Computer Programming
CSC01
B. Tech. (Semester I, Section: H )
2023-24 (Odd Semester)
Dr. Abhijit Sharma
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
NIT Durgapur
CSC01
Control Statements
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] Statements
A statement is the smallest logical entity that can independently exist in
a C program.
Based upon the number of constituent statements, statements in C
language are classified as follows:
1. Simple statements
2. Compound statements
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] Statements
1. Simple statements: A simple statement consists of a single statement.
It is terminated with a semicolon.
a. int variable=10; //definition statement
b. variable+5; //expression statement
c. variable=variable+10; //assignment statement
2. Compound statements: A compound statement consists of a sequence
of simple statements enclosed within a pair of braces.
{ // a compound statement consisting of three simple statements
int variable=10;
variable=variable*2;
variable+=5;
}
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] Flow Control Statements
• The order in which the program statements are executed is known as
‘flow of program control’ or just ‘flow of control’.
• By default, the program control flows sequentially from top to bottom.
• Many practical situations like decision making, repetitive execution of a
certain task, etc. require deviation or alteration from the default flow of
program control.
• The default flow of control can be altered by using flow control
statements.
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] Control Statements
• Control statements embody the decision logic that tells the executing
program what action to carry out next depending on the values of
certain variables or expression statements.
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] Program Control Statements/Constructs in ‘C’
Program Control
Statements/Constructs
Selection/Branching Iteration/Looping
do-
for while
Conditional Type Unconditional Type while
if if-else if-else-if switch break continue goto
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] Selection Statements
• A selection statement is a control statement that allows choosing
between two or more execution paths in a program.
• The selection statements in C are the if statement, the if-else statement,
and the switch statement.
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] Specifying Test Condition
• If an expression, involving the relational operator, is true, it is given a value of 1. If
an expression is false, it is given a value of 0. Similarly, if a numeric expression is
used as a test expression, any non-zero value (including negative) will be
considered as true, while a zero value will be considered as false.
• Space can be given between operand and operator (relational or logical) but space is
not allowed between any compound operator like <=, >=, ==, !=. It is also compiler
error to reverse them.
• a == b and a = b are not similar, as == is a test for equality, a = b is an assignment
operator. Therefore, the equality operator has to be used carefully.
• The relational operators have lower precedence than all arithmetic operators.
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] Operators
To Specify Symbol Used To Specify Symbol Used
less than <
Equal to ==
greater than >
Not equal to !=
less than or <=
equal to >= Logical AND &&
greater than or
equal to Logical OR ||
Negation !
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] Operator Semantics
Operators Associativity
() ++ (postfix) -- (postfix) left to right
+ (unary) - (unary) right to left
++ (prefix) -- (prefix) * / % left to right
+- left to right
< <= > >= left to right
== != left to right
&& left to right
|| left to right
?: right to left
=+=-=*=/= right to left
, (comma operator) left to right
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] Understanding How True and False is Represented in C
a = 1, b = 2, and c = 3 (a = 3)
(a < 2) (3 = a)
(a + 1 == b) (a - 1)
1==a (!(a))
a + b >=c (0 * c)
c <= (a + b) (c - a - b)
(a > 0) (c–2*–30)
(a) (0+b)
(–a) (c–a+b)
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected]
Understanding How True and False is Represented in C
a=2, b=3 a=0, b=3;
r= a && b++; r= a && b++;
r=1, a=2, and b=4 r=0, a=0, and b=3
r = a || b++; r = a || b++;
r=1, a=2, and b=3 r=1, a=0, and b=4
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected]
Selection Statements
• Selection is used to take a decision between one or two or more
alternatives.
• Decision in a program is concerned with choosing to execute one set
of statement over the others.
• Selection is also known as branching.
• When dealing with selection statements, there are generally three
versions: one-way, two-way, and multi-way.
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] One-way decisions using if statement
Flowchart for if construct
if(TestExpr)
T F
stmtT; TestExpr
stmtT
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] One-way decisions using if statement
Write a program that checks if a given number is positive and prints a
message if it is.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int num;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
if (num > 0) {
printf("The number is positive.\n");
}
return 0;
}
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected]
One-way decisions using if statement
Write a program that determines whether a given year is a leap year
and prints a message if it is.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int year;
printf("Enter a year: ");
scanf("%d", &year);
if ((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0)) {
printf("%d is a leap year.\n", year);
}
return 0;
}
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] One-way decisions using if statement
Write a program that checks if a given number is even and prints a
message if it is.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int num;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
if (num % 2 == 0) {
printf("The number is even.\n");
}
return 0;
}
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected]
Two-way decisions using if-else statement
The form of a two-way decision Flowchart of if-else construct
is as follows:
if(TestExpr)
stmtT;
else
stmtF;
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] Two-way decisions using if-else statement
Write a program that compares two numbers and determines which one is greater.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int num1, num2;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);
if (num1 > num2) {
printf("%d is greater than %d.\n", num1, num2);
} else {
printf("%d is greater than or equal to %d.\n", num2, num1);
}
return 0;
}
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] Two-way decisions using if-else statement
Write a program that checks if a person is eligible to vote based on their age.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int age;
printf("Enter your age: ");
scanf("%d", &age);
if (age >= 18) {
printf("You are eligible to vote.\n");
} else {
printf("You are not eligible to vote.\n");
}
return 0;
} CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] Two-way decisions using if-else statement
Write a program that checks if a given number is even or odd.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int num;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
if (num % 2 == 0) {
printf("The number is even.\n");
} else {
printf("The number is odd.\n");
}
return 0;
} CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected]
Multi way Decisions
if(TestExpr1)
stmtT1;
else if(TestExpr2)
stmtT2;
else if(TestExpr3)
stmtT3;
.. .
else if(TestExprN)
stmtTN;
else
stmtF;
if-else-if ladder
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected]
Multi way Decisions
Write a program that checks whether a number given by the user is zero,
positive, or negative.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int num;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
if (num > 0) {
printf("The number is positive.\n");
} else if (num < 0) {
printf("The number is negative.\n");
} else {
printf("The number is zero.\n");
}
return 0;
CSC01: Control Statements
} [email protected]
Multi way Decisions
Write a program that calculates and prints a student's grade based on
their exam score.
#include <stdio.h> } else if (score >= 70) {
printf("Grade: B\n");
int main() { } else if (score >= 60) {
int score; printf("Grade: C\n");
} else {
printf("Enter your exam score: "); printf("Grade: F\n");
scanf("%d", &score); }
if (score >= 90) { return 0;
printf("Grade: Ex\n"); }
} else if (score >= 80) {
printf("Grade: A\n");
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] Nested if
Construct 1 Construct 2
When any if statement is written
under another if statement, this if(TestExprA) if(TestExprA)
cluster is called a nested if. if(TestExprB) if(TestExprB)
stmtBT; stmtBT;
else else
stmtBF; stmtBF;
else else
stmtAF; if(TestExprC)
stmtCT;
else
stmtCF;
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] A program to find the largest among three numbers
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a, b, c;
printf(“\nEnter the three numbers”);
scanf(“%d %d %d”, &a, &b, &c);
if(a > b)
if(a > c)
printf(“%d”, a);
else
printf(“%d”, c);
else
if(b > c)
printf(“%d”, b);
else
printf(“%d”, c);
return 0;
}
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] The Switch Statement
The general format of a switch statement is
switch(expr)
{
case constant1: stmtList1;
break;
case constant2: stmtList2;
break;
case constant3: stmtList3;
break;
………………………….
………………………….
default: stmtListn;
}
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] ▪ The switch statement enables you to choose one course of action from a set of
possible actions, based on the result of an integer expression.
▪ The case labels can be in any order and must be constants.
▪ No two case labels can have the same value.
▪ The default is optional and can be put anywhere in the switch construct.
▪ The case constants must be integer or character constants.
▪ The expression must evaluate to an integral type.
▪ The break statement is optional. If a break statement is omitted in any case of
a switch statement, the program flow is followed through the next case label.
▪ The case cannot exist by itself, outside of a switch.
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] This program acts as a simple calculator that performs addition, subtraction,
multiplication, or division based on the user's choice.
#include <stdio.h> case '*':
result = num1 * num2;
int main() {
char operator; break;
double num1, num2, result; case '/':
if (num2 != 0) {
printf("Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): "); result = num1 / num2;
scanf(" %c", &operator); } else {
printf("Error: Division by zero!\n");
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%lf %lf", &num1, &num2); return 1; // Exit with an error code
}
switch (operator) { break;
case '+': default:
result = num1 + num2; printf("Error: Invalid operator!\n");
break;
case '-': return 1; // Exit with an error code
result = num1 - num2; }
break; printf("Result: %.2lf\n", result);
return 0;
}
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] This program takes an integer input (1-7) representing a day of the week and prints the
corresponding day's name.
#include <stdio.h> case 4:
int main() { printf("Wednesday\n");
int day; break;
printf("Enter a number (1-7) to represent a day of the week: "); case 5:
scanf("%d", &day); printf("Thursday\n");
switch (day) { break;
case 1: case 6:
printf("Sunday\n"); printf("Friday\n");
break; break;
case 2: case 7:
printf("Monday\n"); printf("Saturday\n");
break; break;
case 3: default:
printf("Tuesday\n"); printf("Invalid input! Please enter a number between 1 and
break; 7.\n");
}
return 0;
}
CSC01: Control Statements
[email protected] This program takes a numeric grade and classifies it into a letter grade using a switch
statement.
#include <stdio.h> switch (grade) {
case 10:
case 9:
int main() {
printf("Grade: A\n");
int score; break;
case 8:
printf("Enter your exam score (0-100): ");
printf("Grade: B\n");
break;
scanf("%d", &score); case 7:
printf("Grade: C\n");
if (score < 0 || score > 100) { break;
case 6:
printf("Invalid input! Please enter a score between 0 and 100.\n");
printf("Grade: D\n");
return 1; // Exit with an error code break;
} default:
printf("Grade: F\n");
}
int grade = score / 10;
CSC01: Control Statements return 0;
[email protected] }
Switch Vs. Nested if
• The switch differs from the else-if in that switch can test only
for equality, whereas the if conditional expression can be of a
test expression involving any type of relational operators and/or
logical operators.
• A switch statement is usually more efficient than nested ifs.
• The switch statement can always be replaced with a series of
else-if statements.
CSC01: Control Statements
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