<~ATl1: TUTOHIAL: HJNC FRAME

Till( RING FRAME PROCESS

l'I~<: r_ing ~pi nnin g is thi.! linul opcnition in the formation of' th<.: ring spun yarn. The basic purpose of the.: dng
sp inn~n g lrnm~ is to ntl1.:11t1t1li.! th1..: roving until th<.: rcquired fineness of the yarn is achieved. ·1 he ring spinni?g
n~ t\l'h 1,11.i.! w:.ts lirst inwnti..;d in 1828 in J\1111..:ricu . Tile initial and maintenance cost of the ring spinning s qullc
hi ~h. 1 hi..: _rmg fhllni..: con lrihu ll!s ubout 60% toward s th1.: fin al cost of' production or the yarn. '>o every effort 15
bi..:ing P111 111 to mnki..: 1nodil'y thi..: rin g spinning machine.: to giv<.! more productivity at a less cost.

FUNCTIONS OF RIN(; /-;PINNING FRAME

1
( The b,'.sic runc_tion t~f' the ring spinning frame is drafting. Drafting is carried out to such an extent so_ a'>
)

to uch,evc desired f 1ne11ess or the yarn. The draftin g is carried out by using a 3 over 3 roller drafting
,trran g~mi:nt with doubli..: apron Sllpporl. J\t the rin g spinning frame a draft of 15 to 4fJ is gi, en
(so111d 1111 i..:s ulso up 10 50).
(2) The attenuated yarn formed by drnrting is weak and lack cohesion. In order to give strength to the final
yarn, twi st is inserted. Twi st is in serted at the ring spinning frame by using the popular tra-.el r method.
The amount of twist inserted in the yarn varies with the count of the yarn. To make finer: ams. greater
TPI is given and vice versa. The value of Twist Multiplier (TM) at the ring spinning frame general!~
ranges from 3 to 5.
(]) The final yarn produced after draftin g and twi sting is wound on special rin g bobbins also called as u,r;:,.
The built of the package kept is such which is suitable for storage, tran sportation and further processin~.

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

Fig ure shows the operating parts of the ring frame and the principle of operation is explained belo\\:

(1) Roving Bobbin

(2) Roving
(3) Bobbin Holder
(4) Guide Rail
(5) Drafting Arrangement
(6) Yarn
(7) Yarn Guide
(8) Spindle
(9) Traveller
(10) Ring

1,

1
LOTUS @ ACADEMY
 GATE TUTORI AL: RI NG FRAME
G 'de rails (4) lead the rovings (2) int
' The roving bobbins (I) are creeled in appropriate holders ( 3) . ~'. d count. 0
the In
► d ft' h
ra mg arrangement (5) which attenuates t em o l thefinalrequue f I
_ 600. Jt is one o t 1e most impo fr
45
The drafting arrangement is inclined at an angle of about •rrcgularitics present in th e )nrn rtan1 5
assemblies on the machine since it has considerable .innuenccdon _, d'iii g ' e. ·
. . .stl. an win 1.011 .
,... After the draftmg arrangement, the mach111e have tv., ng d ( ) receives the twi st needed tog,
6
,... lJ pon Ieav1ng
· the front rollers, t he emerging
· fine
1 fiber. stran t hi< 7 h speed . Eae h rc" olution ofVe 11
strength . This twist is generated by the spindle, whi~h _rotat~s: a;n is thus compl ete. the A
spindle imparts one turn of twist to the fiber str~nd . Spinningno t i~Jle (8) . a tra"cllcr (9) is required
,... In order to wind up the twisted yarn to bobbm mounted O 5 p .d d on the rin g ( I 0) cncircl' to
cooperate with the spindle. The traveller moves on guide prov, c ing the
spindle. . . . t e arn it i~ threaded with. The "Pe d
,.. The traveller has no direct drive; instead, 1t 1s earned along7 ") t I1 ~ ' . ,d h .. t . , , h e of
.
the traveller is lower than that of the spindle ow .ing to s1gn
· 1·Ii.
ica nt friction generate c \\, Ccn t c trnv c,11 er
and ring.
,,., This difference in speed enables winding of the yarn to bobbin. .· . Th
,. W ·mdmg · of the yarn on to the bobbm · an d I?wer'1ng the rmg rai,1. . e travcrsc
· 1·s done by ra ·1s111g . . stroke of
the ring rail is less than that of the bobbin height. The ring rail must therefore be rai sed b) small uinount
after each layer of coils.

CROSS-SECTION OF T HE MACHINE

~ igure shows the cross-section of a typical ri ng spinning machine. The ring frames arc I\\ o s id ed machines \\ith
the spinning positions located on both sides of the machine. Each spindle is a spinnin g pos ni o n. fhc spindle rail
houses the spind les. The creel housing the feed roving bobbins arc arranged in l\\ o ro,\ s o n \!ach side of the
machine. The drafting arrangement is carried on the roller beams. 1:,ach intermediate c;; ccti o n \land,;, on t\\O feet
adjustable in height by means of screws, thereby permitting eas} leveling of the machin~ .

bobbin holder

Draftma arranaerueut

Suction duct Rol\e1 ~t nud

Lappet
Spindle
Ballon control rina
Tta\'eller
?I

R.tn2

Supp0rt frame

Doffer ann

LOTUS O ACADEMY
 GATE TUTORIAL: RING FRAME

In modern machines, an auto-doffer is also provided. Including the auto-doffer, the width of the machine varies
11 ant from 800 to I000 mm (up to 1400 mm when the doffer arm is swung out). Today, the machine length can reach
50 m. Spindle gauges usually lie between 70 and 90 mm.

VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF RING FRAME

Ve it
r the A typical ring spinning frame is divided into four 1ones:

ed to (I) Creel Zone

the (2) Drafting Zone
(3) Twisting Zone
ed of (4) Package Winding I.one
eller
(1) CREEL ZONE

ke of The creel of the ring spinning frame is a simple device that holds the roving. It is very important that the 1_·ov!m~
OUnt should unwind properly and evenly to avoid any false drafts or roving breakages. To facilitate proper unwinding
the roving bobbins are held vertically by inserting the roving bobbin on the bobbin holder placed at the upper
portion of the frame . At) pi cal bobbin holder is shown in the figure below :

with f~

e rail
-p
f the I

feet Ring

Retainer device

The upper end of the bobbin holder is suspended by a bearing. The roving bobbin is pushed upward on to the
bobbin holder. Since the ring of the bobbin holder is attached to the retainer device so as the bobbin is pushed
upward, the ring v\ ill also move upward causing the retainer device to grab the inner po11ion of the rO\ ing
bobbin tube.
As the roving is pulled forward by the drafting rollers, the roving bobbin rotates and unwinding takes place. To
avoid excessive rotation to the bobbin, a brake arm is used to lightly press the roving bobbin to restrict it~
motion. Alternately this can also be achieved by using internal brakes in ball bearings.

{2) DRAFTING ZONE

,. Since the at the ring spinning frame greatest value of draft is given, the drafting zone of the ring frame is the
most important part of the machine that directly influences the evenness and strength of the yarn. So it is
impo1tant to have a precision control on the fibres in the strand which is being drafted out to suppress the
drafting waves.

2 3

LOTUS © ACADEMY
 G.-\ TE TUTORIAL: RING FRAME
. . • . , -1 here is hard I) an) friction
1.111.' I•th\"\.' strand 111 m,11n dr:lllin!.!. 111111 g (1b1t:s. • h
' . O fonh·.'.
tkld cons1sls •,n~"re111a
d ate Special l"b I re guidingde,1cesaretere ·ti Usin Tru
·
lt1.'ld ~ b) the r0 II cis
,md libl'\:' !.!.llid:1111:1.' pnn i(kd . a tone 1s~ 111aD cquble apron
·· drn f'"lino0 31-runoement ~
\\ 1 1 1anger
0
- 1 ~
It'•~ n1.'edt~d tn 1.·am t'HI .1 sutisfoctor) l ra :I t'·
1111 g Opcrutton . ou
the modern Rtng ra• f' mes fhe strand
· f fib •ct
b\'th,m ,1prons is th~- nws1 "kkh used guiding S) stem in du.·11 en b)' the middle rollers r_ohm a tt. rcll gdu~ ing '" ill remain
,.. In o\,ubk
J
npn,n d1.1flin~ system• 1,,0 n.:,o ~ h •ing •apronsh 11vr apron must be P1·essed •· . ,, 1t d condtot eti 1orce
fi
are therefo
1
,1ss1.'mbh In tWd1.·1 tt, be ablt: to guide the fibres e uppe_ ( it opening) precisely a apt~ 0 ,e _ 1bre
trumpet gui
.
,h!,lllbt the ~
· lt,\\er apron. I t)r this purpose , trolled
:1. con . spacing ex
ti •s spacing is set b)' "space r" or "distance
. clips" · strand. Thr
,,,tumc
' ,~ ne1.'ded b1.'t\\een I 11c t\\O nprons'at the dcli,cn
. • . 11 ' ones that t11ey can be cast)'
ort 1 rep 1aced in the back a
I nn!.!. b,,ttom nprons hm e 1hc no, J
untagc •111 comparison
• • h n ff
1
\\II 1l s, reciprocati
the~, ent ,,f dnmage nnd there is less danger of choking" 11 u m (carded and combed cotton. blends entire rolle
,,. I h~ dra0ing unit;, stem is capable of \\or\...ing fibres of up to m60 .
,md 12'h1.'mic;I fibre;)" ith dm" , nlues of between IO an~ 80 · a ,d 2 and successi" el} a main draft in T) pes of d
,,. l he- ro, ing is 1ir'<t subject ton b1'euk draft" ith values 01 15 1) Spt
?et:,een · t 'are between Ne 5 and Ne 150 ( 118. 4
the apn1n ~arcn until the• desired count •ts uc 111e, • cd • The spinning coun s c 2) Pn
11.-,)

3 TW
Apron:

Rubber Apron is made of s1 nthctic rubber material. ,, ith excellent ,,ear-resistance/oil-

rcsistance. ageing-resistance and smooth surface. In addition, it is of good stability, flexibility & wide It is a y
application. It is used in drafting system of ring frame and some other modern drafting system in spinning Vv1re
machine. It contains cradle for guiding its direction of length . Fl
a)
Rubber cot: b)
c)
It is one t) pe of synthetic rubber material which is used in top rollers of ring frame drafting system.
I he rubber cots also used on dra," ing frames, combing machines & spinning frames. Its hardness can be varied.
I he hardness of rubber cots is expressed by degree. Generally harder cots are used in the back rollers and softer
rollers are used in front rollers. The rir
I lardness ranges are given below-
shaped
Soft: 60° to 70° Shore project
Medium: 70° lo 90° shore ]
Hard : above 90° shore There
a)
80° to 85° shore are mostly used at the back roller and 63° to 65° shore at front roller. b)
C)

4
LOTUS @ ACADEMY
 GATE TUTORIAL: RING Fl{AME

Using Trumpet or traverse 01· conch.'llSl'I' (;uhl,•s

Tl_1e stn.mt_l o!'roving hns IL'\\ m1111b1.·rs \ll' lih1'l'S i11 :t rrnss-s1.'1.' liu11 :111d upon drnlli11g L'\'1..'11 l~'\H'I' 1111111lw1 Pl ' lillll",
11 111
will rcmnm 11111 )nrn. 1h1..•se libres 11,1,e lrnrdl, llll\ C\1li1.·si\lll lw1,,l'1..·11 thl•111s1.:lw.., . S1w,·inl lih1\' dine l'lrn • ·,
nrc lbcrcfo~·e essential tn curry nut drnlling \\.itlm.ut br1.1t1ki11g till' str:u1d. l·' ur tllh purpnHl' s1w~·i:dly ,ksit:m·d
01
tn~mpc~~uides arc used i_n c drnlling mnc to 1\1.•lp kL'l'P till' lilm.• 111uss 1ogi:ll1l 1· 11ml t11 nvnid IL'lll'lll!.t 1~11nrl iii,·
1
11
111
Stland. I hrce trnmpet guides or condensers urc usi:d one j11i,;t hl.'l'orc tile bmi puii· of' 1•nlk•rs. Sl•rnnd lwtwc1.•1111
111011111rd
th e. back ~nd middle rolkrs and the Inst just h1.:l'or1.· 111,·, lhrnt pair of' rolll-1·s. l'lll•s1..' p11i1k.., l ll'l'
11) rec~procat111g bnr that oscillutl'S slo\\ I) so that till' wcur (ll' th,• rnllt-rs rnuy sp1\·t1d out b! l'lllhHtll) tllm11ghotll Jil l'
entire rnllcr width.
Ids
Typl'S o!·' d1:nrting system: l'IH.'rl' tll'l,' l'llll111HHil) t\\ '\l t) IK'S ul'drnlli 11g S) sl\. 111 ur1..• usl'd i11 ri11 µ lh111w :
1

I) Spnng loaded drnlling S) Sl\..'111 or Pl'ndulu111 ,11'111, l'\a111pk : Sl\.F PK 20: 5 nr l'1,.•,1i:1rl s 20 ~
1
1n
4 2) Pneumntic drnlling S) stl.'111: SKF PK 3025

Diffcrcnct' bd"Cl'II pnl'nmatic :111d pendulum u1·m <11·n fli11g sysfl•111:

Pncuma1ic draftings~ skm Pl•ndnl11111 arm

I. I oudl.'d b) pneumatic pn:ssurc i.i:. I. I oadcd by spri11g
c.0111 ressed air
2. Uniform pressure is upplicd to nil 2. 1\ppliud pt\:ssurc in 1111 drnl1i11g 1c1111:s is
drafling rollers not uni rorrn
3. ~;stent )31'11 L~talit) is aclJcvcd J. Co11sisll:11t ynrn quulit) is 1101 m:hicH·d
4. Modern drafting sl stem . J . l' Oll\ cntionnl S) sk-111

{3) TWISTING ZONE

Lappet hook or Thread guide:

1- It is a yarn guide made b) bending a" ire nmnl.'d snail,, ire. S11t1il ,virc mn) bl' diffl't'cnt int) pcs lik\..' jH,httpL'd
e wire
g Functions:
a) Its main function is to guide the) urn thus 111ai11t,1i11 the sccmit) ol' thi:) arn .
b) It prevents ,am collision n ith adjacent yarns.
c) It surface should be smooth to prcwnt rubbing or yarn. Rubbing crcntt:s ynrn huirin(;ss.

The ring arc made of lov. carbon stci:I i.e. son steel or ceramic in the form or n bur \\hkh modckd intn ring
shaped either by bending and welding or b) pressing by means or dies nnd then the stock is given the dcsirL'd
projection term as ring tlnngc.
Function:
There are some important functions of ring. These nn: given bclow:-
a) Ring guides the circular run or the truveh.:r.
b) It also helps in twisting by mean s or running of the trnvl?lcr.
c) It also acts as a track or trav<.:lcr.

LOTUS @ ACADEMY
 ( ;ATE TUTORIAL: RING FRAME

! '111,;~il'it•!.!!ill!! of riU1! ~ ~
I\) l\trt1rd111g to <il'igi11 01· c.:li.:mcnt :- i. Metallic. ring a.
ii. C cramic ring b.
n) /\n•ording to nt1111h<.:r ol' flnngc.::- i. ~inglc flange ri~g c.
ii. f)ouble flange nng Hct1r t,,,hbin dia t1n<l I{ Ring d1a., d.
13
l{vlutio11 hc.:tw<.:<.:ll bobbin clia und Hing dia: B 0.39R (Where cJ
. . . . , , , 1 , be single <Jf douhlc.
!'..b.H~ l hc pnth of trnwlcr on the.: ring is called llan~c. t may h. • . cfo,mctcr and inner <l i.imctcr of \o
Flu111H· wi <llh : ·1ht! tcn11 flanrc.: width cxrrcl.s the d1ffercncc.: t c.: outer c:
ring. I l:mgl~ width is <.:,pn.:ssed in flange.: no.
l· lnngc.: width (l ·lnngc no. 1 1)/12 inch lie

l
Flange 110. __ /.1 langc wi9th (mm)
I 3.2 _ --
1.5 - 3.6
2 4
...• f ra·. ellcr
· Ic me·chan'ical clement ·1n ring frame which carri es them<·~
·
· he most trnny
·Inn cllcr: ·I rnvc Ic.:r 1st anc.I s1mp tra, cllcr
1mpnrtnnt runction like simu lt aneous twisting, winding, thread guide etc.
Rccomm
Fun cl ion of tra ve ller:- 'I ravel ler docs some important in ring frame. ·rhesc arc mentioned bcl ov, :-
n) I wisting on the dnirted strand or fibre.
h) Winding or the yarn on the hobbin.
c.:) Maintain wine.ling tension or
the yarn by the frictional n.:sistance bctwecn the ring and the traveler.
d) It acts as a guide for yarn on the way to be wound on the bobbin.

Traveler s peed and its effects: ·1ravcllcr docs not have a drive of its ov.n. It drags along behind the
spindle. Since the spind le rotates at a high sreed, a high contact pressure is generated bet,,cen the ring and
trnvclcr during winding, mainly due to centrifugal force. ·1he pressure introduces strong frictional force s \\hich
111 turn lead to significant generation or heat. It is the important rroblem of ring/traveler.
I he front roller delivers a certain len gth of yarn. I hat's why length ""ound up must correspond s to tht
di/'krcnce in peripheral speed or
traveler and spind le. I he speed difference is due to lagging th e tra,cle,or
relative lo the spindle. Force a

Parts of traveller: ·1here arc three parts of a traveller. They arc given below:-
,., Bow
.,.. I lorn
.,.. l· langc

Type of traveller: Travelers can be classified into fol lowing two ways:- Limitat
,.. According to shape:-
❖ C - traveller The gre
❖Elliptical traveller speed. ·
.,.. According to the X-section of wire: amount
❖ Round traveller small
❖ flat trave ll er
❖ Semi-circular traveller
around

LOTUS @ ACADEMY
 GATE TUTORIAL: RING FRAME

Spccifica1ion of traveller: A ring traveler is specified by the followings-

a. l'ravcllcr no .: L 2, 3. 1/0, 2/0. 3/0 etc.
b. Cross section of the "ire and shape
c. Flange no.
d. Surface finish- Stainless steel made, Carbon finish, Nickle finish etc.
e) Type or materials etc .

Notation of traveller: A traveller can be notified as follows-

3/0 MS1l II .5/0 MS/FF,7/0 111-NI/ I IF

I lcre,
3/0- Traveller number
MS- Mild steel
111·- Half'Oange
Fl - Full nange
HI-NI- I ligh Nickel Finish
ies 1~e~O\i fravellcr Number or size of traveller: 1-!ere, if the weight of IO traveller is IO grains then the number or those
traveller is I and so on .

ow:. Recommended traveler no. for various yam counts:

- ---
Count (Ne} Traveller No.
Veler. 16 2
20 1-2/_ 0_ _ _ _ ____J

30 3/0-4/0
behind ~ 1---4_0_ _ _-+--6/_0_-8_/0_ _ __
1
he ring ano 1--5_0_ _ _---+_I_0/_0_-1_2_/0_ _ _---1
rces 11,nicr ._6_0____ 13/0-15/0
80 16/0-19/_0_ __
nds 10 Int :. .;;_/0__ _
----'-/0;;_-.:20
. . ::. .0:._ _ _.l--'-19
L-..:10
the tmele:
Force acting on traveler:
i) Travel ler weight
ii) Frictional force between ring and traveler
iii ) Centrifuga l fo rce
iv) Balloon tension
v) Wi nd ing tens ion

Limitations of Traveller/Ring Arrangement

The greatest limitation faced by ring sp inning frame is its incapability to further increase its producti vity and
speed. This is mainly du e use of travell er ring arrangement. At high speeds the trave ller generates signi ficant
amount of heat due to fri cti on with th e ring. If the speed or the ring frame is to furth er increase, ow ing to a vcr)
small mass and size of the travell er, di ss ipati on of heat ge nerated by th e trave ll er is not poss ibl e. Thu s th e
operating speed of the trave ll er and th e ultimately the entire machine is limited. Currentl y the spindle of the ring
frame is capable of running up to 30,000 rpm the use of travell er permits th e speed only to be rai sed up to
around 22,000 rpm .
7

LOTUS @ ACADEMY
 GATE TCTORIAL : RL' G FR.A .\.1 £

\nother ,,.ay of inc:re~ing the :.peed of the ring frame s b~ using ring v. ith <,maller d!~meter w that ;f "1 .
speed can be further incrccl3Cd without increasing the frictional forces on the traveller rmg. _Ho"'e' er ~ d!, r.,
-,o <.,mailer pac:.~age~ v. ill he formed and th~ v,ill ha,,c to be doffed more frequently. f h1.-, can de<:.reru,e ••
producti\ it: 0• 1 1-e machine. I Jov.cvcr this probfcm can be rectified by w,ing autom:itk dof-fing C~\ i~'>-
1o put into a nutshell. there i!-> a vcrv r,mall room as far the speed ad·:ancemcni m the rmg .-,pmnmg frame
c.onccrncd. However measures like ~tomatic doffing~ use of preci.,ion instruments and precisior. compor.er~
(spcciall~ ring and traveller). increase in the number of spindles per machine to reduce cost per spindle ar:
automatic linkage of ring frame with the ',.\inding machines will help the ring 5pinning frame to be economical.
"iahlc to u c for years to come.

C-1 ) P AC KAG E WJ'\OI~<., ZO'-E

I he ~ arn after being l\.\ isted by the traveller has to be properly wound on the entire length of the package called
a<, the cop. In order for the\\ inding to take place there should be a difference in the surface speed !:>et\,ecn U-e -~
c;,pindle and the tra•.eller. The traveller has no drive of its o"n instead it is carried along with the ~am \\hich ·, J
hcing \.\Ound on the cop after passing through the traveller. ·r he frictional forces betv.een the spindle and lht
tra, cller and also the air drag because of the balloon formation between the lappet guide and the spindle maJ.-~
the surface speed of the traveller less than that of the spindle. ·r his automaticall~ fulfils the requireme nt of
\\ inding. fhe traveller and the spindle cooperate v. ith each other to perform v. inding. In order for the ~- am to be
properly wound on the entire length of the cylindrical ring bobbin (cop). the ring is raised and lowered v,hich ,s
mounted on a longitudinal ring rail.

Spindle:

I ~e spindle is the main part of a ring frame \\hich helps in tv. isling. v. inding simuhancou.sl:. ~orT'e1i,,,, ~
c.,pmdlc referred as ·heart of spinning·. It hold the bobbin. somc .... hat loosely but tight enough Lo prc"em
slippage.

I ·j
l.

Fig,Jre Spr,r.Jole

Function~ of spindle:

a) "I "' isting and winding is performed by spindl e

bJ It holds the bobbin. ·
c) The capacity of ring frame is mainly determine by the number of spindle.

LOTUS O ACADEMY
 'J f,1,; rJartt of ~,,lndlt Mt gi ,er~ bd,~11:,
,, 'lpindle blad~
,, i/h;,rvc
,, f ~,,hu.,-·
,, (hi,;K
r f~L:aririg
,, I ;,1l~wr c(lgc:

td
he 'f he Ifie.I tf,rt:c rmrt~, hdr the •.rJ1mHe to fi;; ~• ttA; flgk .,fa,.;c: ~ A v,M~"' ;,.< -x; · :
I\
!'b< KM,1', ill.Jj_: t (Jf' f~fV, ' ) ~J·,r !...f'ht. -.~
he
A typiecd fr,rm c,f ;, pm;k~gt rro<foct(f r,-:- ~ r~;.g ',fJinmng fom,t t\ ,::. <~ H c:.e f:/}y, 1.r:e ;;-ar.,.1~~ 'ii y:,>d -~e~ •
(;<, 1

or a tube c,f pt1p<;r, u ,rd h<,ard m pfa~tk mai<;d~J, /,,,,.,<m! w ,,,::; ,1f Ctwr: li,oe i, ~, (•ee 1,f ah-<= .:; ...~ 1n ?'JW t.:ppi.:~
he and lr,wcr cnch ·1 he tul,f; ha•. & '>light thp(."T u,m,. .,,Jt1:ulrng co t1": t:; 1,;;-; of a.~ ",i:<f 1,~ y; 4{';a ~,e pi,.tt~g.e r...a.1 ')I;.
is
fl rmly f;C<.:urtd M thf.; 1)pindlc.
)y,-

..:_::_ , , ,., _, ,. .,. r.-

'"'~:;~~"';E]:..
.. . ---..-:- ~..-tAt,.,

<.:~. ,-,.,.. II V,#✓, ~ - -• 1, (,fl,_,.,A h r •

,...,,.tJN, • l
cnt

.__ __ __ _;:,___ I,-~:.;~,

,

The ~truc:turt of tht c.;op i~ divided into thrc1; <li,tint1 p<1rt.~:

r I J 'I h(; Upp<;r (onical 'f ip,

(2J 'I h£; Middlt C} !in<lrical Part
(1) 'f h<.: I ,ov.cr ( urved f~a¼:,

·rhc cop ha\ tw(J distinct layer\ cl tht }arn 11.ound an ks ~urfote i;..:, tht main \•,indi»g layers and the t.:rm,;,
winding layer<.;, '/ he main winding l~t;/(;m ar<; dc,4,(; to e:w:h other and art <lenS;;I:, ,,\otm<l \•,~;~s the cm..,s rf n-:!
!ayers arc (}penly laid and arc lwsdy 1Aound. 'f he cro<;s i•, irvJing fayer, ~~;au;; fr e mair; v, irding la} er-, '-4,
that the high tcn~ion of the: 1am rm1) n()t cau1it- the 'i:ur:cts\iH: fa~e;, w re p,e~~..:<l ca:J\ing pm~ em.,, n
um1iinding, 'f he packagt built <1f the cCJp as. compared to thal o: tht mdn~ ooboio i" rr.ud; mwt c-0mplu ,.-.hid,
abo require,;~ complex mechanical arnmgcmtnt~; ho1-1,e,1er it i~ <Jptimal for unv,k1ding at a ~,;;r,. --:igl-1 ~peed on
the winding machines.

8
L()TCS O ACADE.\JY
 (;ATI~ TUTOHli\L: IU N(; FRAME l
\ hl' Builill'r \\lotion

I n ohtain thc abml' 1111:nt1n1wd built or tlH..· l'<lp. rn111pll'\ 1111.:th1111ic.nl :tl'l'lllll'l'llll'lll'i cnlkd ns thi.: hiiild1.:r motion
I
is !)l'l)\'ickd at t hl' llll f}, I r,lllll' I lw hu ildi.:1 11101 in11 ill I, ll'\ l'" I Ill' ..,1 n1ll I1rl' o I t Ill' cop hy pt.:rf'orm i rig hi.: l'o llowing
1.1..,I,. -.. :
111
( I l I h1.' ring rail nn \\hkh th1.· nng j.., 111nu11tl'd ,.., 1novl'c.l up d dnwn h) till! huil(kr otion in a src.:c.:,al inannl!r .
I hl' ring r.til ,,h,k m<w1ng up 1s 1110,cd slowly hut with an incn.:asing <;peed and i'i rnovcd down quite fustc.:r but
n
\\ith a Jccrl'a...,111g ,pc1.•d Dur111g the . . 10\'v tqnvard 111own11.:11t of the ring rnil, ii dense innin wi uing lnyc.:r is laid
and durim• thc l'u . . t dn\\11\\,ml 11H)\Cl1H0:11t, ,, 100..,1.· crn...,, \\111ding ln)er i'i laid . I his gives the ratio hdween th l!
kn t: th ol,-lhl ~.,rn m tlw 111,1111 ,111d c.ro...,s \\llid1n g-, o hl' : I. I h,.., dillcrcnc.:e i11 ynrn len g th in the.: urrcr and
1111ddk pan 1..n:,1Ic..," t,l(K'r rn cn111c.:.II -,hapc of' tlw uppcr p.irt. I Ile strokL' or tile distnncc.: hy which the.: rin g rail The b
mmcs up ,md do,\11 is h,:-,s thnn th.: total \\md111 g h1.•ighl (lif1) nl thi.: tuhi.: . 5 uch
0 fth
t 2 l llw . . trokc of th1.• nng rail Is tklihcrntcl) !-.cpl kss thnn puckftgc tube.: height so that lhc.: ring rail can be
1110\ed url\\ard b) ,1 small distancc from the pre, ,ou.., point or la)- or the ynrn nfkr nne complete layer or lhc vs.E
~ am ha.., hccn laid . I hi, hd1h ,n 1..rcaung the hme, curved hasc of' thc packngi.: . 111 older machinery , instead or
1111" in g th1.· poI111 nl Im ol thl' rnw r.1il up\\ ,ml..., nlk1 L'\:L'I)' la) er hn..., hccn lnid , the ..,rind le i made lo m ove Most
do\\11\\ard . I h,..., is L,m1cd out h, mnunt,ng thc ...,pindk n the spine.Ill! rail. I lowevi.:r in modern machinery thi s When
,11rani>emcnt is no lnnecr u-;cd and nnl) thi.: nng roil is mode.: to move up and down and also its point of lay is as sep
continuou...,I) l1fkd up\\,1rds h~ a small nmou111. This somehow reduces the complexity the builder motion . or into t
reacti
I he l~hKS of the build..:r mntI011 to 1110\L' the ring rail up and down is carried out by using special heart shaped alum·
eccentrics m cam..., 111 Ih drl\ c !,! " cn to the ring rail. rt1csc ccci.:ntrics in its rotary motion give an up and down
motion tn the ring rail. l h1. 1 ,..,i.: 111 the point of la) or
the ring originates b) using a ratchet wheel that arter every
la~ ~·r n\' the ) arn makl's the pint nl' 1hi: la) of the ring rui I to sh i 11 ur,, arc.ls.
waste
l SF 01• BALLOON CON I ROL RINGS (BCR)
y
I O :itlwvc greater pro_ductton spi.:cds \\ith minimum li·iction produced by the traveller, the spindle and the rin gs
u.s~•d on n~odcrn ring lramcs are co111rnrat1vel!_ small. 'I his ~mall ring si/e only permits a very limited length of
Wher
-: : 1 :nIn ht: \\ound on I~~~ -bobb1n <1nd thL' dolf1ng ,,mild huvc to be performed more frequently and hence th e
/ ''. dlldl\ II\ \\OU/d sulk, On lllOlkrn 11rnch11lt'', thrs problc.:m ha-. been overcome b) using longer len th of
Facto
"/1 111dk, .rnd /~~ih/1111-, so th,11 c, en \\ 11h ll'ss pad.agl' diami.:tcr more yarn length cnn be wound Th · . d g h
.11m111n1 of_do/f,ng. ,111d rroducth it_, can be incrca<;cd in this way . . is 'e uccs t e a)
I hL' w,c <!I lo1~g sp111dlt:s \\ ill mean that the distance bct\,\Cen the lappet guide and th .· Id b · · b)
rc.,u/1111¥ Ill a formation of a bigger balloon. The greater balloon size has followin d' e ~mg wou . e qutte hi gh
Jo fllc1/11a1c ii /~rgcr balloon during winding, more spacing g isa vantages . c)
<I_> 1111/ he required bet\\ ccn the acl_jaccnt spindles and hi.:nce the size of . , · .
( ") I /Jc large balloon causes the ai,. drag oI1 the ,,aI· 1 t . .d d the mach 'ne has to be mcreased . d)
h:i//0011
~
co/lapse. • ·
· c I o 111creasc an uc to v
' h·ic I1 ti1e yarn can be broken due to
:,~ :;rdrl;o a\oid these _di sad_, ~ntagcous effects, balloon control rings are used e)
.c1c J . ,1 oon control rmg d1v1des the balloon into two smaller . .
lc:ss a11· drag on the varn ... rhc use of balloon cont. I .· . ·11 sub balloons which are more stable and create f)
• lO 11ngs Is I ustrated below:

10

LOTUS O ACADEMY
 CATE TlJTOIH\L : HI\<, J·J<AM I·,

I
'r. (
...._ l
lit : I
id j
h~ \.,- ,r. -
......
nd
ail

I hl' hallnon rontrnl ring,; enable the srinning operation \\ith long spindler; at high speed'>. H
... uch rinl!s cau.,e the <iurfiu:c ol the) arn to hccomc rou!.!h and abnH.lcd us the, am i'> rubbed c.._J 11~1 •
he (1t'thc..,1.•7·ing.., I his can al.,o crcatcs more fl) 111 the !:-ipi~ning department. · -
he
or llSE OF SEPARATORS

his \lost of'the end breakages during '>pinning occur because of the \\Cak ::,pots created b) lhe sp·nl! ~=- •~:= -
\\ IH.'11 the tlrn.:..1d breah the free broken end of' the tlm·ad lashes around the spindle. If a pro: .. : , ~;: -·,:
IS
as separators arc 1101 prcn ic.kd to scp ..m.llc the ud1.1<:.cnt spindlv,. the broken end oflhe thresJ '1.21"' =e-1-e~
into the 111..:ighbouring s;pindks causing more thread::, to bn:ak ':)o a ::.ingfe end breaka.!~ ran ~ .. u~~ .... ~"'
n.:.1ctio11 of) am breakages 111 all the c;pindlcs placed in one line. Jo pr;1,em this ::-cpai=-ator rla1e-~ m...:fr ...;:. •
ed aluminum or plastic 1s placed in hct\\cen c1,er) adjacent spindle.
"n
er> \'AR~ REALIZATION:
It is the term us;cd to denote the percentage of') arn produced from g1\ en \\ eight oi r.:m _:(\n-..m h ~~• ,:-v..,.,
\\HS!l! C\ll'HCIIOll.

Yarn rcali1ation% (92-/). !or rnrded yarn

ngs (95-/ )( l -C. I00)-3. for combed ) am
of \\ here. / trash e\tractcd (0"o) 111 process stages .C comber lll)il 0 o
the
or factor'i con-;idercd for s;elcction ol'a trmelcr:
the a) Yarn count: l l1uhcr the> am count. lll\\cr ,, ill be th1.• trah'kr \\i.' t- ll.
b) ~pindlt: \peed:~! I the spindle ..,peed ts high. then the:, ,1rn 1c1b10'1 \\ ill be hi~•, ,,, ,fi~.~nr.:., ,', , ',', ,
gh be used to minimi1c ten sion.
c) Ring dia: f·or same spind le speed and count. ,,i~h the incrca-.;c t)t'ring J ~1 Ht'k'r~:1m ,,,, ,, ..:~ \\,' ...
frictional area increases. So tra1,cler should be lighter. . .
dJ l.mpty bobbin dia: Vv hen empt) bobbin dia decre~N''i. ,, 111dmg an~,t.' \k-.' c,1:---.', ,',, • H:;l ,th~ -,'f \, "'
LO tension . So a light traveler should be used . . . ,
or
e) Lift of bobbin: lftht: 1,n bobbin inneascs )al'll lCll'\ll\ll ,,ill h' h1~ h'' , \,. ,\\._' -.'('\\,:: ' . , ',', • ,','

LC less. .. . . • , . , , . Ii •Ill 'r l\ , , , h ,u \t x' ~ ~-

1) Cross section oftrtrvt:kr: Vve kmm , ii lrn:1101w 1ar1.•a 1111.11.,hv,. ,, I. I , ' ' · • ' • ' -
l or flat frictional an:a incrras;es. tf'H\L'll!r ,,i.:1µht dl'\'t\',1"1.'"
, arL'tl lkcrca-;1.•,. lnl\t'kt \\\.'lµht lll.\1,-.1,,',,
. . ul ·11· 1·1··1ct 1' rn1·tl
.
I or semi cm: • .
I or circular. frictional area dccre,1s;cs. 11,1\L'kr ,,1.•1~h1 llht\\l'"''

10
L()TlJS O ACADE~t,
 ( ;A'l'JI: TUTOIH AL: IH N( '' FH AME

\oil\\.' 1111 pm\nnl 111lnnnn\11111 : , 42 45 nll11

I \ Ji,;u•illv llSl'tl rillu d1n111dl:r. .l t 3(,, 18 • 40 ' ' .
"l..R111g' cup
• • c-
dia1m:tl·r: · (riu.
I mpl> hob I1111 2·· I or 2.5· 1
'\ hnhhtn kng\h ~ x R111 F l)iaillL'tcr
I l\nbh1n lift Bnbh111 k11~•th 20111111 , l't I he follov\ing draft
• rcduc11on in yarn qud 'y.
\)ran l,111pJ''- ,111111\~ -..p111n,np, I 1·I~•I \Cl. , . drnrt w,11itlly t:all',C.., the
.·
\11nit~ h,\\'l' hl.'en e-..tah\1-. IlL'tII rn P ·
111 rl1C'li
' · .
Carded vnrn (( ollon): up 10 35
Corded hlendl'd : up 10 tlO
l nmhcd cotton nnd blended yarns
Medium flll<,;'lll'Ss : up lo •10
I inc ynrn. up to ,15
'i\ nll;elll fibres up In .15 (~50). . . dd' . I
. . . . . . . , • ·tin draft should not exceed its l'.m1t, _a a 1t1ona
... , , .. n· lntal draft ofn ring Imme is l1m11cd. ~11~cc the t~, ·) lh 's draft facilitates the main draft and
B, ~., { <, ., J. I ·11 thc h·1ck mne (hetwc1:11 bnck and middle ro c1 • I
dr;l111s 1111p 1c, 1 '
1
km~::;. 1:;:1t't:::i~:~ ,~\oving ,1nd total drnfls up to 40: break draft should be I. I- I.4
"itrongly. ,~ i'>tcd rovi 11 ~,. break dra rt shou Id be 1.1-1.5
\.\ lli.:n total drnn i.:,t:i.:cdc, ,10. break draft. 1.4-2.

hli,f imcrtion in ring frame

Ihe csse11c1: or stark: sp111n111g

· · 1s
· about twist
· ·111sert1on.
· · 1n 1111g_
: · · g, twist
sp111_111n . . is inserted
. into. the thin
. . strand. of
lihri.:s emerging from the front roller nip to form the yarn. During ring sp1~n1ng, the spindle _,s pos1t1vely driven
h.) a belt or tape nt a constant srced. The traveller is dragged around the ring by the ~ar~ be1~g wound onto the
hohhin. lhe rotntion or the travelli.!r allows the yarn between the traveller and the pigtail guide to rotate at the
c._,1111c c._pei.:d. lhe rmistencc or vision will give us the impression of a yarn balloon as the yarn rotates at a high.
c._pi.:cd. II is the rotating balloon that inserts the actual twist into the yarn.
t\s t,\lst is generated in the yarn balloon, it travels past the yarn guide towards the front roller nip. But the twist
can 1101 quite reach the nir line or the front rollers, because the fibres emerging from the nip have to be diverted
inwards to be twisted around each other. So a small triangle of fibres , without any twist, is formed between the
front _rolle1: nip and t_he fibre convergence roint as sh_own in figure . This triangle is called the spinnin g tria ngle
or hns t trian gle. It 1s also known as the yarn formation mne. Because there is no twist in this zone, it is a weak
po_111l an~I ends~do~vn 111.ost oll_cn occurs in this region. l'or this reason , a large triangle is not desirable. The
height of the sp1nn111g triangle 1s affected by the spinning geometry and the twist level in the
yarn ..

hont lop mlll.lr

ancJ Front top roller
and
Fron1 bo110111
roller hont hottom
roller
Sp11111i11g
·1rianglc Spinning
I riangle
Convergence
Yarn 1)0111(
Convergence
Yarn
(a) long triangle
(b) Short triangle

LOTUS (;) ACADEMY

 (; \ l'F I'l l l'Ol{l.,\I : RINC FR \I\IF

l h t·rh:\llf i\f th1111 h 11' l'\ 11kr illld hi ,I .

\·i·:111~,• 11•·1·f ·•
1; 11 11,1~~
I
1111 1Iw \ 'll'I\ t,,~ IIl(\\l:-il\\lllr~d•1, 1·'1;,1I w I1t·1g I11 . I1t'lh.'C the lcwl 1)1. ends-(own .
,111 spinning
l . , ,tk1 r11t,II\' .ll ,1 ~11,\\l'l' sp,'\\I
l . • I r,.
'I I l\ \1\ nll 1,I 11 1..'llilll ht'l\\t't'll tht' tnnl'llcr nnd ring. 1he \il1'11 bulloon nnd the
11,,j1 111111~ ,
. 1·1 11t11lll\':-. . 11 \,II\ 11ll' s1111Hll , \ I •
, ·l · s \\l' '" I St't' short I), 1hc bulloon spccd keer" chnng1nµ "'
1 1 ht'111\'ll\'tllh t
' l 1l'..
.,, ,11 , 1' I' ' ,,,u~: . tI1c) ,\I'll . I)">lll
1llt\' lllt lw • . .• \\1 s 111111d \IS· t I II ll' t111 II non spt'1)d (n ,, clf'k out tht• I\\ 1st k\'1..'I 111 111
I ,' , 1•nil 1, ,-.1knl,ll,\I Jhi \\•' hI 111
1 ' t \\ 1 I 1It' ·h)I) 111
t11 , , ' ' !' !' 'I'-'''' ol' Ih,• On Ih>on In procl ice the nom inul I\\ i,1 le, c I
I
1 1
11'.~ i,;u 1h1111 tl1t, ,1p111\1,t ; , ,~
11
?"
1:1111 ~pindk• t\ 1l.1t11,1rnl spt't'll r,1th1.•r (hnn 1hc halh~nn spe1.•d. l'hc d1scrcptlllC>
;ti' - •11 l 1 hlJlllh':-1)1,lll
/ \l 'i \'I l/111'11., f' t'I' lllt'//'i' ) ,\jli/11/11 •/'ll/11 (l'L'\'\ /Ji'/' 11)111 ,)
l',mi,/1·/fr1•n· 1p1•1•d (11w,,:., /J('/' min ~

'li1.' •\ ;It'll 1kli, 1.'n s111.'1.'d 1s s11, 1·- 1',.,l Sl'l'l'

.· 1I 1'I • I Ih' ln,nt
. r\llkrs. II i-, :ii-;() n:forrL'd 10 11s 1lw) ,1rn f)l'Odlll.: llL)ll ~fWL' LI
l • . ' I

lr:\tl' ) .

~
dit10,.
nd ., \s 111 cnti11n1.\l , · l th1.',· arn bnlln,t 11 11. H,lks
, -.-earliL'r. ,
, " 11( n slO\wr .
speed thon the spindle · . , nn
due to air. drug (rL's1stn1m:)
,nrn
· . ,111t j t 11. 1111.11t1n
I 11 · ) ti . 11.'l\\l.'1.'11 lrt1\\.'II, ,
1.I Ont 1 ring It 1s this d1llcrence in rotot1onnl ..,peeds ol the balloon .rnJ thL
.. • • • •• • • •

·Sf111\l11 l' ,( 1·r·)l) I')II) , :l. 11 l)\\ S th1.•

, .. l,ll . ·' \ 'II' 1l t n I11., \\ot111d up onto Ille bobbin . . ~ 11hout
. this • ..
, dilkrence .
·111 1ota11nn.1 I
~, ccd• 1H I t •11. 11,1, . 1. 11 1.'1 :111d sp111d k rl )l ·'-Ill•11 , • 'i)l1l.'.
• • lw 110 \\indinu of'\nrn onto the bobbin
t I1ere ,,ill · . In ndd1t1011
11
the. l1111.•;1r "int1111!.!-nn ~ "PL'1.' d 111.'1.'d •I I 1.i.:'11,en
• :- t l1 111 •1t1.111c I · (surface)
· ::- · front rolkrs. othem1~e
speed of'the · the ):.lrll
,, tll bi.' llH) l:lllt M tot1 slnt.·~ during spinning. ·

j Traveller J

strand
I~ dt11r
Ontot
ate a111
at an1:
Ynrn wind-
then, on point
dim.c The ring

trianr,
isaM The cross section of the bobbin/ring/tnn ellcr assembly
able.~
Figure shows a cross-sectional vie" or
the bobbin/ring/traveller assembly, with o yarn being wound onto the
bobbin via the traveller. If the diameter of'the bobbin at the yarn \\ind-on point is d,,rnd-on, the linear \\indinu0 -011
speed (Y111nd-on) should equal the circumf'erence or) arn package (n d,11nd•on) multiplied by the difference in
traveller and bobbin rota! ional speeds (n1i,ihh111 - n11a,dk1 ). i.e.
l.,,,,1 111 ,rc/ 11 ,,,., ,,,x (n,.,.~"" n, ,.,,, )
This wind-on speed should match the speed a( ,.\l,ich the fibre strand is delivered b)- the front rollers. But as the
yarn package builds up, its circumference changes. With a constant bobbin rotation speed (n1iobbm), the tra\cllcr
needs to change its rotation speed (n1r~ve11c:r) so that the winding speed (Ywrnd-on) remains constant and matchc')
the front roller deliver) speed. The beauty of ring spinning is that the traveller can self-adjust its rotational
speed during spinning. It's all done automatically by the traveller itself.
13

LOTUS © ACADEMY
n traveller
 (;J\ 'I E TIJ'f'Ol<IAL: HJNU l•HAMJi:

PIIY'-,IC~ ()J, J<INU S J'f NNJI~!)

I he physics of ring :,pinnrnp <..:on'>idcr', the v11ri11w, t,m;,'.', '" 111w 1111 tl,c y1111, i11 111, 1,,,11,,,,1,, w. w,·ll 11•, the f,,,,,
acting on the traveller, I hi, con'iidcn11,,,,, ,., 11 c, <:"l~1,1y i11 ,mil, t,, 1{11111 11t1 i111,11d11 11111, llil' 11111,11c 11 1 1i11J•
spinning, and how different p11rwm:lc-r,/,c11111µ'> iJtlci,;I the .pi11t111w pc, 1,,111111111,:~.

BALLOO'\ THEOH Y

<on<;idcr the :-.cction of yarn bctwc<.:n th(.; piµlwl w,d tlw 1n,v, ll,·1 1111 •,fi1,w11 i11 lif1111.; f I, 1IH: 1;c 1111 if 11r;d 11,1!.:
a!)-.(>cic1tcd with the mtat 1011 of rhc y~,rn mukc.•, 1hi •. '.c, 1i1,11 of t Iic; y:,111 hrd 11 ,, ,11 "" I 1,) I111 n 1 ;, y11111 h;d l<Hll1. N,,
con<,i<lcr a -.mall clement of length ch, ,n tlu hall11()1J lµ111J1111g llll 1111 drnµ w1cl ,,1'111 ,1111dl Iott l ,, 1111.: 1,11ly
forces acting on thi:, ..,mall clement wc,uld ht 1hc 1c11,im1'> I 1111d '/ 1 d I 111 tire two <.:11cJ 1, " ' the c·I, 111c111 , pl111; the
centrifugal force (m d~ ,,, 2 YJ Helinµ on tlw clcmcnl.

(
◄

Tc ◄
QT
,fa
y
I,
f" H

T+dT (/. Rt/

, :.L
T,a ,.,,~fj:_
/,

(JJ, ;:mgular velocity of ball,,on;

m: y,1rn 1m1<;c,/11nit length
·1 c: centrifugal force m d., m2 y; f I: hall<,on height

I>; ring radiu~; '/ : y;,rn tc11-.io11

h,rcc, acling on the balloon

In equilibrium, the forces acting fJn each d<;mcnt in the balloon should hl: h;dwiccd in hoth x and y dirccti
',o v.c h~vc

I '>,n /J le O ,d'JJ<tinW(dfJJ 0
'/ ~,-.11 f/ d'l J <:-,,., (0 • dO) <,
fJr
dtf u,•,OJ 11

L<>1·us O A(.:AJ)EMY
 I

I
GATE TUTORIAL: RING FRAME

It sh,,uld b1.• st1\':ss1.\I thut this is the simplilicd balloon equation. The detailed derivation need not concern us
h1,•t\'. \\ lmt ''"' :m: interL'skd in is the prncticnl implicntions or this so culled balloon theor) •
llw "hap1.' ,,1'1h1.' b:tlh)1rn is sinusoidal. and it._ urnplitudc {/\) and wavelength (A) arc:

. , -. f
I R
11 (I) .'--,,')
Sin(
To

2 n-
A 2 n-Jro
111 (I) , (1) 111

JTo
,\ sine 1.·unt.' can t'ontnin one or more points where the curve crosses the axis, and these crossing points arc
1.·alkd 1w1ks ns sho\\ 11 in 11gure.

Formation of node in yarn balloons

For nornrnl spinning, it is obvious from figure (left diagram) that the balloon height (H) should be less than hal 1·
the wavelength ('A/2). Ir the balloon height is more than hal r the wavelength (i.e. 11 > ')..J2). a node appears in the
balloon as indicated in ligurc (right diagram). What this means is that during spinning. the yarn at the node
11ould aho\ 'cl}S \\ant to be in the space occupied by the yarn pad.age, so that the yarn at the node strikes the
rotating package during spinning, resulting in an end-break. ·1herefore, this node should be avoided for normal
spinning.

\le now know that it is impossible to operate a ring spinning machine with a multiple-node balloon (11 > A. 12) .
ections. However. 11 A1 means that the yarn package height or sil'e is limited. Since, to spin yarn onto a large

package. 11 shou!J be large, this requires a large A to avoid a node. A large 11 is achievable (according to the
equation 1.4) through: either a large yarn tension To which may lead to yarn breakage; or a low spindle speed
ro. which usually means low production rate.

In practice, a BALLOON CONTROL RING is normally used to restrict balloon expansion. so that large yarn
Package may be used without having to reduce the production or increase the yarn tension.

14
15
LOTUS © ACADEMY
 GATE TUTORIAL: RING FRAM~

FOR( ·1,:s .\(TI N(; ON nm TRA VF:LLEB

YARN

Tl

.
~
► Tc
il

lw
/0
N

Tw = yarn wind-on tension

It ,arn tensll)ll at 1rn,1.-lkr:
1wnn:1I f'nrt:1.' bet\\l.'Cn ring nnd traveller:
Fa - air drag on traveller
"" frictit)nal dr,l l-! D1.'t\\ c1.'n rin g nnd trfl\ ellcr (= N 1-',n ): mg = traveller weight . .
· -~ R ( I t· II · mass· R = ring radius · w = spmdl e speed)
1.' 1.'ntrip1..'tal lor1.'1.' s on tr,l\ cller 111 cu w 1crc m - rave et . ,

\II these forces must he bnl:10c1..'d during spinning. It is possible to derive equations for this force bala~ce_lo
,hl'" 1h1.• effect of, ariablcs such as trnveller weight. balloon size, spindle speed, yarn count etc on the spmnrng
l1..' lhillll
In 1.'quilihrn11n . ~ 1a11Rc11tial forces - 0: L radial forces = 0: L vertical forces = 0

lg nnring I :1 nnd rn g. this g l\ cs the) nrn "ind -on tension.

m {IJ , R
Tw
sin a .
cosa ➔ (cos/3-s111/3tan0)
l-' 111

\gain . the detailed derin1tion need not concern us here. and we should focus on the following implication s of
thi-. equation .
t I)\\ ind-on tension increases" ith the square of the spindle speed (w). Since wind-on tension is directly related
w sp1nnlfl!! tension in the) arn above the pigtail guide, increasing the spindle rotational speed will drastically
11H.:rcasc the yarn tension. which may lead to increased ends-down. This limits the maximum spindle speed in
ring spinning. If spindle speed is reduced to reduce yarn tension. the production rates will drop.

t~) \\'i11d111g tension increases as package diameter decreases. This puts a limit on the minimum diameter of the
cmpl) bobbin.
I his is not obvious from equation. But if we look at figure, we will see that as the yarn package diameter
dc1.:rcascs. the "inding angle or angle of lead (0) decreases. As the angle of lead decreases, the tangential
component (T') of the winding tension (Tw) reduces, since T' = Tw sin 0. But T' needs to be sufficient to be able
16

LOTUS O ACADEMY
 GATE TUTORIAL: RING FRAME

tli 111PH' lhl' lt'tl\ dkr around thl..' nn I d 1 . 11

ir,n l I \\ ) " iII hm ,. l<> inc rns . g ' " g sp mn in g. .I he re rore. as lhc package drametcr reduces. 1hc wmdmo
• •
I<"'
' · L: to maintain the I' required to move the traveller.

l'rn,dll!r
T'

s
I

,, i11di11!! tension and" inding angle as indicated in figure

( ,)Since l,1rgcr balloon means higher )arn tension. the\,\ inding tension increases as the balloon gets longer.
1'11is limits the kngth or the bobbin .
Point!:- (2) & (3) "uggcst that a )arn is most lil-.el 1 to break \\hen spinning at the bottom of an empty bobbin
,, hen the" inding angle (0) is the smallest. This has been confirmed in practice. f·or th is reason. some machine ..
sp,r~ ()~)L·n11c at a Io,, er spec d at tI1e start (s111ce
. spmning
. tension increases with the square of spindle speed) to a..,oid
the ends-do,, n during start-up. This also explains the general rule used in practice that the angle of lead (0,
should not be less than 28°. This minimum angle of lead is equivalent to a minimum ratio of
(empty bobbin or tube diameter)/(ring diameter) = 0.47.

(-!)\\ inding tension increases as ring radius (R) increases. This limits the size of the full package that must lit
in..,ide the ring. Points (2). (3) & (-0 mean that there is a limit to ho\\ much }am can fit onto the }am package
enclosed b, the
!'he package ring. is appro:\imatel) proportional to (ring diameter)2. so a large ring diameter is desirable for
capacit)
increased package capacit). But in practice. the ring diameter is restricted b) considerations of the ~ arn tension.
the minimum angle of lead previous!) discussed, as well as other factors such as pO\\er consumption. spindle
rpm. and traveller speed limitations (see relationships belO\\).
I
.\Ja-.: ..spindle .speed Cf.--:=,=====
\ RinR diameter
o inirl~1
0

is riill
d dirtli-t. Max. linear 1rave//er speed oc, Ring diameter
. \\ .1th \er) large nngs
spi~k: This is wh\ we do not see ring spinning machmes . (tubes). J·or
. and ver)' small bobbins
coarser and stronger yarns. large ring radius and ) am packages are used to allo,, for more~ ams on the package.
Jii For finer yarns. both ring radius and the package size are smaller. \4os1 \\Ors1ed )ams are spun using rings
bet,,een 45 and 75 mm in diameter at spindle rotational speeds bet\\een 7.000 and 12.000 rpm. Shon staple
01
•~'' ) arns are spun II it h sma 11 er rings. but at abou I t\\ ice the spindle speeds used fon, orsted ; ams.
p3'~ ..
e,• 1ti~ ·' 11

oicil LOTUS O ACADEMY

 (~ \TE Tl , l'ORIAL: l~IN<; FRJ\~IE

tn•·t ti ft,r'-~ 1,, ~ccp th1. n1

\ '1)\\
. 1· • • ,r-- 1lc1, erltr ,.... •
' ."'' 11 ng h'll~l\'ll\ lnl'T1..'d'l'' \\llh lt,I\Cllcr lll,1 1"' ll1.'il\lCr ),llllli ll!(lltlfC ti I,;, , I •h1.:11.~ntr1rct1I loru lor
•
r \'l '1l11,,~ • \ m, 1.· II 1.·1 ma,, ·1, tN·d ,l'i ,, , m1,1hk · 1111LI r-L th1. 11 ,
r, •nc1 '.,le
ll' me n.:,1-.r the 1c11~1Pn 111 hl:lll ' ,pun
. I I11.' 11,1\<:lkr nh1-., ,~ lNi.111~ 1.h,,,l.'n ,1c((lrd1nt• to II1c, IlllC,, ir <l ~·n,,t, ol t111,; ~ '
, . ' ~•'""·
\,~.i,11..1

. . . . Ii . t t hd,,c1.•11 the r111' ,nd the tmdkr

\f,) \\ mdmg 11.·n,,l,n IIH.'l\.\1q•, ,,,th ,m i1mc.,,c in the l11d111111il cocl 1c 1c 1
qlRI).
tcn..,,,111 111 1h1.· ,.,m I d,r\.~tl
\\ hik "'-' t.1I~ .1h,,u1 the "inding 1c11c_i,,11 hl.'.tC. \\C ,h, 111ltl 11n1c th.ii ibc c.pt1Hllllr.! , n ,, di ,11..,1, 1n1.:r~, c 1h
. . . • • , , m ,, 1nd111i t1,;11qi,
1\' I,\\L'd Hi,, ,ndmg wn,mn. ,P nm l,1c1or 1h.1t u,11111h111c, IP 1111 1111.rl,t l ,,)I\ h' tcn,i<m 1 1h
. I I I ,r \\ ,nd1nt• tcw,1011 OI .; "
h.'n,mn m lhl' ~.1rn th11111g 1i11u "pmning. In hid nl the· 11np ll:,111 11 11, 1 c-
~·"" tir spinning lt'n,itm.

I \( um~ 1'FLl 1· \(E Till '-ll/J ()I, B \11 ()()\

a. Count of \'.Im : l·in1.• c,,unl - I n\h'r b.dh,Pn site

l 0J1-,c ('1111111- I lighcr h,11101111 ,1/l'

h. \\ 111dit1!.!, and 11n" i11d111e "Pl'l'd : I lighcr ,peed - I ltghcr balloon "ill'
I o,, 1.·r -.peed - I O\\ er b.1110011 ,i1t·

t' . ""l' and ,h;tp<' of the p:icl-ugc: 1 nrgc package - Ilighcr b.1ll0<,11 sili.'
ti . l'o,itinn of luppl'l hoot- :<,realer di-,1,111<.:~· • I lighcr rulloon c.ill

l'. Lift of tlu• pncl.agc ( ,r1.-.11cr lilt - 1lighrr h.1IIC){l0 C.th'

18
LOTUS O ACADE!\IIY
i