybrid cars will continue to play a crucial role in the global shift toward greener and
cleaner mobility solutions.

 REFERENCE:-

 https://www.carwale.com/new/hybrid-cars/
 https://www.cardekho.com/new-hybrid+cars?amp=1https://www.cardekho.com/new-
hybrid+cars?amp=1https://www.cardekho.com/new-hybrid+cars?amp=1
 https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-hybrid-electric-cars-work
 https://www.caranddriver.com/features/a26390899/what-is-hybrid-car/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle

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