Thesis Title:
A Study on the Breeding of Red-Wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus): Reproductive Biology, Ecological
Interactions, and Conservation Perspectives
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background
The Red-wattled Lapwing is a widespread wader bird native to South Asia, known for its distinctive call
and striking plumage. It inhabits a variety of landscapes, including agricultural fields, wetlands, and
urban areas.
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1.2 Objectives of the Study
To examine the breeding behavior and reproductive success of the Red-wattled Lapwing.
To assess the impact of habitat types on breeding outcomes.
To explore conservation challenges and strategies.
1.3 Scope and Significance
Understanding the breeding ecology of this species is crucial for developing effective conservation
strategies, especially in rapidly changing environments.
Chapter 2: Taxonomy and Distribution
2.1 Taxonomic Classification
Family: Charadriidae
Genus: Vanellus
Species: indicus
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2.2 Geographic Range
Breeds across South Asia, from Iraq and Iran to the Indian subcontinent, including regions up to 1800m
in Kashmir and Nepal.
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Chapter 3: Habitat and Nesting Sites
3.1 Preferred Habitats
Open agricultural fields, wetlands, grasslands, and urban areas.
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3.2 Nesting Behavior
Nests are typically ground scrapes, often lined with pebbles or droppings, providing camouflage.
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3.3 Alternative Nesting Sites
In urban settings, nests have been observed on rooftops and even railway tracks.
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Chapter 4: Breeding Biology
4.1 Breeding Season
Primarily from March to August.
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4.2 Courtship and Pair Formation
Males perform displays, including puffing feathers and beak pointing, to attract females.
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4.3 Clutch Characteristics
Average clutch size: 3–4 eggs. Egg dimensions: approximately 42x30 mm. Eggs are cryptically colored to
blend with the surroundings.
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4.4 Incubation
Both parents share incubation duties, which last about 28–30 days.
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Chapter 5: Chick Development and Parental Care
5.1 Hatching and Early Life
Chicks are precocial, leaving the nest shortly after hatching. They are tended by both parents and are
capable of foraging within hours.
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5.2 Parental Investment
Parents engage in distraction displays to protect the nest and chicks from predators.
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Chapter 6: Reproductive Success and Influencing Factors
6.1 Hatching Success Rates
Studies indicate varying hatching success based on habitat type. For instance, in agricultural fields,
hatching success was reported at 6.90%, whereas in non-agricultural sites, it was 64.80%.
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6.2 Factors Affecting Reproductive Success
Predation: High egg mortality (~43%) due to predators like mongooses, crows, and kites.
Habitat Quality: Availability of food and water resources significantly influences chick survival.
Human Disturbance: Agricultural activities and urban development can disrupt nesting sites.
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Chapter 7: Conservation Status and Threats
7.1 IUCN Status
Listed as 'Least Concern' due to its wide distribution and stable population.
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7.2 Major Threats
Habitat Loss: Conversion of agricultural land and urbanization.
Pollution: Contamination of water sources affecting food availability.
Climate Change: Altered weather patterns impacting breeding seasons.
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7.3 Conservation Measures
Habitat Protection: Establishing protected areas and regulating land use.
Public Awareness: Educating communities about the importance of conserving breeding habitats.
Research and Monitoring: Conducting regular surveys to monitor population trends.
Chapter 8: Methodology
8.1 Study Area
Description of the geographical location, climate, and habitat types.
8.2 Data Collection
Field Observations: Monitoring nesting sites and recording breeding activities.
Video Surveillance: Using cameras to observe parental care and chick development.
Egg and Chick Measurements: Recording dimensions and weight to assess health and development.
8.3 Data Analysis
Statistical methods to analyze hatching success, chick survival rates, and other variables.
Chapter 9: Results and Discussion
9.1 Breeding Patterns
Analysis of seasonal variations in breeding activities.
9.2 Parental Behavior
Insights into the roles of each parent during incubation and chick rearing.
9.3 Habitat Influence
Comparing reproductive success across different habitat types.
Chapter 10: Conclusion and Recommendations
10.1 Summary of Findings
Recap of key observations and their implications for conservation.
10.2 Recommendations
Habitat Management: Implementing sustainable agricultural practices.
Policy Advocacy: Encouraging government policies that protect critical habitats.
Community Engagement: Involving local communities in conservation efforts.
