AS PER ACP-JULY
1. Summarising
Definition:
Summarising is the process of condensing a longer text or argument into a shorter version by
retaining the main ideas and eliminating supporting details, using your own words.
Key Features:
Focuses on core ideas.
Written in your own words (no direct copying).
Maintains logical order.
Avoids unnecessary examples, statistics, or descriptions.
Example:
Original Text (Approx. 80 words):
"Climate change is a long-term shift in global or regional climate patterns. Often associated
with the increase in average global temperatures, it results from human activities, particularly
the burning of fossil fuels, which releases greenhouse gases. These emissions trap heat in the
earth’s atmosphere, leading to rising sea levels, melting glaciers, and more frequent extreme
weather events such as droughts and hurricanes."
Summary (Approx. 30 words):
Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate caused mainly by human activity,
especially fossil fuel use, which leads to global warming and severe environmental
consequences.
2. Paraphrasing
Definition:
Paraphrasing means restating a text or passage using different words and sentence structures
while preserving the original meaning.
Difference from Summary:
A paraphrase is typically as long as or slightly shorter than the original.
A summary is significantly shorter.
Paraphrasing Tips:
Use synonyms.
Change the sentence structure.
Keep the meaning intact.
Avoid plagiarism.
Example:
Original Sentence:
"The internet has transformed how people communicate and access information."
Paraphrased:
People now communicate and find information differently because of changes brought by the
internet.
3. Using Own Words
Definition:
This involves expressing the ideas, facts, or arguments from a source using your own
vocabulary and phrasing, avoiding copying.
Why it’s important:
Shows understanding.
Avoids plagiarism.
Demonstrates language control.
Example:
Original: “Vaccination helps prevent the spread of infectious diseases.”
Own Words: “Getting vaccinated stops diseases from spreading between people.”
4. Organising Ideas
Definition:
The logical arrangement of ideas to create a coherent and fluent response. This includes
sequencing information, grouping similar ideas, and using transitions.
Methods of Organisation:
Chronological order
Cause and effect
Compare and contrast
Problem-solution
Point-counterpoint
Example:
In an argument about renewable energy:
Intro: Define renewable energy.
Point 1: Benefits (clean, sustainable).
Point 2: Challenges (cost, storage).
Point 3: Case study or example.
Conclusion: Balanced view or recommendation.
5. Expository Skills in Argument
Definition:
The ability to explain an idea or concept clearly and logically, especially in argumentative
contexts, using evidence and examples.
Key Features:
Clarity and precision in explanation.
Logical flow and paragraphing.
Use of evidence and examples.
Neutral or balanced tone (if required).
Clear stance (if opinion is asked).
Example Question:
Explain why young people are spending more time on social media and discuss whether this
is a positive trend.
Expository Response Elements:
Introduction: Define social media, outline trend.
Explanation 1: Availability of smartphones and internet.
Explanation 2: Psychological reasons (validation, peer pressure).
Effects (Positive): Connectivity, awareness.
Effects (Negative): Mental health, distraction.
Conclusion: Balanced view.
PRACTICE EXERCISES
A. Summarising Practice:
Text:
"Many countries are investing in electric vehicles as a solution to air pollution in urban areas.
By replacing petrol and diesel cars, governments hope to reduce harmful emissions and
improve public health."
Task: Summarise in 20 words or fewer.
Sample Answer:
Governments promote electric cars to cut emissions and fight urban air pollution for better
public health.
B. Paraphrasing Practice:
Original Sentence:
"Fast food consumption has been linked to an increase in obesity rates among teenagers."
Task: Paraphrase the sentence.
Sample Answer:
Eating fast food is connected to rising obesity levels in teenagers.
C. Organising Ideas – Planning Template
Section What to Include
Introduction Define topic, state focus or stance
Main Point 1 Topic sentence + example/explanation
Main Point 2 Topic sentence + example/explanation
Counterargument (optional) Acknowledge other views + rebuttal
Conclusion Summary + final viewpoint or suggestion
KEY STRATEGIES
Read actively: Underline key ideas while reading the text.
Mind-map or list: Jot down main points before summarising or explaining.
Use linking devices: However, In contrast, Therefore, Furthermore.
Practice transforming sentences to build paraphrasing skill.
Avoid copying: Use synonyms, rephrase clauses, change structure.
