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Image Formation Digital Imaging Guide

The document covers the image formation process in radiography, detailing how x-rays interact with the body and the factors affecting image quality such as attenuation, brightness, contrast, and resolution. It also discusses digital imaging systems, including Computed Radiography (CR) and Direct Radiography (DR), along with image characteristics, quality metrics, and preprocessing and postprocessing techniques. Finally, it highlights communication standards like DICOM and PACS for managing radiographic images.

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kaushik
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67 views2 pages

Image Formation Digital Imaging Guide

The document covers the image formation process in radiography, detailing how x-rays interact with the body and the factors affecting image quality such as attenuation, brightness, contrast, and resolution. It also discusses digital imaging systems, including Computed Radiography (CR) and Direct Radiography (DR), along with image characteristics, quality metrics, and preprocessing and postprocessing techniques. Finally, it highlights communication standards like DICOM and PACS for managing radiographic images.

Uploaded by

kaushik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Radiography: Image Formation & Digital Imaging

Topic 2: Image Formation and Radiographic Quality

Topic 2: Image Formation and Radiographic Quality

1. Image Formation Process:


- X-rays interact with the patient's body and are absorbed or transmitted to the image receptor.
- Differential absorption: bones absorb more (white), air transmits more (black).

2. Beam Attenuation:
- Attenuation: reduction in x-ray beam intensity.
- Photoelectric Effect: complete absorption.
- Compton Scattering: x-rays are scattered, reducing image quality.

3. Factors Affecting Attenuation:


- Increased tissue thickness, atomic number, and density increase attenuation.
- Higher kVp increases transmission (less absorption).

4. Radiographic Image Attributes:


- Brightness: Level of lightness on digital display.
- Contrast: Difference in brightness between areas.
- Spatial Resolution: Ability to visualize fine details.
- Distortion: Size (magnification) or shape (foreshortening/elongation) misrepresentation.
- Noise: Random fluctuations due to low x-ray photon counts.
- Artifacts: Unwanted structures due to motion, grid misalignment, or processing errors.

5. Latent vs Manifest Image:


- Latent Image: Invisible image captured on the IR.
- Manifest Image: Visible image after processing.

Topic 3: Digital Imaging

Topic 3: Digital Imaging

1. Digital Imaging Systems:


- Computed Radiography (CR): Uses photostimulable phosphor plates; image read by laser scanner.
- Direct Radiography (DR): Uses flat-panel detectors; can be indirect (scintillator + photodiode) or direct (amorphous
selenium).

2. Image Characteristics:
- Matrix: Rows and columns of pixels (e.g., 1024x1024).
- Pixel: Smallest image unit; smaller pixels = higher resolution.
- Bit Depth: Number of gray levels (2^bit depth); more bits = better contrast resolution.
- Dynamic Range: The detector's ability to handle wide exposure differences.

3. Quality Metrics:
- SNR: Signal-to-noise ratio; higher = better image.
- CNR: Contrast-to-noise ratio; distinguishes low contrast areas.
Radiography: Image Formation & Digital Imaging

- DQE: Efficiency of converting x-ray signal to image.

4. Preprocessing:
- Histogram Analysis: Evaluates pixel value distribution.
- Automatic Rescaling: Ensures image brightness/contrast is consistent.
- LUT (Lookup Table): Adjusts contrast based on anatomy.

5. Postprocessing:
- Window Level: Adjusts brightness.
- Window Width: Adjusts contrast.
- Additional tools: Edge enhancement, smoothing, masking, subtraction.

6. Communication:
- DICOM: Standard format for image files.
- PACS: Stores, retrieves, and manages radiographic images.
- HL7: Integrates health data exchange with RIS and HIS.

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