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Structureof HTML

This document summarizes key concepts and formulas related to the structure of the atom, focusing on subatomic particles, atomic models, and quantum numbers. It highlights the characteristics of the 1s orbital, including its spherical symmetry and maximum electron density at the nucleus. Additionally, it covers important principles such as the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, de Broglie Equation, and rules governing electron configuration.

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35 views3 pages

Structureof HTML

This document summarizes key concepts and formulas related to the structure of the atom, focusing on subatomic particles, atomic models, and quantum numbers. It highlights the characteristics of the 1s orbital, including its spherical symmetry and maximum electron density at the nucleus. Additionally, it covers important principles such as the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, de Broglie Equation, and rules governing electron configuration.

Uploaded by

padmakarthawari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Here’s a complete summary of important formulas and key concepts for the Structure of

Atom (Class 11, JEE level), especially focusing on the 1s orbital and related atomic structure
concepts:

1. Important Concepts – Structure of Atom


1. Subatomic Particles

 Electron (e⁻): Charge = -1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C, Mass = 9.1 × 10⁻³¹ kg


 Proton (p⁺): Charge = +1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C, Mass ≈ 1.672 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
 Neutron (n⁰): Charge = 0, Mass ≈ 1.675 × 10⁻²⁷ kg

2. Atomic Models
(i) Thomson's Model – “Plum Pudding Model” – electrons embedded in a
positive sphere.
(ii) Rutherford’s Model

 Most of the atom is empty.


 Nucleus is positively charged and dense.
 Electrons revolve around nucleus.
 Drawback: Cannot explain stability or line spectra.

3. Bohr’s Model

 Electrons revolve in fixed energy orbits (stationary states).


 Angular momentum quantized:
 Energy of nth orbit (Hydrogen-like atom):
 Radius of nth orbit:
 Velocity of electron in nth orbit:

4. Spectrum of Hydrogen

 Lyman series: n₁ = 1 (UV)


 Balmer series: n₁ = 2 (Visible)
 Paschen: n₁ = 3 (IR), and so on.
Wavelength formula (Rydberg Equation):

\dfrac{1}{\lambda} = RZ^2 \left( \dfrac{1}{n_1^2} - \dfrac{1}{n_2^2} \right)

5. Quantum Numbers

 Principal (n) – size & energy level


 Azimuthal (l) – shape of orbital (0 to n-1)
 Magnetic (m) – orientation (−l to +l)
 Spin (s) – spin direction (+½ or −½)

6. Shapes of Orbitals

 s-orbital: spherical
 p-orbital: dumbbell
 d-orbital: cloverleaf

2. The 1s Orbital – Key Points


Definition:

 1s: n = 1, l = 0 → spherically symmetric orbital closest to nucleus.

Wavefunction Notation:
Probability Density:
Radial Probability Distribution:

 Shows the most probable distance of the electron from the nucleus.

Key Characteristics:

 1s orbital has no nodes (since n - l - 1 = 0).


 It is spherically symmetric around the nucleus.
 Electron density is maximum at the nucleus.
3. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
\Delta x \cdot \Delta p \geq \dfrac{h}{4\pi}

4. de Broglie Equation
\lambda = \dfrac{h}{mv}

5. Hund’s Rule, Pauli’s Exclusion & Aufbau Principle


 Hund’s Rule: Electrons fill degenerate orbitals singly first.
 Pauli’s Exclusion Principle: No two electrons can have same 4
quantum numbers.
 Aufbau Principle: Lower energy orbitals fill first.

6. Effective Nuclear Charge (Z_eff):


Z_{\text{eff}} = Z - S

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