Definite Integration - BITSAT - DPP
Definite Integration - BITSAT - DPP
(3) 1 − e
2
(4) 2(1 − e )
2
2. α+1
(x+α)(x+α+1)
= loge (
9
8
) is
α
(1) −
1
2
(2) 1
(3) −2 (4) 2
3.
2
e
dx
∫ =
2
x(1+log x)
1
(1) 2
3
(2) 1
(3) 3
2
(4) ln 2
4*. 3
2 4
(1) (2)
7 5 4 1
36 − 36 33 − 33
5 2 5 1
(3) 36 − 33 (4) 33 − 33
5. The value of ∫ 3
log(1 + √3 tan x)dx is equal to
0
2
log 2
(3) π
3
log 2 (4) π
4
log 2
6*. 1 x
e x
∫ e (1 + xe )dx
0
(1) e
e
(2) e
e - 1
(3) e
e + 1
(4) e
π
7. If I n = ∫
2
x
n
sin xdx, where n > 1, then
0
n
(1) (2)
n−1
π
π
In + n(n − 1)In−2 = n( ) In − n(n − 1)In−2 = n( )
2 2
n
(3) In − n(n − 1)In−2 = −n(
π
)
(4) none of the above.
2
∞ ∞
8*. Let l = ∫
x √x
2
dx ,l = ∫
x√x
dx , then :
1 6 2 6
( 1+x ) ( 1+x )
0 0
(3) l1 = l
2
2
(4) l1 = l2
9*. 100π
10*. ∫
2
−3
{|x + 1|+|x + 2|+|x − 1|} dx is equal to
(1) 31
2
(2) 35
(3) 47
2
(4) 39
∣
3
θ∣
∣dθ is
0
(1) 0 (2) π
(3) (4)
4 3
3 8
12. ∫
0
−
π √cos x − cos3 x dx
2
(1) 2
3
(2) −
2
(3) 3
2
(4) −
3
(3) 0 (4) −π
14*. ∫ ∞
[
[ x+1 ]
(1) 0 (2) 1
(3) ∞ (4) None of these
15*. π/4
The integral value of ∫ [sin x +[cos x +[tan x +[sec x]]]]dx is equal to, where [. ] denotes the greatest integer function
0
(1) π
2
(2) π
(3) π
4
(4) π
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DPP Definite Integration
Questions BITSAT Crash Course
16*. x, x ∈(−∞, 0) 4
?
(1) (2)
3367
0
6
(3) (4)
4105
7
6
17. 10
[x ]
2
(1) 1
3
(2) 6
(3) 7 (4) 3
18. 1 1 1
If 2 ∫ tan
−1
xdx = ∫ cot
−1
(1 − x + x )dx
2
, then ∫ tan
−1
(1 − x + x )dx
2
is equal to
0 0 0
(1) π
2
+ ln 2 (2) ln 2
(3) π
2
− ln 4 (4) ln 4
19*. 2
2
The values of ∫
sin
1+2
x
x
dx is
π
−
2
(1) π
4
(2) π
(3) π
2
(4) 4π
20. 2
sin x
sin x cos x
dx =
2 +2
0
(1) π (2) π
(3) 2π (4) 0
21*. 4
The value of the integral I = ∫ [sin x + cos x](cos x − sin x)dx is equal to
0
(3) 1 (4) √2 − 1
22*. 2−xcosx
4
If f (x)= 2+xcosx
and g(x) = log e
x, then the value of the integral ∫ g(f (x))dx is
π
−
4
(1) log
e
e (2) log
e
2
(3) log
e
1 (4) log
e
3
23*. If f (x) and g(x) are continuous functions satisfying f (x) = f (a − x) and g (x) + g (a − x) = 2, then what is ∫
a
(1) (2)
a a
∫ g (x) dx ∫ f (x) dx
0 0
(3) (4)
a
0
2 ∫ f (x) dx
24*. 4
If I = ∫ ({x})
[x]
dx then 24
13
I is equal to
1
(1) 1 (2) 2
(3) 3 (4) 4
0
dx
sin x
is equal to
1+e
26*. If ∫
10π+α
0
|sin x| dx = k − cos α, where 0 < α < π, then k =
(1) 101 (2) 100
Evaluate:
1−cos 2x
∫ √( ) dx
2
−π
1 = ∫
0
2
x
dx ,I 2 = ∫
0
2
x
dx ,I 3 = ∫
1
2
x
dx and I 4 = ∫
1
2
x
dx , then
(1) I3 > I4 (2) I3 = I4
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DPP Definite Integration
Questions BITSAT Crash Course
π π
29. 2
e
sin x
+1
2
e
cos x
+1
Consider I 1 = ∫
e
cos x
+1
dx and I 2 = ∫
sin x
dx, then
e +1
π π
4 4
(3) I1 = I2 (4) I1 + I2 = 0
30*. Let I = ∫
0
1 sin x
dx and J = ∫
0
1 cos x
dx . Then, which one of the following is true.
√x √x
(1) I <
2
3
& J > 2 (2) I <
2
3
& J < 2
(3) I >
2
3
& J > 2 (4) I >
2
3
& J < 2
31*.
2
x 2
∫ sec t dt
The value of is
0
Lt { }
x sin x
x→0
(1) 0 (2) 3
(3) 2 (4) 1
(1) 4 (2) 4
(3) √3
(4) 9
2
33. lim
∫
0
tsin ( 10t ) dt
, is equal to
x
x→0
(1) 0 (2) 1
10
(3) −
1
5
(4) −
1
10
34*.
4
x
(1) 1 (2) –1
(3) π (4) −π
35*.
1/3 1/3 1/3
(n+1) (n+2) (2n)
lim (
4/3
+
4/3
+. . . . . +
4/3
) is equal to
n→∞ n n n
(1) 3
4
(2)
4/3
−
3
4
(2) 4
3
(2)
3/4
(3) 4
3
(2)
4/3
(4) 3
4
(2)
4/3
−
4
1 1 1
36. k a {n
a−
a +k
a−
a }
k=1 a+1
= ______
n→∞ n
(1) 1 (2) 2
1
(2007 sin x + 2008 cos x)|x|dx
n→∞ −
n
p p p p
38. lim
1 +2 +3 +...+n
p+1
is (p > −1)
n→∞ n
(1) p+1
1
(2) p−1
1
(3) 1
p
−
p−1
1
(4) p+2
1
39*. lim [
1
2
sec
2 1
2
+
2
2
sec
2 4
2
+ ... +
1
n
sec 1]
2
equals
n→∞ n n n n
(1) 1
2
cosec1 (2) 1
2
sec1
(3) 1
2
tan1 (4) tan 1
40*. The limit L = lim ∑
n−4
r=4 2
n
2
satisfies the relation
n→∞ n +r
(1) e
L
> e (2) e
L
> 3
(3) e
tan L
< 2e (4) π
L
< 1
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DPP Definite Integration
Answer Keys and Solutions BITSAT Crash Course
ANSWER KEYS
1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (1) 4. (1) 5. (3) 6. (1) 7. (1) 8. (4)
9. (2) 10. (3) 11. (3) 12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (1) 15. (3) 16. (2)
17. (4) 18. (2) 19. (1) 20. (2) 21. (4) 22. (3) 23. (2) 24. (2)
25. (2) 26. (3) 27. (2) 28. (3) 29. (1) 30. (2) 31. (4) 32. (4)
33. (1) 34. (3) 35. (1) 36. (1) 37. (1) 38. (1) 39. (3) 40. (3)
1. (2)
′ ′
f (x)= f (2 − x)
f (x)= −f (2 − x)+c
put x = 0
′ ′
f (0)= −f (2)+c
2
c = f (0)+f (2)= 1 + e
2
I = ∫ f (x)dx
0
2
I = ∫ f (2 − x)dx
0
2
2I = ∫ (f (x)+f (2 − x))dx
0
2
2
2I =(1 + e )∫ dx
0
2
I = 1 + e
2. α+1 α+1
(3) I = ∫
(x+α)(x+α+1)
dx
= ∫ (
1
x+α
–
x+α+1
1
)dx
α α
α+1
x+α
∣ ∣
= [ln∣ ∣ ]
x+α+1
α
2α+1 2α
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
= ln∣ ∣−ln∣ ∣
2α+2 2α+1
2
∣ ( 2α+1 ) ∣ 9
= ln∣ ∣= ln
2
∣ ( 2α+1 ) −1 ∣ 8
2
⇒ (2α + 1) = 9
⇒ 2α + 1 = ±3
⇒ α = 1 or −2.
3.
2
e
2
x(1+log x)
1
Put 1 + log x = t ⇒
1
x
dx = dt
3 3
1 1 2
∴ I = ∫ dt = [− ] =
t
2 t 3
1
1
4. (1)
π
3
2 4
I = ∫ sec 3 x cosec 3 x dx
π
3
2
sec x
= ∫ dx
4/3
π tan x
Let tan x = t, 2
sec xdx = dt
√3
dt
⇒ I = ∫
4
1 3
t
√3
√3
4
− +1
t 3
= [ ]
4
− +1
3 1
√3
1
1
= −3( − 36 )
1
3 6
7 5
= 36 − 36 .
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DPP Definite Integration
Answer Keys and Solutions BITSAT Crash Course
5. (3) Let, I = ∫ 3
log(1 + √3 tan x)dx
0
3 π
I = ∫ log[1 + √3tan( − x)]dx
0 3
π
√3−tan x
3
= ∫ [log(1 + √3tan( ))]dx
0
1+√3 tan x
π
3
I = ∫ (log 4 − log(1 + √3 tan x))dx
0
π
I =(log 4)( )−I
3
π π
I = log4 = log2
6 3
6. (1) Put e x
= t
x = ℓnt
1
dx = dt
t
when x = 0, t = 1
x = 1, t = e
e
t 1
∫ e (1 + tℓnt) dt
t
1
e 1
t
= ∫ e ( + ℓnt)dt
1 t
e
t e
= ∣
∣e ℓnt∣
∣ = e
1
7. (1)
We have,
π
2 n
In = ∫ x sin xdx
0
π π
n 2 2 n−1
⇒ In = [−x cos x] + ∫ nx cos xdx
0 0
π
2 n−1
⇒ In = n ∫ x cos xdx
0
π π
n−1 2 2 n−2
⇒ In = n[[x sin x] − ∫ (n − 1)x sin xdx]
0 0
n−1
π
⇒ In = n[( ) −(n − 1)In−2 ]
2
Hence,
n−1
π
In + n(n − 1)In−2 = n( )
2
∞
8. (4) We have, l = ∫
x √x
2
dx
1
6
( 1+x )
0
Let x = 1
t
⇒dx = −
1
2
dt then,
t
1
0
2√
t t 1
⇒ l1 = ∫ (− dt)
6 2
1 t
∞ ( 1+ )
t
∞
t√ t
⇒ l1 = ∫ dt = l2
6
( 1+t )
0
9. tan 1 100 π
−1 π
(as tan x ∈(1, ), ∀x > tan 1)
2
⇒ I = 100π − tan 1
= 100π + tan(−1)
∴ k = 100, p = −1
∴ k + p = 99
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DPP Definite Integration
Answer Keys and Solutions BITSAT Crash Course
⎧ −3x − 2, − 3 < x ≤ −2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
−x + 2, − 2 < x ≤ −1
=⎨
⎪ x + 4, − 1 ≤ x < 1
⎪
⎪
⎩
⎪
3x + 2, 1 ≤ x < 2
−2 −1
∴ I = ∫ (−3x − 2)dx + ∫ (−x + 2)dx
−3 −2
1 2
+∫ (x + 4)dx + ∫ (3x + 2)dx
−1 1
2 −2 2 −1
3x x
= [− − 2x] + [− + 2x]
2 2
−3 −2
1 2
2 2
x 3x
+[ + 4x] + [ + 2x]
2 2
−1 1
27 1
=[−6 + 4 −(− + 6)]+[− − 2 − (−2 − 4)]
2 2
1 1 3
+[ + 4 −( − 4)][6 + 4 −( + 2)]
2 2 2
11 7 13
= + + 8 +
2 2 2
31 47
= + 8 =
2 2
Alternate
2
Let I = ∫
−3
{|x + 1|+|x + 2|+|x − 1|}dx
−1 2 −2
= ∫ |x + 1|dx + ∫ |x + 1|dx + ∫ |x + 2|dx
−3 −1 −3
2 1
+∫ |x + 2|dx + ∫ |x − 1|dx
−2 −3
2
+∫ |x − 1|dx
1
−1 2 −2
= −∫ (x + 1)dx + ∫ (x + 1)dx − ∫ (x + 2)dx
−3 −1 −3
2 1 2
+∫ (x + 2)dx − ∫ (x − 1)dx + ∫ (x − 1)dx
−2 −3 1
−1 2 −2
2 2 2
x x x
= −( + x) + ( + x) − ( + 2x)
2 2 2
−3 −1 −3
2 1 2
2 2 2
x x x
+( + 2x) − ( − x) − ( − x)
2 2 2
−2 −3 1
47
=
2
11. (3)
π
Let I = ∫ sin
3
θdθ
∵ sinθ > 0
[ ]
for 0 < θ < π
π
2
= ∫ sin θ(1 − cos θ)dθ
1
1
3
2 t
∴ I = ∫ (1 − t )dt = [t − ]
3
−1
−1
2
= 2 −
3
4
=
3
12. (1)
Since, we know that cos 2
θ + sin
2
θ = 1
0
Let I = ∫
−
π √cos x(1 − cos
2
x) dx
2
0
= ∫ √cos x |sin x|dx
−π/2
when −
π
2
< x < 0 then −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 0
0
∴ I = −∫ √cos x sin x dx
−π/2
3/2 1
t 2
I = ( ) =
3/2 3
0
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DPP Definite Integration
Answer Keys and Solutions BITSAT Crash Course
13. (3) I
1
= 2∫ [x sin(πx)]dx
0
1
∴ I = 2∫ 0dx = 0
0
14. (1)
Note that
x
e > x + 1 > [x + 1]
[x+1]
⇒ < 1
x
e
[x + 1]
Hence [ e
x
] = 0
∞ ∞
[x + 1]
∴ ∫ [ ] dx = ∫ 0 dx = 0
x
e
0 0
15. (3)
π
Let I = ∫
0
4
[sin x +[cos x +[tan x +[sec x]]]]dx
π π π π
4 4 4 4
⇒ I = ∫ [sin x]dx + ∫ [cos x]dx + ∫ [tan x]dx + ∫ [sec x]dx
0 0 0 0
π π π π
4 4 4 4
⇒ I = ∫ (0)dx + ∫ (0)dx + ∫ (0)dx + ∫ (1)dx
0 0 0 0
1
{∵ 0 < sin x, cos x < , 0 < tan x < 1, 1 < sec x < √2}
√2
π
4 π
⇒ I = [x] =
0 4
16. (2)
g(x), g(x)∈(−∞, 0)
f (g(x))={
2
(g(x)−1) , g(x)∈ [0, ∞)
4
f (g(x))= x , x ∈ R
4 4
5 5 1 6 6
I = ∫ x dx = ∫ x dx = (4 − 3 )
6
−3 −3
1 3367
= [4096 − 729]=
6 6
17. 10
[x
2
]
(4) Let I = ∫
2 2
dx ........(i)
[ x −28x+196 ] + [ x ]
4
b b
2
10 [ ( 14−x ) ]
I = ∫
2 2
dx ......(ii)
[x ] + [ ( 14−x ) ]
4
(i) + (ii)
2 2
10 [ ( 14−x ) ]+[x ]
we get 2I = ∫
2
dx
2
[x ] + [ ( 14−x ) ]
4
10
⇒ 2I = ∫ dx
⇒ 2I = 6
⇒ I = 3
−1 π −1 2
2 ∫ tan xdx = ∫( − tan (1 − x + x ))dx
2
0 0
1 1 1
−1 π −1 2
⇒ 2 ∫ tan xdx = ∫ dx − ∫ tan (1 − x + x )dx
2
0 0 0
1 1
−1 2 π −1
⇒ ∫ tan (1 − x + x )dx = − 2 ∫ tan xdx …(i)
2
0 0
Let I 1 = ∫ tan
−1
xdx
1
1 1
−1
= [(tan x)x] − ∫ xdx
0 1+x
2
1
π x
= − ∫ dx
4 2
1+x
0
π 1
= − ln 2
4 2
By equation (i),
1 π π 1
−1 2
∫ tan (1 − x + x )dx = − 2[ − ln 2]= ln 2
0 2 4 2
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DPP Definite Integration
Answer Keys and Solutions BITSAT Crash Course
19. 2
2 ⎛ ⎞
(1) I = ∫
sin
1+2
x
x
dx ... i
π ⎝ ⎠
−
2
b b
As ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx
a a
π
2 2
sin ( −x )
I = ∫ dx
−x
1+2
π
−
2
2
x 2 ⎛ ⎞
2 sin x
I = ∫ x
dx ... ii
1+2
−
π ⎝ ⎠
2
2 x 2
( 1+2 ) sin x
2I = ∫ x dx
( 1+2 )
π
−
2
2
2I = 2 ∫ sin xdx
0
π
2
I = ∫ cos xdx
0
π
2 2
2I = ∫ (sin x + cos x)dx
0
π
2I = ∫ 1 dx
π 1 π
I = × =
2 2 4
20. 2
sin x
(2) Let I = ∫
2
sin x cos x
dx .....(i)
2 +2
0
π
π
2 sin ( −x )
2 2
⇒ I = ∫
π π
sin ( −x ) cos ( −x )
2 2 2 +2 2
2
cos x
⇒ I = ∫
2
cos x sin x
.....(ii)
2 +2
0
2
sin x cos x
2 +2
2I = ∫ dx
sin x cos x
2 +2
0
π
2
π
⇒ 2I = ∫ 1 ⋅ dx = [x] 2
0
0
π
⇒ 2I =
2
π
⇒ I =
4
21. (4)
Let, sin x + cos x = t
√2 √2
⇒ I = ∫ [t]dt = ∫ 1dt = √2 − 1
1 1
22. (3)
Given,
2−xcosx
f (x)= , g(x) = log x
2+xcosx e
2−xcosx
⇒ g(f (x))= loge ( )
2+xcosx
2−(−x)co s(−x)
⇒ g(f (−x))= loge ( )
2+(−x)co s(−x)
2+x cos x
⇒ g(f (−x))= log ( )
e 2−x cos x
2−x cos x
⇒ g(f (−x))= − log( )
2+x cos x
−a
f (x)d x ={
0
, we can write
0, f (−x)= −f (x)
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DPP Definite Integration
Answer Keys and Solutions BITSAT Crash Course
23. (2) I
a a
= ∫ f (x) g (x) dx = ∫ f (a − x) ⋅ g (a − x) dx
0 0
a a a
0 0 0
a a
⇒ 2I = 2 ∫ f (x) dx ⇒ I = ∫ f (x) dx
0 0
24. 2 3 3
(2) I
2 3
= ∫ {x}+ ∫ {x} + ∫ {x}
1 2 2
= =
2 3 1 1 1 6+4+3
= ∫ x + x + x + +
2 3 4 12
0
13
=
12
sinx
is 2π
1+e
2π
So, I =(50)∫ 0
dx
sin x
1+e
⇒ I = 50π
26. (3)
100π+α
Let I = ∫
0
|sin x| dx
100π 100π+α
= ∫ |sin x| dx + ∫ |sin x| dx
0 100π
π α
= 100 ∫ sin x dx + ∫ sin x dx
0 0
∴ k = 201
27. 199π
(2) Let, I
1−cos 2x
= ∫ √( ) dx
2
−π
199π
= ∫ |sin x|dx
−π
nT
(∵|sin x| is periodic with period π and ∫ if T is the period of the function f (x) ).
T
f (x)dx =(n − m)∫ f (x)dx
mT 0
π
π
= 200|− cos x|
0
and
2 x
I4 = ∫ 2 dx
1
∵ 2
x
< 2
x
, 0 < x < 1 and 2 x
> 2
x
, x > 1
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DPP Definite Integration
Answer Keys and Solutions BITSAT Crash Course
sin x cos x
⇒ e > e
sin x cos x
e +1 e +1
∴ cos x
>
e +1 sin x
e +1
π π
2 2
sin x cos x
e +1 e +1
⇒ ∫ cos x
dx > ∫
e +1 sin x
e +1
π π
4 4
⇒ I1 > I2 > 0
30. (2)
For x ∈ [0, 1], consider
f (x) = x − sin x
′
⇒ f (x) = 1 − cos x ≥ 0
⇒ f (x) > 0
⇒ x > sin x
1
Now, I = ∫
0
sin x
dx
√x
1 x
⇒ I < ∫ dx
0
√x
3 1
2
⇒ I < [x 2 ]
3
0
2
⇒ I <
3
Also, cos x ≤ 1
Now, J
1 cos x
= ∫ dx
0 √x
1 1
⇒ J < ∫ dx
0
√x
1
⇒ J < 2[√x]
0
⇒ J < 2 .
31. (4)
2
x 2
∫ sec t dt
0 0
Lt { } ( form)
x sin x 0
x→0
1
⇒ g(sin α)=
2
sin α
1
∴ g( )= 9
3
33. (1)
x
∫ t sin ( 10t ) dt
We have, I
0
= lim
x
x→0
0
.
Thus, using Newton-Leibnitz Rule (differentiation under integral sign) and L' Hospital Rule, we get,
d
x
{∫ t sin ( 10t ) dt }
0
dx
I = lim
d
x→0 (x)
dx
x sin ( 10x )
I = lim
1
x→0
= 0 .
34. (3)
Differentiating using Leibnitz rule, we get,
12 4 3 6 2
x f (x )4x − x f (x )2x = 2πcos(2πx)
Putting x = 1
⇒ 4f (1)−2f (1)= 2π
⇒ 2f (1)= 2π ⇒ f (1)= π
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DPP Definite Integration
Answer Keys and Solutions BITSAT Crash Course
1
1 n r
3
= lim ∑ (1 + )
n r=1 n
n→∞
1
1/3
= ∫ (1 + x) dx
4 1
∣
( 1+x ) 3
∣
=
4 ∣
3 ∣
0
3 4/3
= (2 – 1)
4
3 4/3 3
= .2 −
4 4
36. (1)
1 1 1
a− a−
k a {n a +k a }
n
lim ∑
k=1 a+1
n→∞ n
1
a
n a
1 k k
= lim ∑ ⋅{( ) + ( ) }
k=1 n n n
n→∞
1 1
= ∫
0
(x a + x )dx
a
(applying definite integral as limit of sum)
1
( ) +1 1
a a+1
x x
={ + ]
1 a+1
+1 0
a
a 1
= + = 1
a+1 a+1
37. (1)
1/n 1/n
Let I = ∫ 1 (2007 sin x)|x|dx + ∫ 1 (2008 cos x)|x|dx
− −
n n
odd vanish
1/n 1/n
I = ∫ 1 (2008 cos x)|x|dx = 2 ∫ ((2008)cos x)x dt
0
−
n
1/n
= 2.2008 ∫ x. cos x dx
0
1/n
1/n
∣
= 2.2008 [x. sin x −∫ sin x dx]
∣
0 0
1 1 1
= 2.2008 [ sin + cos − 1]
n n n
2 1 1 1
lim n 2.(2008)[ sin( )+cos( )−1]
n n n
n⟶∞
1
put n =
y
y
2
2 sin
y siny 2
= 2(2008) lim ( − )
2 2
y y
y →0
y 2
sin
y siny 1 2
= 2(2008) lim [ − ( y
) ]
y
2 2
y →0
2
1
= 2(2008)(1 − )
2
1
= 2.2008. = 2008
2
38. (1)
p p p
1 +2 +...+n 1
Lt ×
p n
n→∞ n
p p
1 1 2 n p
= Lt [( ) + ( ) +. .. + ( ) ]
n→∞ n n n n
r=n
1 p
r
= Lt Σ ( )
n→∞ r=1 n n
1 1
p+1
p x 1
= ∫ x dx [ ] =
p+1 p+1
0
0
= lim 1
2
sec
2 1
2
+
2
2
sec (
2 4
2
)+... +
n
2
sec (
2 n
2
)
n→∞ n n n n n n
r=n r=n
r r 2 1 r r 2
2 2
= lim Σ ( )sec ( ) = lim Σ ( )sec ( )
2 n n n n
n→∞r=1 n n→∞r=0
2 2 1
= ∫ x sec (x )d x = tan1
2
0
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DPP Definite Integration
Answer Keys and Solutions BITSAT Crash Course
40. (3)
Given limits is L = lim ∑
n−4
r=4
1
r 2
⋅
1
n
n→∞ 1+ ( )
n
1 dx
= ∫
0 1+x
2
1 π
−1
= [tan x] =
0 4
π
Hence, e tan
4
= e < 2e
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