t e x t
structure
Lesson 2
u c t u r e
e x t s tr
i n i n g t
d e f
Text structures (WDPI, 2012) refer to the way
authors organize information in text. Recognizing
the underlying structure of texts can help
students focus attention on key concepts and
relationships, anticipate what is to come, and
monitor their comaprehension as they read.
Co m m on Te xt St ru ct ur es
Narrative
Chronological, Process, or Sequence
Cause and Effect
Problem/ Solution
Compare and Contrast
Definition or Description
u c t u r e
e x t s tr
i n i n g t
d e f
Text structures (WDPI, 2012) refer to the way
authors organize information in text. Recognizing
the underlying structure of texts can help
students focus attention on key concepts and
relationships, anticipate what is to come, and
monitor their comprehension as they read.
u c t u r e
x t s t r
a t i v e t e
nar r
Tells a story (real or fictional)
Has characters, a setting, and a plot
Often follows a clear beginning, middle, and
end
Example: A personal experience or short story
x a m p l e
e
1. Anna woke up late and rushed to school. On her
way, she tripped and dropped her books.
Despite the bad start, she still managed to
enjoy her day.
Tells a story with a beginning, middle, and end.
c e s s /
l / P r o
o l o g i c a
Chro n e n c e
Sequ
Presents events or steps in order
Uses time-order words like first, next, then,
finally
Common in instructions, historical texts, or life
events
Example: A biography or a recipe
l e
exam p
First, boil water. Next, add the noodles. Then
stir for 3 minutes. Finally, serve with sauce.
Presents steps or events in order.
i o n
l m / Solu t
Pr o b e
Identifies an issue and proposes ways to
fix it
Uses words like problem, solution, solve,
issue, resolve
Example: An essay about bullying and
how to stop it
l e
exam p
The school library was always crowded. To
solve this, the administration added more
tables and chairs.
States a problem and offers a solution.
E f f e c t
s e a n d
C a u
Explains why something happened and
what happened as a result
Uses clue words like because, since,
therefore, as a result
Example: An article explaining why climate
change leads to rising sea levels
l e
exam p
The power went out because of the strong
typhoon. As a result, classes were suspended.
Explains why something happened and the
outcome.
a s t
a n d Cont r
a r e
Comp
Shows similarities and/or differences between two
or more things
Uses clue words like both, however, on the other
hand, similarly, unlike
Example: Comparing online learning and face-to-
face learning
l e
exam p
Online classes are flexible, while face-to-face
classes allow more personal interaction. Both
have benefits and challenges.
Shows similarities and differences.
r i p t i o n
r D e s c
i t i o n o
Defi n
Defines or describes a topic in detail
Uses characteristics, examples, and sensory
details
Example: A science textbook describing what a
volcano is
l e
exam p
The school library was always crowded. To
solve this, the administration added more
tables and chairs.
States a problem and offers a solution.
