134 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

avc-2: cÉvµ¦ fvMdjGK Avevi Kvw›ÞZ msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem ev wfwî «¼viv fvM KGi fvMGklwUGK msiÞY KiGZ
nGe|
avc-3: ‰B fvM c«¬wZ chÆvqKÌGg KiGZ nGe hZÞY bv fvRÅ 0 (kƒbÅ ) nq|
avc-4: msiwÞZ fvMGklàGjv mvwRGq (meÆGkl ˆ^GK cÉ^gwU chƯ¦) wjLGj ˆh msLÅvwU cvIqv hvq ZvB i…cv¯¦wiZ
Kvw›ÞZ c«¬wZi msLÅv|
f™²vsGki ˆÞGò-
avc-1: ˆh ˆWwmgÅvj f™²vskGK i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nGe ZvGK Kvw›ÞZ msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem ev wfwî (ˆhgb- evBbvwi
nGj 2, AÙvj nGj 8, ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj nGj 16) «¼viv àY KiGZ nGe| àY Kivi ci àYdGji cƒYÆvskwUGK msiÞY
KiGZ nGe| hw` cƒYÆvsk bv ^vGK ZvnGj 0 (kƒbÅ) msiÞY KiGZ nGe|
avc-2: meÆGkl cÉvµ¦ àYdGji f™²vskGK (cƒYÆvskwUGK bq) Avevi Kvw›ÞZ msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem ev wfwî «¼viv àY
KiGZ nGe ‰es cÉvµ¦ àYdGji cƒYÆvskwUGK msiÞY KiGZ nGe|
avc-3: ‰fvGe cÉvµ¦ f™²vsGki cybtcyb àY PvwjGq ˆhGZ nGe hZÞY chƯ¦ bv mÁ·ƒYÆ f™²vsk 0 (kƒbÅ)-ˆZ cwiYZ bv nq|
avc-4: msiwÞZ cƒYÆvskàGjv (AâàGjvGK) iÅvwWÝ (Radix) cGq´Ÿ w`Gq cÉ^g ˆ^GK meÆGklwU chƯ¦ mvwRGq
wjLGjB i…cv¯¦wiZ msLÅvi f™²vsk gvb cvIqv hvGe|
wbGP ˆWwmgÅvj ˆ^GK evBbvwi, AÙvj I ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj-‰i i…cv¯¦i ˆ`LvGbv nGjv-
ˆWwmgÅvj ˆ^GK evBbvwiGZ i…cv¯¦i (Decimal to Binary):
D`vniY-1. ˆWwmgÅvj (99)10 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i D`vniY-2. ˆWwmgÅvj (0.375)10 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq
Ki| i…cv¯¦i Ki|
msLÅvwU nGjv (99)10 msLÅvwU nGjv (0.375)10
2 99 0.375  2 = 0 0.75
2 49  1 0.75  2 = 1 0.5
2 24  1 1 0
0.5  2 =
2 12  0
 (0.375)10 = (0.011)2
2 6  0
2 3  0
2 1  1
0  1
 (99)10 = (1100011)2
D`vniY-3. ˆWwmgÅvj (25.625)10 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq D`vniY-4. ˆWwmgÅvj (23.125)10 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq
i…cv¯¦i Ki| i…cv¯¦i Ki|
ox
r.c

msLÅvwU (25.625)10 msLÅvwU nGjv (23.125)10

i
nb

cƒYÆvsGki ˆÞGò@
/ta

cƒYÆvsGki ˆÞGò@
om

(25)10 msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl

.c
.fb

2 25 23  2 11 1
w

2 12  1
w

11  2 5 1
w

2 6  0 2 1
52
2 3  0
2 1  1 22 1 0
0  1 12 0 1
 (25)10 = (11001)2  (23)10 = (10111)2
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 135

‰es f™²vsGki ˆÞGò- ‰es f™²vsGki ˆÞGò-

(.625)10 msLÅv cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk
.625  2 = 1 .250 .125  2 0 .250
.250  2 = 0 .500 .250  2 0 .500
.500  2 = 1 .000 .500  2 1 .000
 (.625)10 = (.101)2  (.125)10 = (.001)2
myZivs, (25.625)10 = (11001.101)2 myZivs, (23.125)10 = (10111.001)2

ˆWwmgÅvj ˆ^GK AÙvGj i…cv¯¦i (Decimal to Octal):

D`vniY-1. ˆWwmgÅvj (469)10 ˆK AÙvj msLÅvq D`vniY-2. ˆWwmgÅvj (0.046875)10 ˆK AÙvGj
i…cv¯¦i Ki| i…cv¯¦i Ki|
msLÅvwU nGjv (469)10 msLÅvwU nGjv (0.046875) 10
8 469 msLÅv cƒYÆvsk f™²vsk
8 58  5 0.046875  8 0 0.375
8 7  2 0.375  8 3 0.00
0  7  (0.046875)10 = (0.03)8
 (469)10 = (725)8
D`vniY-3. ˆWwmgÅvj (311.32)10 ˆK AÙvj D`vniY-4. ˆWwmgÅvj (257.32)10 ˆK AÙvGj
msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki| i…cv¯¦i Ki|
msLÅvwU nGjv (311.32)10 msLÅvwU nGjv (257.32)10
cƒYÆvsGki ˆÞGò- cƒYÆvsGki ˆÞGò-
(311)10
8 311
msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl
8 38  7 257  8 32 1
8 4  6 32  8 4 0
0  4 48 0 4
 (311)10 = (467)8  (257)10 = (401)8
‰es f™²vsGki ˆÞGò- ‰es f™²vsGki ˆÞGò-
(.32)10
.32  8 = 2 .56 msLÅv cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk
4 .48 .328=2.56 2 .56
.56  8 =
.568=4.48 4 .48
.48  8 = 3 .84
.488=3.84 3 .84
.84  8 = 6 .72
.848=6.72 6 .72
.72  8 = 5 .76
 (.32)10 = (.24365..)8
 (.32)10 = (.2436..)8
myZivs, (311.32)10 = (467.24365..)8 myZivs, (257.32)10 = (401.2436..)8
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136 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

ˆWwmgÅvj ˆ^GK ˆnÝvwWgÅvGj i…cv¯¦i (Decimal to Hexadecimal):

D`vniY-1. ˆWwmgÅvj (850)10 ˆK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj D`vniY-2. ˆWwmgÅvj (0.850)10 ˆK
msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki| ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki|
msLÅvwU nGjv (850)10 msLÅvwU nGjv (0.850) 10
16 850 msLÅv cƒYÆvsk f™²vsk
16 53  2 0.850  16 13 (D) 0.60
16 3  5 0.60  16 9 0.60
0  3 0.60  16 9 0.60
 (850)10 = (352)16
 (0.850)10 = (0.D99 .........)16
D`vniY-3. ˆWwmgÅvj (1497.125)10 ˆK D`vniY-4. (436.32)10 ˆK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj
ˆnÝvwWgÅvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki| msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki|
cƒYÆvsGki ˆÞGò@ msLÅvwU nGjv (436.32)10
(1497)10 cƒYÆvsGki ˆÞGò
16 1497 msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl
16 93  9 436  16 27 4
16 5  13(D) 27  16 1 11(B)
0  5 1  16 0 1
 (1497)10 = (5D9)16  (436)10 = (1B4)16
‰es f™²vsGki ˆÞGò
‰es f™²vsGki ˆÞGò@ msLÅv cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk
(.125)10 .3216 = 5.12 5 .12
.125  16 = 2 .00
.1216 = 1.92 1 .92
 (.125)10 = (.2)16 .9216 = 14.72 14(E) .72
myZivs, (1497.125)10 = (5D9.2)16 .7216 = 11.52 11(B) .52
 (.32)10 = (.51EB..........)16
myZivs, (436.32)10 = (1B4.51EB.........)16
ox

ˆhGKvGbv msLÅv c«¬wZ ˆ^GK ˆWwmgÅvj ev `kwgK c«¬wZGZ i…cv¯¦Gii mvaviY wbqg:
r.c

evBbvwi/ AÙvj/ ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅv c«¬wZ ˆ^GK ˆWwmgÅvj ev `kwgK msLÅv c«¬wZGZ i…cv¯¦Gii ˆÞGò
i
nb
/ta

wbÁ²wjwLZ avcàGjv AbymiY KiGZ nGe-

om

cƒYÆvsGki ˆÞGò-
.c
.fb

1. msLÅvwUi LSB (Least Significant Bit) weU nGZ ÷i‚ KGi MSB (Most Significant Bit) weU chƯ¦
w
w
w

cÉwZwU AâGK chÆvqKÌGg Basen «¼viv MyY KiGZ nGe (ˆhgb- `kwgK msLÅvi ˆÞGò 10n , evBbvwi msLÅvi
ˆÞGò 2n BZÅvw`)| ‰LvGb, Base = msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem ‰es n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... ... ...
2. Zvici àYdjàGjvi ˆhvMdj wbYÆq KiGZ nGe ‰es ‰B ˆhvMdjB nGe cÉ`î msLÅvwUi mgZzjÅ ˆWwmgÅvj
ev `kwgK gvb|
A^Ævr mƒòwU nGe, (.....xyz)Base = ........+ x  Base2 + y  Base1 + z  Base0
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 137

f™²vsGki ˆÞGò-
1. msLÅvwUi MSB (Most Significant Bit) weU nGZ ÷i‚ KGi LSB (Least Significant Bit) weU chƯ¦
cÉwZwU AâGK chÆvqKÌGg Base–n «¼viv MyY KiGZ nGe (ˆhgb- `kwgK msLÅvi ˆÞGò 10-n , evBbvwi
msLÅvi ˆÞGò 2–n BZÅvw`)| ‰LvGb Base = msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem ‰es n = 1, 2, 3, ... ... ...
2. Zvici àYdjàGjvi ˆhvMdj wbYÆq KiGZ nGe ‰es ‰B ˆhvMdjB nGe cÉ`î msLÅvwUi mgZzjÅ ˆWwmgÅvj
ev `kwgK gvb|
A^Ævr mƒòwU nGe, (yzx.......)Base= y  Base-1 + z  Base-2 + x  Base-3 ....
cƒYÆvsk ‰es f™²vsk ‰KGò ^vKGj mƒòwU nGe, (.....uvw. xyz...)Base=........+ u  Base2 + v  Base1 + w
 Base0 + x  Base-1+ y  Base-2+ z  Base–3 + ....
A^Ævr ˆWwmgÅvj ev `kwgK gvb = ... ... + kZGKi msLÅv  (msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem)2 + `kGKi msLÅv  (msLÅv
c«¬wZi ˆem)1 + ‰KGKi msLÅv  (msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem)0 + iÅvwWÝ cGq´Ÿ ev `kwgGKi cGii 1g msLÅv 
(msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem)-1 + `kwgGKi cGii w«¼Zxq msLÅv (msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem)-2 + `kwgGKi cGi Z‡Zxq
msLÅv  (msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem)-3 + ... ... ...

evBbvwi ˆ^GK ˆWwmgÅvGj i…cv¯¦i (Binary to Decimal):

D`vniY-1. (1011010)2 ˆK ˆWwmgÅvGj i…cv¯¦i D`vniY-2. (11011.101)2 ˆK ˆWwmgÅvGj i…cv¯¦i Ki|
Ki| (11011.101)2
(1011010)2 = 124 + 123 + 022 + 121 + 120 + 12-1 +
= 126 + 025 + 124 + 123 + 022 + 121 02-2 + 12-3
+ 0 20 1 1
= 16 + 8 + 2 + 1 + +
= 64 + 16 + 8 + 2 2 8
= (90)10 = 27 + 0.5 + 0.125
myZivs, (1011010)2 = (90)10 myZivs, (11011.101)2 = (27.625)10

AÙvj ˆ^GK ˆWwmgÅvGj i…cv¯¦i (Octal to Decimal):

D`vniY-1. AÙvj (203)8 ˆK ˆWwmgÅvGj i…cv¯¦i D`vniY-2. AÙvj (123.540)8 ˆK ˆWwmgÅvGj i…cv¯¦i
Ki| Ki|
(203)8 (123.540)8
= 282 + 081 + 380 = 182 + 281 + 380 + 58-1 + 48-2 + 08-3
= 128 + 0 + 3 1 1
= 64 + 16 + 3 + 5  + 4  +0
= (131)10 8 64
myZivs, (203)8 = (131)10 = 83 + 0.625 + 0.0625
myZivs, (123.540)8 = (83.6875)10

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138 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj ˆ^GK ˆWwmgÅvGj i…cv¯¦i (Hexadecimal to Decimal):

D`vniY-1. ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj (ABCD)16 ˆK ˆWwmgÅvGj D`vniY-2. ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj (B5D.48)16 ˆK ˆWwmgÅvGj
i…cv¯¦i Ki| i…cv¯¦i Ki|
(ABCD)16 (B5D.48)16
= 10163 + 11162 + 12161 + 13160 = B162 + 5161 + D  160 + 4  16–1 + 8 16–2
= 40960 + 2816 + 192 + 13 = 11256 + 80 +13 + 0.25 + 0.03125
= (43981)10 = 2816 + 80 + 13 + 0.25 + 0.03125
myZivs, (ABCD)16 = (43981)10 myZivs, (B5D.48)16 = (2909.28125)10
w«¼Zxq MÉ‚c: evBbvwi, AÙvj I ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvi gGaÅ cviÕ·wiK i…cv¯¦i:
evBbvwi 1. evBbvwi msLÅv ˆ^GK AÙvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Kiv ‰es AÙvj msLÅv ˆ^GK
evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Kiv|
2. evBbvwi msLÅv ˆ^GK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Kiv ‰es
AÙvj ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅv ˆ^GK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Kiv|
3. AÙvj msLÅv ˆ^GK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Kiv ‰es ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj
ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅv ˆ^GK AÙvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Kiv|
‰LvGb DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, AÙvj msLÅv ˆ^GK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nGj cÉ^Gg AÙvj msLÅvGK evBbvwi
msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i KGi wbGZ nq| AZtci evBbvwi msLÅvGK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nq| Abyi…c,
ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvGK AÙvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nGj cÉ^Gg ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvGK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i
KGi wbGZ nq| AZtci evBbvwi msLÅvGK AÙvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nq| wbGP i…cv¯¦iàGjv ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@
AÙvj ˆ^GK evBbvwi (Octal to Binary): ˆKvGbv AÙvj msLÅv c«¬wZi msLÅvGK Lye mnGRB evBbvwiGZ
iƒcv¯¦wiZ Kiv hvq| ‰GÞGò AÙvj msLÅvwUi cÉwZwU AGâi mgvb evBbvwi mgZzjÅ gvb wZb AGâ cvkvcvwk
emvGjB AÙvj msLÅvi mgZzjÅ evBbvwi msLÅv cvIqv hvq|
D`vniY-1. AÙvj (127)8 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki| D`vniY-2. (0.023)8 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki|
‰LvGb, (127)8 = (1 2 7)8 ‰LvGb, (0.023)8 = (. 0 2 3)8
     
= ( 001 010 111 )2 = (. 000 010 011 )2
= (001010111)2 = (.000010011)2
 (127)8 = (1010111)2  (0.023)8 = (0.000010011)2
D`vniY-3. (254.633)8 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki| AÙvj evBbvwi
(254.633)8 = (2 5 4 . 6 3 3)8 0 000
ox

1 001
r.c

= (010
 
101

100 . 110  
011 011)2 2 010
i
nb

3 011
/ta

= (010101100.110011011)2
om

4 100
myZivs, (254.633)8 = (010101100.110011011)2
.c

5 101
.fb

6 110
w
w

7 111
w

evBbvwi ˆ^GK AÙvj (Binary to Octal): evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZ ˆ^GK AÙvj msLÅv mvRvGbvi w`K
c«¬wZGZ ˆKvGbv msLÅvGK i…cv¯¦wiZ KiGZ nGj evBbvwi msLÅvàGjvi cƒYÆ msLÅvGK
Wvbw`K ˆ^GK evgw`GK ‰es f™²vsk msLÅvGK evgw`K ˆ^GK Wvbw`GK 3 AGâi MÉ‚Gc
wefÚ KiGZ nGe| ˆKvGbv MÉ‚Gc wZGbi ˆPGq Kg Aâ coGj cƒYÆmsLÅvi ˆÞGò evgw`GK gvb emvGbvi w`K
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 139

‰es f™²vsGki ˆÞGò Wvbw`GK cÉGqvRb gGZv 0 ewmGq 3wU Aâ cƒYÆ KGi wbGZ nGe| cÉwZwU MÉ‚Gci mgZyjÅ
`kwgK msLÅv (0 ˆ^GK 7) ewmGq AÙvGj i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nGe|
D`vniY-1. (11111111)2 ˆK AÙvGj i…cv¯¦i Ki| D`vniY-2. (1111011.1101)2 ˆK AÙvGj i…cv¯¦wiZ Ki|
(11111111)2 = (011 111 111)2 (1111011.1101)2 = (001 111 011 . 110 100)2
= (3 7 7)8 = (1 7 3 . 6 4)8
= (377)8 = (173.64)8
myZivs, (11111111)2= (377)8 myZivs, (1111011.1101)2 = (173.64)8

ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj ˆ^GK evBbvwiGZ i…cv¯¦i (Hexadecimal to Binary): ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj evBbvwi

ˆKvGbv ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvGK evBbvwiGZ i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nGj 0 0000
1 0001
ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvwUi cÉwZwU msLÅv ev cÉZxKGK ‰i mgZzjÅ Pvi weGUi
2 0010
evBbvwi msLÅv w`Gq cÉKvk KiGZ nGe| cvGki QGK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj I 3 0011
evBbvwi mgZzjÅ gvb ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@ 4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
C 1100
D 1101
E 1110
F 1111
D`vniY-1. (BFC)16 ˆK evBbvwiGZ i…cv¯¦i D`vniY-2. (AB8D.0F)16 ˆK evBbvwiGZ i…cv¯¦i Ki|
Ki| ‰LvGb, (AB8D.0F)16
‰LvGb, (BFC)16 = (B(11) F(15) C(12))2 = (A(10) B(11) 8 D(13). 0 F(15))16

= 1010 1011 1000 1101 0000 1111

= (1011 1111 1100)2 2
myZivs, (BFC)16 = (101111111100)2
= (1010101110001101.00001111)2
myZivs, (AB8D.0F)16
= (1010101110001101.00001111)2
evBbvwi ˆ^GK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvGj i…cv¯¦i (Binary to Hexadecimal): evBbvwi we±`y nGZ
mvRvGbvi w`K
÷i‚ KGi evgw`GK cƒYÆmsLÅv ‰es Wvbw`GK f™²vsk msLÅvi PviwU KGi weU wbGq Avjv`v
Avjv`v MÉ‚c ŠZwi KiGZ nGe| cƒYÆmsLÅvGK Wvbw`K ˆ^GK evgw`GK ‰es f™²vsk msLÅvGK
evgw`K ˆ^GK Wvbw`GK wnmve KiGZ nGe| MÉ‚c Kivi mgq cÉGqvRbGevGa msLÅvi cƒYÆvsGki gvb emvGbvi w`K
ˆÞGò meÆ evGg ‰es f™²vsGki ˆÞGò meÆ WvGb AwZwiÚ kƒbÅ ewmGq PviwU KGi weU wbGq MÉ‚c
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140 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

KiGZ nGe| ‰evi cÉwZwU MÉ‚cGK Zvi mgZzjÅ gvb ev cÉZxK w`Gq cÉwZÕ©vcb KGi mgZzjÅ
ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nGe|
D`vniY-1. evBbvwi (101010011100)2 ˆK D`vniY-2. evBbvwi (10110101100.1101001)2 ˆK
ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i KGiv| ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i KGiv|
(101010011100)2 (10110101100.1101001)2
= (1010 1001 1100)2 = (0101 1010 1100 . 1101 0010)2
= [10(A) 9 12(C)]2 =( 5 A C . D 2 )16
= (A9C)16 = (5AC.D2)16
myZivs, (101010011100)2 = (A9C)16 myZivs, (10110101100.1101001)2 = (5AC.D2)16
D`vniY-3. evBbvwi (0.1111011)2 ˆK
ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki|
‰LvGb, (0.1111011)2 = (. 1111 0110)2
= (. F(15) 6)16
= (. F6)16
 (0.1111011)2 = (0. F6)16

AÙvj ˆ^GK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i (Octal to Hexadecimal): AÙvj msLÅvGK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvq
i…cv¯¦i Kivi ‰KvwaK c«¬wZ iGqGQ
1. cÉ^Gg AÙvj ˆ^GK `kwgK Zvici `kwgK ˆ^GK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj|
2. cÉ^Gg AÙvj ˆ^GK evBbvwi Zvici evBbvwi ˆ^GK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj|
2q c«¬wZwU mnRZi nIqvq, AÙvj → evBbvwi → ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj c«¬wZi gvaÅGg i…cv¯¦i ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@
D`vniY-1. (365)8 ˆK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvGj i…cv¯¦i D`vniY-2. AÙvj (0.375)8 msLÅvGK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj msLÅvq
Ki| i…cv¯¦i Ki|
‰LvGb, (365)8 = ( 3 6 5)8 ‰LvGb, (0.375)8 = (. 3 7 5)8
     
= ( 011 110 101 )2 = (. 011 111 101 )2
ox

     
r.c

= (0000 1111 0101)2 = (. 0111 1110 1000)2

i
nb

= (0F5)16 = (. 7 E(14) 8)16

/ta
om

= (F5)16 = (. 7E8)16
.c
.fb

myZivs, (365)8 = (F5)16  (0.375)8 = (0.7E8)16

w
w
w

D`vniY-3. (377.45)8 ˆK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvGj i…cv¯¦i Ki|

‰LvGb, (377.45)8 = ( 3 7 7 . 4 5)8
    
= ( 011 111 111 . 100 101 )2
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 141

[AÙvj cGqG´Ÿi evGg I WvGb AewÕ©Z h^vKÌGg cƒYÆvã I f™²vsGki cÉwZwU wWwRUGK wZb weGUi mgZzjÅ evBbvwi
msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Kiv nGqGQ|]
    
= (0000 1111 1111 . 1001 0100)2
[evBbvwi we±`yGK UvGMÆGU ˆiGL we±`ywUi evg I Wvb cvGk Pvi weGUi evBbvwi AvKvGi mvRvGbv nGqGQ|]
=( 0 F F . 9 4 )16
[Pvi weGUi cÉwZwU evBbvwi msLÅvi MÉ‚cGK ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj wWwRGU cÉKvk Kiv nGqGQ|]
= (FF.94)16
myZivs, (377.45)8 = (FF.94)16
ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj ˆ^GK AÙvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i (Hexadecimal to Octal) : ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj ˆ^GK AÙvj msLÅvq
i…cv¯¦i Kivi ‰KvwaK c«¬wZ iGqGQ
1. cÉ^Gg ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj ˆ^GK `kwgK Zvici `kwgK ˆ^GK AÙvj|
2. cÉ^Gg ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj ˆ^GK evBbvwi Zvici evBbvwi ˆ^GK AÙvj|
2q c«¬wZwU mnRZi nIqvq, ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj → evBbvwi → AÙvj c«¬wZGZ i…cv¯¦i Kiv nGjv|
D`vniY-1. (53E)16 ˆK AÙvGj i…cv¯¦i Ki| D`vniY-2. ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj (0.54)16 ˆK AÙvj msLÅvq
‰LvGb, (53E)16 = (5 3 E)16 i…cv¯¦i Ki|
‰LvGb, (0.54)16 = (. 5 4)16
evBbvwi   
= (0101 0011 1110)2  
= (. 0101 0100)2
mvRvGbv    
= ( 010 100 111 110)2   
= (. 010 101 000 )2
gvb = (2 4 7 6)8
= (. 2 5 0)8
= (2476)8
= (.250)8
myZivs, (53E)16 = (2476)8
 (0.54)16 = (0.250)8
D`vniY-3. (25A.25B)16 ˆK AÙvGj i…cv¯¦i Ki|
‰LvGb, (25A.25B) 16
= (2 5 A . 2 5 B)16

evBbvwi    .   
= (0010 0101 1010 0010 0101 1011)2
    .    
mvRvGbv gvb = ( 001 001 011 010 001 001 011 011 )2
=( 1 1 3 2 . 1 1 3 3)8
myZivs, (25A.25B)16 = (1132.1133)8
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142 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

‰K bRGi msLÅv c«¬wZ

MÉ‚c 1
ˆWwmgÅvj msLÅv c«¬wZ ˆ^GK AbÅ ˆhGKvGbv msLÅv c«¬wZGZ i…cv¯¦Gii mvaviY wbqgvewj : ˆKvGbv msLÅvi ‰KwU ev
`ywU Ask ^vKGZ cvGi| h^v- cƒYÆvsk I f™²vsk| wbGP cƒYÆvsk I f™²vsk i…cv¯¦Gii mvaviY wbqg ˆ`LvGbv nGjv-
cƒYÆvsGki ˆÞGò
avc-1: ˆWwmgÅvj msLÅvGK AbÅ ˆKvGbv msLÅv c«¬wZGZ i…cv¯¦i Kivi RbÅ `kwgK msLÅvGK Kvw›ÞZ msLÅv
c«¬wZi ˆem ev wfwî (ˆhgb- evBbvwi nGj 2, AÙvj nGj 8, ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj nGj 16) «¼viv fvM KiGZ nGe ‰es
fvMGklwUGK msiÞY KiGZ nGe|
avc-2: cÉvµ¦ fvMdjGK Avevi Kvw›ÞZ msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem ev wfwî «¼viv fvM KGi fvMGklwUGK msiÞY KiGZ nGe|
avc-3: ‰B fvM c«¬wZ chÆvqKÌGg KiGZ nGe hZÞY bv fvRÅ 0 (kƒbÅ ) nq|
avc-4: msiwÞZ fvMGklàGjv mvwRGq (meÆGkl ˆ^GK cÉ^gwU chƯ¦) wjLGj ˆh msLÅvwU cvIqv hvq ZvB i…cv¯¦wiZ
Kvw›ÞZ c«¬wZi msLÅv|
f™²vsGki ˆÞGò-
avc-1: ˆh ˆWwmgÅvj f™²vskGK i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nGe ZvGK Kvw›ÞZ msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem ev wfwî (ˆhgb- evBbvwi
nGj 2, AÙvj nGj 8, ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvj nGj 16) «¼viv àY KiGZ nGe| àY Kivi ci àYdGji cƒYÆvskwUGK msiÞY
KiGZ nGe| hw` cƒYÆvsk bv ^vGK ZvnGj 0 (kƒbÅ) msiÞY KiGZ nGe|
avc-2: meÆGkl cÉvµ¦ àYdGji f™²vskGK (cƒYÆvskwUGK bq) Avevi Kvw›ÞZ msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem ev wfwî «¼viv àY
KiGZ nGe ‰es cÉvµ¦ àYdGji cƒYÆvskwUGK msiÞY KiGZ nGe|
avc-3: ‰fvGe cÉvµ¦ f™²vsGki cybtcyb àY PvwjGq ˆhGZ nGe hZÞY chƯ¦ bv mÁ·ƒYÆ f™²vsk 0 (kƒbÅ)-ˆZ cwiYZ bv nq|
avc-4: msiwÞZ cƒYÆvskàGjv (AâàGjvGK) iÅvwWÝ (Radix) cGq´Ÿ w`Gq cÉ^g ˆ^GK meÆGklwU chƯ¦ mvwRGq
wjLGjB i…cv¯¦wiZ msLÅvi f™²vsk gvb cvIqv hvGe|
i…cv¯¦i cƒYÆvsk f™²vsk djvdj
`kwgK ˆ^GK 2 27 . 125
evBbvwi 2 13 →1 LSB 2
2 6 →1 0 .250
(27.125)10 3 →0 2
2 (27.125)10
1→1 0 .500
2 0 →1 MSB 2 = (11011.001)2
1 .000
(27)10 = (11011)2
(.125)10 = (.001)2
ox

`kwgK ˆ^GK AÙvj LSB

r.c

MSB
8 215 .75
i

(215.75)10
nb

8
/ta

8 26 →7 (215.89)10 = (327.6)8
6 .00
om

8 3 →2 LSB
.c
.fb

0 →3 MSB
(.89)10 = (.6)8
w
w

(215)10 = (327)8
w

`kwgK ˆ^GK LSB .8

ˆnÝvGWwmGgj 16 215 16
16 13 → 7 C←12 .8 (215.89)10 = (D7.C---)16
(215.8)10
0 → 13(D)
MSB
(215)10 = (D7)16 (.89)10 = (.C---)16
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 143

MÉ‚c 2
cƒYÆvsGki ˆÞGò-
1. msLÅvwUi LSB (Least Significant Bit) weU nGZ ÷i‚ KGi MSB (Most Significant Bit) weU chƯ¦
cÉwZwU AâGK chÆvqKÌGg Basen «¼viv MyY KiGZ nGe (ˆhgb- `kwgK msLÅvi ˆÞGò 10n, evBbvwi msLÅvi
ˆÞGò 2n BZÅvw`)| ‰LvGb, Base = msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem ‰es n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... ... ...
2. Zvici àYdjàGjvi ˆhvMdj wbYÆq KiGZ nGe ‰es ‰B ˆhvMdjB nGe cÉ`î msLÅvwUi mgZzjÅ ˆWwmgÅvj
ev `kwgK gvb|
A^Ævr mƒòwU nGe, (.....xyz)Base = ........+ x  Base2 + y  Base1 + z  Base0
f™²vsGki ˆÞGò-
1. msLÅvwUi MSB (Most Significant Bit) weU nGZ ÷i‚ KGi LSB (Least Significant Bit) weU chƯ¦
cÉwZwU AâGK chÆvqKÌGg Base–n «¼viv MyY KiGZ nGe (ˆhgb- `kwgK msLÅvi ˆÞGò 10-n , evBbvwi
msLÅvi ˆÞGò 2–n BZÅvw`)| ‰LvGb Base = msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem ‰es n = 1, 2, 3, ... ... ...
2. Zvici àYdjàGjvi ˆhvMdj wbYÆq KiGZ nGe ‰es ‰B ˆhvMdjB nGe cÉ`î msLÅvwUi mgZzjÅ ˆWwmgÅvj
ev `kwgK gvb|
A^Ævr mƒòwU nGe, (yzx.......)Base= y  Base-1 + z  Base-2 + x  Base-3 ....
cƒYÆvsk ‰es f™²vsk ‰KGò ^vKGj mƒòwU nGe, (.....uvw. xyz...)Base=........+ u  Base2 + v  Base1 + w
 Base0 + x  Base-1+ y  Base-2+ z  Base–3 + ....
A^Ævr ˆWwmgÅvj ev `kwgK gvb = ... ... + kZGKi msLÅv  (msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem)2 + `kGKi msLÅv  (msLÅv
c«¬wZi ˆem)1 + ‰KGKi msLÅv  (msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem)0 + iÅvwWÝ cGq´Ÿ ev `kwgGKi cGii 1g msLÅv  (msLÅv
c«¬wZi ˆem)-1 + `kwgGKi cGii w«¼Zxq msLÅv (msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆem)-2 + `kwgGKi cGi Z‡Zxq msLÅv  (msLÅv
c«¬wZi ˆem)-3 + ... ... ...
i…cv¯¦i cƒYÆvsk f™²vsk djvdj
evBbvwi ˆ^GK (1100011)2 (.011)2 (1100011.011)2
`kwgK =126+125+024+023+022+1 =02-1+12-2+12-3 =(90.375)10
1 0
(1100011.011)2 2 +12 1 1 1
=0 +1 +1
=164+132+016+08+04+1 2 4 8
2+11 =0.25+0.125
=64+32+0+0+0+2+1+0 =(.375)10
=(99)10

AÙvj ˆ^GK (13)8 (.52)8 (13.52)8=(11.6562

`kwgK =181+38 =58-1+28-2 5)10
(13.52)8 =18+31 1 1
= 8+3 =5 +2
8 64
=(11)10 =0.625+0.03125
=(.65625)10
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144 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

ˆnÝvGWwmGgj (2BCD)16 (. 53)16 (2BCD. 53)16

ˆ^GK `kwgK
3 2 1
= 216 +1116 +1216 +1316 =516 +316 -1 -2
=(11213.32422)10
(2BCD. 53)16 =(24096+11256+1216+131 1 1
=5 +3
=8192+2816+192+13 16 256
= (11213)10 =0.3125+0.01172
=(32422)10

MÉ‚c-3
i…cv¯¦i cƒYÆvsk f™²vsk djvdj
AÙvj ˆ^GK evBbvwi: (203)8 (.75)8 (203.75)8
AÙvj msLÅvwUi cÉwZwU AGâi mgvb = ( 010 000 011)2 = (. 111 101 )2 = (010 000
evBbvwi mgZzjÅ gvb wZb AGâ cvkvcvwk 011. 111
101 )2
emvGjB AÙvj msLÅvi mgZzjÅ evBbvwi
msLÅv cvIqv hvq| ˆhgb:
(203.75)8 GK evBbvwiGZ i…cv¯¦i Ki
evBbvwi ˆ^GK AÙvj : (11110110)2 (.0011101)2 (11110110.
evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZ ˆ^GK AÙvj msLÅv = ( 011 110 110 )2 =(.001 110 100 )2 0011101)2
c«¬wZ ˆKvGbv msLÅvGK i…cv¯¦wiZ KiGZ = ( 3 6 6 )8 = (.1 6 4 )8 =( 3 6 6 . 1
6 4 )8
nGj evBbvwi msLÅvàGjvi cƒYÆ msLÅvGK
Wvbw`K ˆ^GK evgw`GK ‰es f™²vsk
msLÅvGK evgw`K ˆ^GK Wvbw`GK 3
AGâi MÉ‚Gc wefÚ KiGZ nGe| ˆKvGbv
MÉ‚Gc wZGbi ˆPGq Kg Aâ coGj
cƒYÆmsLÅvi ˆÞGò evgw`GK ‰es f™²vsGki
ox

ˆÞGò Wvbw`GK cÉGqvRb gGZv 0 ewmGq

r.c
i
nb

3wU Aâ cƒYÆ KGi wbGZ nGe| cÉwZwU

/ta
om

MÉ‚Gci mgZyjÅ `kwgK msLÅv (0 ˆ^GK 7)

.c
.fb

ewmGq AÙvGj i…cv¯¦i KiGZ nGe|

w
w
w

ˆhgb:
(11110110.0011101)2GK AÙvGj
i…cv¯¦i Ki
156 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

`kwgK cÉZxK I ZzjÅ evBbvwi msLÅv

`kwgK cÉZxK wewmwW 8421 `kwgK cÉZxK wewmwW 8421
0 0000 5 0101
1 0001 6 0110
2 0010 7 0111
3 0011 8 1000
4 0100 9 1001
1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110 ‰es 1111 ˆKvWàGjv AeÅen†Z ^vGK eGj wewmwWGZ ‰G`i eÅenvi A‹ea|
wbGP ˆWwmgÅvj msLÅv c«¬wZi AâàGjvGK wewf®² cÉKvi BCD ˆKvGW ˆ`LvGbv nGjv-
Decimal BCD 8421 BCD 7421 BCD 5421 BCD 2421 BCD 642-3
0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
1 0001 0001 0001 0001 0101
2 0010 0010 0010 1000/0010 0010
3 0011 0011 0011 1001/0011 1001/0111
4 0100 0100 0100 0100/1010 0100
5 0101 0101 1000/0101 1011/0101 1011
6 0110 0110 1001/0110 1100/0110 1000/0110
7 0111 0111/1000 1010/0111 1101/0111 1101
8 1000 1001 1011 1110 1010
9 1001 1010 1100 1111 1111
`kwgK, evBbvwi, AÙvj ev ˆnÝvGWwmgÅvGji gGZv BCD ˆKvGbv msLÅv c«¬wZ bq| ‰Uv AvmGj `kwgK c«¬wZ hvi cÉwZwU
Aâ mgZzjÅ evBbvwiGZ ‰bGKvW (Encode) Kiv| ZvB BCD I evBbvwi msLÅv ‰K bq|
D`vniYÕ¼i…c : (137)10 ‰i mgZzjÅ evBbvwi (10001001)2 wK¯¦y (137)10 ‰i wewmwW ˆKvW (000100110111)2
wewmwW ˆKvW KÅvjKzGjUi, wWwRUvj Nwo, wWwRUvj ˆfvΟwgUvi cÉf‡wZGZ eÅen†Z nq|
D`vniY-1. (123)10 ˆK BCD ˆKvGW i…cv¯¦wiZ KGiv| D`vniY-2. (925)10 ˆK BCD ˆKvGW i…cv¯¦wiZ KGiv|
123 925
ox
r.c
i
nb

0001 0010 0011 1001 0010 0101

/ta
om

AZ‰e (123)10 = (0001 0010 0011)BCD

.c

AZ‰e (925)10 = (1001 0010 0101)BCD

.fb
w
w

wewmwW (BCD) ˆKvW I evBbvwi msLÅvi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ t

w

wewmwW ˆKvW evBbvwi msLÅv

1. wewmwW ˆKvW ˆKvGbv msLÅv c«¬wZ bq| `kwgK 1. evBbvwi ‰KwU msLÅv c«¬wZ hvi `ywU
c«¬wZi msLÅvGK evBbvwi msLÅvq cÉKvGki RbÅ ˆgŒwjK AsK 0 I 1 eÅen†Z nq|
BCD ˆKvW eÅen†Z nq|
162 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cvV-10
wKQy MvwYwZK mgmÅv I mgvavb
1. (23.125)10 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq Ki| 4. A5F ˆKvb aiGYi msLÅv? msLÅvwUi mgKÞ
(23.125)10 ‰i evBbvwi gvb : `kwgK I AÙvj gvb wbYÆq Ki|
msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl Dîi : msLÅvwU ˆnÝvGWwmgvj|
23  2 11 1 A5F msLÅvwUi mgKÞ `kwgK gvb
11  2 5 1 (A5F)16 = (A162) + (5161) + (F160)
52 2 1 = (10256) + (516) + (151)
22 1 0 [ˆhGnZz 160 = 1]
12 0 1 = 2560 + 80 + 15
(23)10 = (10111)2 = 2655
msLÅv cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk  (A5F)16 = (2655)10
.125  2 0 .250 A5F msLÅvwUi mgKÞ AÙvj gvb
(A5F)16 = (101001011111)2
.250  2 0 .50
= (101 001 011 111)2
.50  2 1 .00
=(5 1 3 7)8
 (.125)10 = (.001)2
 (A5F)16 = (5137)8
 (23.125)10 = (10111.001)2
5. 2 ‰i cƒiK c«¬wZ eÅenvi KGi (236)10 nGZ
2. evBbvwi(11010.01) 2 ˆK ˆWwmGgj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki| (182)10 weGqvM Ki|
(11010.01)2 ‰i `kwgK gvb (236)10
= (124) + (123) + (022) + (121) + (020) msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl
+ (12-1) + (12-2) 236  2 118 0
= (116) + (18) + (14) + (12) + (11) 118  2 59 0
+ (1.5) + (1.25) 29 1
59  2
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 + .25 [ ˆhGnZz 20 = 1]
29  2 14 1
= (26.25)10
14  2 7 0
(11010.01)2 = (26.25)10
72 3 1
3. 2 ‰i cwicƒiK c«¬wZGZ evBbvwi 1011011 ˆ^GK
32 1 1
101110 ˆK weGqvM Ki|
(1011011)2 – (101110)2 12 0 1
= (1011011)2 + (– 101110)2 (236)10 = (11101100)2
ˆhGnZz 101110 FYvðK myZivs 101110 ‰i 2’‰i (182)10
ox
r.c

cwicƒiK KiGZ nGe| msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl

i
nb

(101110)2=(00101110)2 [8 weU ˆiwRÓ¡vGii RbÅ] 182  2 91 0

/ta

00101110 ‰i 1’‰i cwicƒiK = 11010001

om

91  2 45 1
.c

+ 1 45  2 22 1
.fb

(101110) ‰i 2’‰i cwicƒiK = 110100100

w

22  2 11 0
w
w

‰Lb 1011011 =01011011 11  2 5 1

+ 11010010 2 1
52
10 0101101
22 1 0
ˆkl KÅvwi 12 0 1
Dîi : 101101  (182)10 = (10110110)2
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 163

‰Lb, (236)10 – (182)10 10. (38.05)10 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq ‰es (1011.11)2

= (11101100)2 – (10110110)2 ˆK `kwgK msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki|
ˆhGnZz 10110110 FYvðK myZivs 10110110‰i (38.05)10 ‰i evBbvwi gvb
2’‰i cwicƒiK KiGZ nGe| msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl
38  2 19 0
(10110110) ‰i 1 ‰i cwicƒiK = 01001001
19  2 9 1
+1 92 4 1
(10110110) ‰i 2 ‰i cwicƒiK= 01001010 42 2 0
‰Lb 22 1 0
11101100 12 0 1
+ 01001010 (38)10 = (100110)2
1 00110110 ‰es
msLÅv cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk
ˆkl KÅvwi .05  2 0 .10
Dîi :110110 .10  2 0 .20
6. (496)10 ˆK wewmwW ˆKvGW i…cv¯¦i Ki| .20  2 0 .40
Avgiv Rvwb,
.40  2 0 .80
`kwgK 4 = 0100 wewmwW
.80  2 1 .60
`kwgK 9 = 1000 wewmwW
`kwgK 6 = 0110 wewmwW  (.05)10 = (.00001..........)2
(496)10 = 010010000110 Ans.  (38.05)10 = (100110.00001........)2
Avevi,
7. (3DC.8)16 ‰es (607.52)8 ˆhvMdj wbYÆq Ki| (1011.11)2
(3DC.8)16 = (001111011100.100000)2 = (123) + (121) + (120) + (12-1) + (12-2)
(607.52)8 = (110000111.101010)2 1 1
10101100100.001010 = 18 + 04 + 12 + 11 + 1 + 1 2
2 2
Dîi : (10101100100.001010)2 = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + .5 + .25
8. (111.01)2 ‰es (101.11)2 ‰i ˆhvMdj I weGqvMdj = (11.75)10
 (1011.11)2 = (11.75)10
wbYÆq Ki| 11. (11011.001)2 ‰es (1011.11)2 msLÅv `ywU ˆhvM
ˆhvM 111.01 Ki I weGqvM Ki|
101.11 ˆhvM 11011.001
1101.00 1011.110
weGqvM 111.01 100110.111
101.11 weGqvM 11011.001
001.10 1011.110
01111.011
9. (111.110)2 ˆK `kwgK msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki|
(111.110)2 = (122) + (121) + (120)
12. (1101)2 ˆK `kwgK I (99)10 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq
i…cv¯¦i Ki|
+ (12-1) + (12-2) + (02-3)
(1101)2 = (123) + (122) + (021) + (120)
= 4 + 2 + 1 + .5 + .25 + 0 =8+4+0+1
= (7.75)10 = (13)10
 (111.110)2 = (7.75)10  (1101)2= (13)10
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164 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

(99)10 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i :  (.25)10 = (.4)16

msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl  (27.25)10 = (1B.4)16
99  2 49 1 16. (3D)16 msLÅvwUGK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki|
49  2 24 1 Avgiv Rvwb,
24  2 12 0 ˆnÝvGWwmGgj 3 = evBbvwi 0011
12  2 6 0 ˆnÝvGWwmGgj D = evBbvwi 1101
62 3 0 (3D)16 = (00111101)2
32 1 1  (3D)16 = (00111101)2
12 0 1 17. 2 ‰i cwicƒiK c«¬wZ eÅenvi KGi (101101)2
(99)10 = (1100011)2
‰es (110110)2 weGqvM Ki|
13. (525)10 ˆK wewmwW ˆKvGWi gvaÅGg ˆ`LvI| (101101)2 – (110110)2 =(101101)2 +(–110110)2
Avgiv Rvwb, ˆhGnZz 110110 FYvñK myZivs 110110 ‰i 2’‰i
`kwgK 5 = 0101 wewmwW cwicƒiK KiGZ nGe|
`kwgK 2 = 0010 wewmwW 110110 ev 00110110 ‰i 1’
`kwgK 5 = 0101 wewmwW ‰i cwicƒiK = 11001001
 (525)10 = 010100100101 + 1
14. (5A.2C)16 ‰es (72.34)8 msLÅv `ywUGK evBbvwiGZ 110111 ‰i 2 ‰i cwicƒiK = 11001010
cwieZÆb KGi ˆhvMdj wbYÆq Ki| ‰Lb
(5A.2C)16 = (0101 1010.00101100)2 00101101
(72.34)8 = (111010.01110000)2 + 11001010
(10010100.10011100)2 11110111
15. (27.25)10 msLÅvwUGK AÙvj I ˆnÝvGWwmGgGj
18. (1011)2 ˆ^GK (101010)2 ˆK `yB ‰i cwicƒiK
cwieZÆb Ki|
c«¬wZ eÅenvi KGi weGqvM Ki|
(K) (27.25)10 msLÅvwUGK AÙvGj cwieZÆb
(1011)2 – (101010)2 =(1011)2 +(–101010)2
msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl
ˆhGnZz 101010 FYvñK myZivs 101010 ‰i 2’‰i
27  8 3 3
cwicƒiK KiGZ nGe|
38 0 3 101010 ev 00101010 ‰i 1’
 (27)10 = (33)8 ‰i cwicƒiK =11010101
‰es +1
msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl 101010 ‰i 2 ‰i cwicƒiK = 11010110
2 .00
ox

.25  8 ‰Lb
r.c

 (.25)10 = (.2)8 00001011

i
nb

 (27.25)10 = (33.2)8 Ans.

/ta

+ 11010110
om

(27.25)10 msLÅvwUGK ˆnÝvGWwmGgGj cwieZÆb 11100001

.c
.fb

msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl 19. (1011010)2 msLÅvwUGK `kwgK msLÅvq cwiYZ Ki|
w
w

27  16 1 11=B (1011010)2
w

1  16 0 1 = (126) + (025) + (124) + (123) + (022)

 (27)10 = (1B)16 + (121) + (020)
‰es = 64 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0
msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl = (90)10
.25  16 4 .00  (1011010)2 = (90)10
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 165

20. (75.105)10 msLÅvwUGK evBbvwi msLÅvq cwiYZ Ki| 23. (1011.11)2 ‰es (101.11)2 ‰i ˆhvMdj ‰es
(75.105)10 msLÅvwUGK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i weGqvMdj wbYÆq Ki|
msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl ˆhvMdj
75  2 37 1 1011.11
37  2 18 1 + 101.11
18  2 9 0 10001.10
92 4 1 weGqvMdj
42 2 0 1011.11
22 1 0 + 101.11
12 0 1 110.00
 (75)10 = (1001011.........)2 25. 2 ‰i cwicƒiK c«¬wZ eÅenvi KGi (1101101)2
‰es ˆ^GK (110110)2 weGqvM Ki|
msLÅv cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk (1101101)2 – (110110)2
0 .210 (1101101)2 + (-110110)2
.105  2
.210  2 0 .420 ˆhGnZz 110110 FYvñK myZivs 110110‰i 2’‰i
.420  2 0 .840 cwicƒiK KiGZ nGe|
.840  2 1 .680 110110 ev 00110110 ‰i
.680  2 1 .360 1’‰i cwicƒiK =11001001
 (.105)10 = (.00011)2 +1
 (75.105)10 = (1001011.00011.........)2 110110‰i 2 ‰i cwicƒiK = 11001010
21. (513.75)8 ˆK evBbvwi I `kwgK msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki| 01101101
AÙvj 513.75 ‰i evBbvwi gvb + 11001010
(513.75)8 = (101 001 011.111 101)2 100110111
= (101001011.111101)2
AÙvj (513.75)8‰i `kwgK gvb ˆkl KÅvwi
(513.75)8 KÅvwi weU ev` w`GZ nGe| myZivs KÅvwi weU ev` w`Gq
= (582) + (181) + (380) + (78-1) + (58-2) 00110111 ev 110111 ivLGZ nGe|
= 320 + 8 + 3 + 0.875 + 0.078125 Dîi :110111
= 331.953125
 (513.75)8= (331.953125)10 25. wbÁ²wjwLZ msLÅvàwjGK `kwgGK cÉKvk Ki|
22. ([Link])16 msLÅvwUi mgZzjÅ evBbvwi I AÙvj (B5D)16,(1100011.011)2, (123.54)8
gvb wbYÆq Ki| (B5D)16 = (B162) + (5161) + (D160)
Avgiv Rvwb, = (11256) + (516) + (131)
A16 = (1010)2 = 2816 + 80 + 13
B16 = (1011)2 = (2909)10
C16 = (1100)2  (B5D)16 = (2909)10
D16 = (1101)2
([Link])16 = (1010 1011 . 1100 1101)2 Avevi,
 ([Link])16 = (10101011.11001101)2 (1100011.011)2
Avevi, = (126)+(125)+(024)+(023)+(022)
([Link])16 = (10 101 011.110 011 01)2 +(121)+(120)+(02-1)+(12-2)+(12-3)
= (010 101 011.110 011 010)2 = (64) + (32) + (0) + (0) + (0) + (2) + (1)
= (253.632)8 + (0) + (.25) (.125)
= (253.632)8 = (99.375)10
 ([Link])16= (253.632)8  (1100011.011)2 = (99.375)10
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166 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

Avevi, ‰es
(123.54)8 msLÅv cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk
= (182) + (281) + (380) + (58-1) + (48-2) .45  2 0 .90
= 64 + 16 + 3 + 0.625 + 0.0625 .90  2 1 .80
= 83.6875
.80  2 1 .60
(123.54)8 = (83.6875)10
.60  2 1 .20
26. 3D7 ˆKvb aiGbi msLÅv? (37.875)10 ˆK evBbvwi
 (.45)10 = (.0111......)2
msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki|
 (123.45)10 = (1111011.0111.........)2
msLÅvwU ˆnÝvGWwmGgj|
(AB.C)16 ˆK `kwgK msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i
msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl (AB.C)16 = (A161) + (B160) + (C16-1)
37  2 18 1 1
= (1016) + (111) + (12 )
18  2 9 0 16
92 4 1 = 160 + 11 + .75
= (171.75)10
42 2 0
(AB.C)16= (171.75)10
22 1 0 28. (F6.3A) ˆKvb aiGbi msLÅv? ‰GK AÙvj I
12 0 1 `kwgGK i‚cv¯¦i Ki|
(37)10 = (100101)2 Dîi : msLÅvwU ˆnÝvGWwmGgj|
‰es (F6.3A) msLÅvwUi mgKÞ `kwgK gvb
msLÅv cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk (F6.3A)16
.875  2 1 .75 = (F161) + (6160) + (316-1) + (A16-2)
= (1516) + (61) + (30.0625) + (1016-2)
.75  2 1 .50
= 240 + 6 + 0.1875 + 0.00390625
.50  2 1 .00 = 246.19140625
 (.875)10 = (.111)2  (F6.3A)16 = (246.19140625)10
 (37.875)10 = (100101.111)2 (F6.3A) msLÅvwUi mgKÞ AÙvj gvb
27. (123.45)10 ˆK evBbvwi I (AB.C)16 ˆK (F6.3A)16 = (11110110 .00111010)2
`kwgK msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki| = (011110110.001110100)2
= ( 3 6 6 . 1 6 4)2
(123.45)10 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i
ox

 (F6.3A)16 = (366.164)8
r.c

msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl

29. 2 ‰i cwicƒiK c«¬wZGZ evBbvwi 10111 ˆ^GK
i
nb

123  2 61 1
/ta

1101 ˆK weGqvM Ki|

om

61  2 30 1
(10111)2 – (1101)2 =(10111)2 + (-1101)2
.c
.fb

30  2 15 0
ˆhGnZz 1101 FYvñK myZivs 1101‰i 2’‰i
w
w

15  2 7 1
w

cwicƒiK KiGZ nGe|

72 3 1
1101 ev 00001101‰i
32 1 1
1’‰i cwicƒiK =11110010
12 0 1
+1
(123)10 = (1111011)2 1101‰i 2 ‰i cwicƒiK = 11110011
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 167

‰Lb 32. 2 ‰i cwicƒiK eÅenvi KGi (15)10 ˆ^GK (5)10

00010111 weGqvM Ki|
+ 11110011 msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl
100001010
15  2 7 1
KÅvwiweU 72 3 1
KÅvwi weU ev` w`GZ nGe| myZivs KÅvwi weU ev` w`Gq 32 1 1
00001010 ev 1010 ivLGZ nGe| 12 0 1
Dîi :1010 (15)10 = (1111)2
30. (311.125)10 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki| ‰es
`kwgK (311.125) ‰i `kwgK gvb msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl
msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl 52 2 1
301  2 155 1 22 1 0
155  2 77 1 12 0 1
77  2 38 1  (5)10 = (101)2
38  2 19 0 ‰Lb, (15)10 - (5)10
19  2 9 1 =(1111)2-(101)2
92 4 1 ˆhGnZz 101 FYvñK myZivs 101‰i 2’‰i cwicƒiK
42 2 0 KiGZ nGe|
22 1 0 101ev 00000101‰i 1’‰i cwicƒiK =11111010
12 0 1 +1
101‰i 2 ‰i cwicƒiK = 11111011
(311)10 = (100110111)2
‰Lb
‰es
00001111
msLÅv cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk + 11111011
.125  2 0 .250 100001010
.250  2 0 .500
.500  2 1 .00
 (.05)10 = (.001)2 KÅvwiweU
 (311.125)10 = (100110111.001)2 KÅvwi weU ev` w`GZ nGe| myZivs KÅvwi weU ev` w`Gq
00001010 ev 1010 ivLGZ nGe|
31. (2BCD.53)16ˆK `kwgK msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki|
Dîi :1010
(2BCD.53)16
= (2163)+ (B162)+ (C161)+ (D160)
33. (23)10 msLÅvGK evBbvwi msLÅvq ‰es (10111)2
+ (516-1)+ (316-2) msLÅvGK `kwgK msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki|
= (2163)+ (11162)+ (12161)+ (13160) (23)10 msLÅvGK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i
+ (516-1)+ (316-2) msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl
= (24096)+(11256)+(1216)+(131) 23  2 11 1
+(50.0625)+(30.00390625) 11  2 5 1
= (8192) + (2816) + (192) + (13) + (0.3125) 52 2 1
+ (0.01171875) 22 1 0
= 11213.3241875 12 0 1
 (2BCD.53)16 = (11213.3241875)10 (23)10 = (10111)2
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168 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

(10111)2‰i `kwgK gvb = ( 0000 1000 0011.1111 0100)2

(10111)2 =( 0 8 3. F 4 )16
= (124) + (023) + (122) + (121) + (120) = (083.F1)16
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1  (203.75)8= (083.F1)16
= (23)10 37. 2 ‰i cwicƒiK Kx? 2 ‰i cwicƒiK eÅenvi KGi
 (10111)2 =(23)10 (121)10 ˆ^GK (81)10 weGqvM Ki|
34. (A1D)16 I (346.74)8 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i (121)10
KGi ˆhvM ‰es djvdj AÙvj msLÅvq cÉKvk Ki| msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl
(A1D)16= (1010 0001 1101)2 121  2 60 1
(346.74)8 = (011100110.111100)2 60  2 30 0
‰Lb, 30  2 15 0
 (A1D)16 = (1010 00011101. 0 0 0 0 0 0)2 15  2 7 1
 (346.74)8= (0 11100110. 1 1 1 1 0 0)2 72 3 1
(101100000011. 1 1 1 1 0 0)2 32 1 1
= (101 100 000 011.111 100)2 12 0 1
= ( 5 4 0 3 . 7 4 )8 (121)10 = (1111001)2
= (5408.74)8 (81)10
35. 2 ‰i cwicƒiK c«¬wZi mvnvGhÅ (1101)2 ˆ^GK msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl
(1001)2 ˆK weGqvM Ki| 81  2 40 1
Dîi : (10111)2 – (1101)2 40  2 20 0
ˆhGnZz 1001 FYvñK myZivs 1001‰i 2’‰i 20  2 10 0
cwicƒiK KiGZ nGe| 10  2 5 0
1001ev 00001001‰i 1’‰i cwicƒiK =11110110 52 2 1
+1 22 1 0
1001‰i 2 ‰i cwicƒiK = 11110111 12 0 1
‰Lb  (81)10 = (1010001)2
00001101 ‰Lb
+ 11110111 (1111001)2 – (1010001)2
100000100 = (1111001)2 + (– 1010001)2
ˆhGnZz 1010001ev 01010001 FYvñK myZivs
01010001‰i 2 ‰i cwicƒiK KiGZ nGe|
KÅvwiweU 01010001‰i 1 ‰i cwicƒiK =10101110
ox

+1
r.c

KÅvwi weU ev` w`GZ nGe| myZivs KÅvwi weU ev` w`Gq
i
nb

01001111‰i 2 ‰i cwicƒiK 10101111

00000100 ev 0100 ivLGZ nGe|
/ta

‰Lb
om

Dîi :100
01111001
.c

36. (203.75)8 msLÅvwUi mggvGbi ˆnÝvGWwmGgj gvb

.fb

+ 10101111
w
w

wbYÆq Ki| 100101000

w

Avgiv Rvwb,
‰Lb, KÅvwiweU
(203.75)8 KÅvwi weU ev` w`GZ nGe| myZivs KÅvwi weU ev` w`Gq
= (010 000 011 . 111 101)2 00101000 ivLGZ nGe|
= (010000011.111101)2 Dîi :101000
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 169

38. (125)10 ˆK evBbvwi ‰es (110101)2 ˆK  (6F.3C)16 + (203.25)8

`kwgK msLÅvq cÉKvk Ki| = 001101111.00111100 + 010000011.01010100
(125)10 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i = (011110010.10010000)2
msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl = (0000 1111 0010. 1001 0000)2
=(0 F 2 . 9 0)16
125  2 62 1 = (F2.90)16
62  2 31 0 41. (73.75)10 I (19F.5E)16 msLÅv `ywUGK evBbvwi
31  2 15 1 msLÅvq cwiYZ Ki|
15  2 7 1 (73.75)10 msLÅvwUGK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i
72 3 1 msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl
32 1 1 73  2 36 1
12 0 1 36  2 18 0
(125)10 = (1111101)2 18  2 9 0
Avevi 92 4 1
(110101)2 42 2 0
= (125) + (124) + (023) + (122) 22 1 0
+ (021) + (120) 12 0 1
= 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
= (53)10 (73)10 = (1001001)2
(.75)10
 (110101)2 = (53)10
39. (23)10 ˆK evBbvwi ‰es (110111)2 ˆK `kwgK msLÅv cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk
msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki| .75  2 1 .50
(23)10 msLÅvwUGK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i .50  2 1 .00
msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl  (.75)10 = (.11)2
11 1  (73.75)10 = (1001001.11)2
23  2
5 1 Avevi
11  2
52 2 1 (19F.5E)16 = (000110011111.01011110)2
22 1 1 42. (9D.AB6)16 I (306.51)10msLÅv `ywUGK evBbvwi
12 0 1 msLÅvq cwiYZ Ki|
(9D.AB6)16 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i:
(23)10 = (11111)2
(9D.AB6)16 = (1001 1101.101010110110)2
Avevi
Avevi,
(110111)2
= (125) + (124) + (023) + (122) + (121)
(306.51)10 ˆK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i
+ (120) msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl
= 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1 306  2 153 0
= (55)10 153  2 76 1
 (110111)2 = (55)10 76  2 38 0
38  2 19 0
40. (6F.3C)16I(203.25)8 ˆhvM Ki ‰es djvdj
19  2 9 1
ˆnÝvGWwmGgGj cÉKvk Ki|
42 2 0
(6F.3C)16 = 0110 1111 . 0011 1100
= 001101111.00111100 22 1 0
(203.25)8 = 010 000 011. 010 101 12 0 1
= 010000011.01010100 (306)10 = (10010010)2
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170 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

Avevi, (.51)10 AÙvj gvb wbYÆq :

msLÅv cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk (3D.2C)16
.51  2 1 .02 = (00111101.0010110)2
.02  2 0 .04 = (000 111 101 . 001 011 000)2
.04  2 0 .08 =( 0 7 5 . 1 3 0 )8
= (075.130)8 Ans.
.08 2 0 .16
46. (1001.101)2 ‰es (100.11)2 msLÅv `ywU ˆhvM Ki|
 (.51)10 = (.1000.....)2
ˆhvMdj
 (306.51)10 = (10010010.1000....)2
(1001.101)2
43. (11101.01)2 ‰es (1101.11)2 ‰i ˆhvMdj
+ (100.11)2
‰es weGqvMdj wbYÆq Ki|
(1110.0112
ˆhvMdj
Dîi :(1110.011)2
(11101.01)2
+ (1101.11)2 47. (FB6)16 ˆKvb aiGbi msLÅv? msLÅvwUi evBbvwi
(101011.00)2 gvb KZ?
weGqvM msLÅvwU ˆnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅv|
(11101.01)2 Avgiv Rvwb,
– (1101.11)2 (F)16 = (1111)2, (B)16 = (1011)2, (6)16 =
(01111.10)2 (0110)2
44. (23.75)10 msLÅvwUGK evBbvwi msLÅvq cwiYZ Ki|  (FB6)16 = (111110110110)2
(23.75)10 msLÅvwUGK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i 48. (53E)16 ˆK AÙvj ‰es `kwgK msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki|
msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl
AÙvj gvb wbYÆq :
23  2 11 1
(53E)16 = (010100111110)2
11  2 5 1
= (010 100 111 110)2
52 2 1 =( 2 4 7 6 )8
22 1 0 = (2476)8
12 0 1 `kwgK gvb wbYÆq :
(23)10 = (10111)2 (53E)16 = (5162) + (3161) + (E160)
(.75)10 = (6256) + (316) + (141)
msLÅv cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk = 1280 + 48 + 14
.75  2 1 .50 = (1342)10
.50  2 1 .00  (53E)16 = (1342)10
ox

 (.75)10 = (.11)2
r.c

 (23.75)10 = (101111.11)2 49. 2 ‰i cwicƒiK c«¬wZ eÅenvi KGi (111)10 nGZ

i
nb

(101)10 weGqvM Ki|

/ta

45. 3D.2C ˆKvb aiGbi msLÅv? msLÅvwUi `kwgK I

om

AÙvj gvb wbYÆq Ki| weGqvMdj

.c

(111)2 – (101)2
.fb

3D.2C msLÅvwU ˆnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅv|

w

= (00000111)2 + (– 00000101)2
w

`kwgK gvb wbYÆq :

w

(3D.2C)16 ˆhGnZz 00000101 FYvñK myZivs 00000101 ‰i 2

= (3161) + (D160) + (216-1) + (C16-2) ‰i cwicyiK KiGZ nGe|
= (316) + (13160) + (216-1) + (1216-2) 00000101‰i 1 ‰i cwicƒiK = 11111010
= 48 + 13 + 0.125 + 0.046875 +1
= (61.171875)10 01001111‰i 2 ‰i cwicƒiK = 11111011
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 171

‰Lb 52. weU Kx? (10001.101)2 I (100110.011)2

00000111 msLÅv 2wUi ˆhvMdj I weGqvMdj wbYÆq Ki|
+ 11111011 Dîi: evBbvwi wWwRU 0 ‰es 1 ˆK weU eGj|
1 00000010 ˆhvMdj
10001.101
KÅvwiweU + 100110.011
KÅvwi weU ev` w`GZ nGe| myZivs KÅvwi weU ev` w`Gq 111000.000
weGqvMdj
00000010 ivLGZ nGe|
010001.101
Dîi : 10 100110.011
50. 2 ‰i cwicƒiK eÅenvi KGi (10110)2ˆ^GK 1101011.010
(110110)2 weGqvM Ki| 53. (90.625)10 ˆK evBbvwi ‰es (1011010.001)2
(10110)2 – (110110)2 ˆK `kwgK msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki|
=(00010110)2 + (–00110110)2 (90)10 msLÅvwUGK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i
ˆhGnZz 00110110 FYvñK myZivs 00110110‰i msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl
2’‰i cwicƒiK KiGZ nGe| 90  2 45 0
00110110‰i 1 ‰i cwicƒiK = 11001001 45  2 22 1
+1 22  2 11 0
01001111‰i 2 ‰i cwicƒiK = 11001010 11  2 5 1
‰Lb 52 2 1
00010110 2 2 1 0
+ 11001010 1 2 0 1
11100000 (90)10 = (1011010)2
Dîi : 11100000 msLÅv cƒYÆmsLÅv f™²vsk
51. (A9C.6B)16 ˆK `kwgK I AÙvj msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i Ki| .625  2 1 .250
Dîi : (A9C.6B)16 msLÅvwUi mgKÞ `kwgK gvb .250  2 0 .50
(A9C.6B)16 .50  2 1 .00
= (A162) + (9161) + (C160) + (616-1) (90.625)10 = (1011010.101)2
+ (B16-2) (1011010.001)2ˆK `kwgK msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i:
= (10256) + (916) + (121) + (60.0625) (1011010.001)2
+ (110.00390625) = (126) + (025) + (124) + (123) + (022)
= 2560 + 144 + 12 + 0.375 + 0.04296875 + (121) + (020) + (02-1) + (02-2) + (12-3)
= 2716.41796975 = 64 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 0 +0+ 1.125
 (A9C.6B)16 = (2716.41796975)10 = (90.125)10
(A9C.6B)16 msLÅvwUi mgKÞ AÙvj gvb: 54. (11011.011)2 msLÅvwUGK `kwgK msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i
(A9C.6B)16 Ki|
= (1010 1001 1100 . 0110 1011)2 (11011.011)2
= (1010 10011100.0110 1011)2 = (124) + (123) + (022) + (121) + (120)
= ( 101 010 011 100. 011 010 110)2 + (02-1) + (12-2) + (12-3)
=( 5 2 3 4 . 3 2 6 )8 = (116) + (18) + (04) + (12) + (11)
= (5234.326)8 + (0.5) + (1.25) + (1.125)
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0 + 0.25 + .125
 (A9C.6B)16= (5234.326)8 = (27.357)10
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172 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

55. 2 ‰i cwicƒiK Kx? 2 ‰i cwicƒiK c«¬wZ ‰Lb :

eÅenvi KGi (12)10 ˆ^GK (7)10 weGqvM Ki| (100000)2 – (10010)2
(12)10 = (1100)2 = (00001100)2
= (00100000)2 +(– 00010010)2
(7)10 = (0111)2 = (00000111)2
‰Lb ˆhGnZz 00010010 FYvñK myZivs 00010010 ‰i
(00001100)2 – (00000111)2 =(00001100)2 + 2’‰i cwicƒiK KiGZ nGe|
(-00000111)2
00010010 ‰i 1’‰i cwicƒiK = 11101101
ˆhGnZz 00000111 FYvñK myZivs 00000111 ‰i
2’‰i cwicƒiK KiGZ nGe| +1
00000111 ‰i 1’‰i cwicƒiK=11111000 01001111‰i 2 ‰i cwiicƒiK = 11101110
+1 ‰Lb,
01001111‰i 2 ‰i cwicƒiK = 11111001
‰Lb 00100000
ˆhvMdj + 11101110
00001100 100001110
+ 11111001
100000101 KÅvwiweU
KÅvwi weU ev` w`GZ nGe| myZivs KÅvwi weU ev` w`Gq
KÅvwiweU
00001110 ivLGZ nGe|
KÅvwi weU ev` w`GZ nGe| myZivs KÅvwi weU ev` w`Gq
00000101 ivLGZ nGe| Dîi :1110
Dîi : 101 57. (23.125)10 ‰i evBbvwi msLÅvq gvb ˆei Ki|
56. 32 ˆ^GK 18 ˆK 2 ‰i cwicƒiK c«¬wZGZ (23)10 msLÅvwUGK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i
weGqvM Ki|
(32)10 msLÅvwUGK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl
msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl 23  2 11 1
32  2 16 0 11  2 5 1
16  2 8 0 52 2 1
82 4 0
2 2 1 0
42 2 0
1 2 0 1
2 2 1 0
(23)10 = (10111)2
ox

1 2 0 1
r.c

‰es
i

(32)10 = (100000)2
nb
/ta

(18)10 msLÅvwUGK evBbvwi msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i: msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl

om

msLÅv fvMdj fvMGkl

.c

.125  2 0 .250
.fb

9 0
w

18  2 .250  2 0 .50
w
w

92 4 1
42 2 0 .50  2 1 .00
2 2 1 0 (.125)10 = (.001)2
1 2 0 1
(18)10 = (10010)2 (32.125)10 = (10111.001)2w
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 177

mZÅK mviwY (Truth Table)

ˆKvGbv eywjq Õ¼vaxb PjKàGjvi gvGbi mÁ¿veÅ me webÅvGmi RbÅ dvskGbi ˆh
gvb nq Zv ˆUwej AvKvGi ˆ`LvGbv hvq| ‰i…c ˆUwejGK H dvskGbi mZÅK mZÅK mviwY (Truth Table)
mviwY eGj| mZÅK mviwYGZ eywjqvb AÅvjGReiv ev jwRKÅvj AcvGikb BbcyU AvDUcyU
A B Y =(A, B)
ˆMBU-‰i gvaÅGg input gvGbi Ici wfwî KGi output gvb cÉKvk Kiv nq|
cvGki mZÅK mviwYGZ A I B `ywU PjGKi RbÅ 2n KwÁ¼GbkGb ‰KGmU gvGbi
(4wU) RbÅ jwRK dvskb Y =(A, B) mZÅK mviwYGZ cÉKvk Kiv nGjv|
ˆZgwb 3wU BbcyU ^vKGj 23 = 8wU avc nGe| ‰ iKg mZÅK mviwY eÅenvi
KGi ˆZvgiv wewf®² jwRKÅvj AcvGikb I jwRK eZÆbx, Dccv`Åmgƒn hvPvB
KiGe|
eywjqvb Dccv`Å (Boolean Theorem)
ˆhme Dccv`Å eÅenvi KGi RRÆ eyj (George Boole) mKj cÉKvi hywÚmãZ welGqi MvwYwZK iƒc cÉ`vb KGib
ˆmàGjvB gƒjZ eywjqvb Dccv`Å| eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi mvaviY Dccv`ÅàGjv wbGP ˆjLv nGjv|
ˆgŒwjK Dccv`Å (Basic Theorem):
wewbgq Dccv`Å (Commulative Theorem):
ˆhvGMi ˆÞGò àGYi ˆÞGò 1. A + B = B + A
1. A + 0 = A 1. A . 0 = 0 2. A . B = B . A
2. A + 1 = 1 2. A . 1 = A Abylã Dccv`Å (Associative Theorem):
3. A + A = A 3. A . A = A 1. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
4. – 4. – 2. A (BC) = (AB) C
A+A=1 A.A =0
mnvqK Dccv`Å (Secondary Theorem): wefvRb Dccv`Å (Distributed Theorem):
1. A (A + B) = A 1. A ( B + C) = AB + AC
2. A + AB = A 2. A + BC = (A + B) (A + C)
– – – – –
3. A + AB = A + B 3. A + AB = A + B
– – – –
4. A + AB = A + B 4. A  B = AB + AB
–– – – ––
5. A + AB = A + B 5. A  B = AB + AB

 mswÞµ¦ ˆkvlYmƒò (Absorptive law):
6. A= A
1. A + AB = A
2. A. (A + B) = A
–
3. A. (A + B) = B
DcGivÚ Dccv`ÅmgƒGn PjGKi gvb 0 ev 1 aGi ˆhGKvGbv Dccv`Å cÉgvY Kiv hvq| Avevi mZÅK mviwYi
mvnvGhÅI mƒòàGjv cÉgvY Kiv hvq|
eywjqvb AÅvjGReiv ˆhvGMi wbqg: eywjqvb AÅvjGReiv MyGYi wbqg:
i. 0 + 0 = 0 ii. 0 + 1 = 1 i. 0.0 = 0 ii. 0.1 = 0
iii. 1 + 0 = 1 iv. 1 + 1 = 1 iii. 1.0 = 0 iv. 1.1 = 1
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178 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

wbGP KGqKwU eywjqvb DccvG`Åi cÉgvY ˆ`LvGbv nGjv:

– 4. A + B.C = (A + B). (A + C) – – – –
1. A+A=1 7. A + AB = A + B
WvbcÞ = (A + B). (A + C)
– – –
A = 0 nGj A = 1 = A . A + A .C + B. A + B. C evgcÞ = A + AB
– = A + A .C + A .B + B . C – –
A^ev A = 1 nGj A = 0 = A (1 + C + B) + B. C = A. 1 + AB
– = A . 1 + B. C – – –
evgcÞ = A + A = A (1 + B) + AB
=A+B.C
=0+1 – –– –
= evgcÞ = A + AB + AB
= 1= WvbcÞ
evgcÞ = WvbcÞ – – –
– = A + B (A + A)
A^ev, A + A – –
=1+0 – =A+B.1
5. (A + B) ( A + B) = A
=1 – – –
 evgcÞ = WvbcÞ evgcÞ = (A + B) (A + B) = A + B = WvbcÞ
– –  evgcÞ = WvbcÞ
2. A + AB = A = AA + AB + BA + B . B
– ––––– ––
evgcÞ = A + AB = A + A . B + B. A + 0 8. A  B = AB + AB
= A . 1 + AB – ––––– –––––––––
= A (1 + B) = A (1 + B + B) evgcÞ = A  B = AB + AB
= A. 1 = A = WvbcÞ – –
=A  evgcÞ = WvbcÞ [ A  B = AB + AB ]
= WvbcÞ ––––
– ––––
–
– = AB . AB
 evgcÞ = WvbcÞ 6. A + AB = A + B = – – =
= (A + B) (A + B)
–
– evgcÞ = A + AB – –
3. A (A + B) = AB = (A + B). (A + B)
–
– = A. 1 + AB – –– –
evgcÞ = A (A + B) = A . A + AB + AB + BB
–
– = A (1 + B) + AB ––
= A . A + AB = 0 + AB + AB + 0
–
= 0 + AB = A + AB + AB ––
= AB = AB + AB = WvbcÞ
–
= WvbcÞ = A + B (A + A)  evgcÞ = WvbcÞ
evgcÞ = WvbcÞ –
= A + B. 1 [ A + A = 1] = –
= WvbcÞ 9. A = A hw`, A = 0; A = 1
ox

–
r.c

 evgcÞ = WvbcÞ A^ev, A = 1; A = 0

i
nb
/ta

=
om

A=A
.c
.fb

–
w
w

KvR : 1. cÉgvY KGi ˆ`LvI i. AC + ABC = AC ii. A + AB = A + B

w

– – – –– – – ––
iii. A + B + C = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 179

cvV-12
wW-giMvGbi Dccv`Å (De Morgan's Theorem)
wW-giMvGbi Dccv`Å: divwm MwYZwe` wW-giMvb (De-Morgan) eywjqvb
exRMwYZ wbGq KvR KGi ‰i mÁ¿vebv ˆ`LGZ cvb| MGelYvjº¬ djvdj
wnGmGe wW-giMvb eywjq exRMwYGZi Ici `ywU cÉGqvRbxq mƒò ˆ`b| mƒò
`ywUGK wW-giMvGbi Dccv`Å ejv nq| Dccv`Å `ywU eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi
wewf®² MvwYwZK mgmÅv mnR I `ÞZvi mvG^ cÉgvY KiGZ mÞg| Zvi
weLÅvZ Dccv`Å `ywU wbÁ²i…c-
cÉ^g Dccv`Å: ˆhGKvGbv msLÅK PjGKi ˆhŒwÚK ˆhvGMi KgwµÏGg´Ÿ nGjv
cÉGZÅK PjGKi KgwµÏGgG´Ÿi ˆhŒwÚK àYdGji mgvb| AbÅfvGe ejv hvq,
ˆhGKvGbv PjGKi Ai AcvGikGbi KgwµÏGg´Ÿ ˆmB PjKàGjvi cÉGZÅGKi bU
AcvGikbGK AÅv´£ AcvGikb KiGj ˆh gvb cvIqv hvq Zvi mgvb| wW-giMvb 27 Ryb, 1806
wLËÓ¡vGõ fviGZ R¯ÃMÉnY
n msLÅK PjGKi RbÅ wW-giMvGbi cÉ^g Dccv`ÅwU KGib| Zvi bvg AbymvGi
––––––––––––––––––––    
wW-giMvb Dccv`Å iGqGQ|
A1 + A2 + A3 + ... ... + An = A1. A2. A3. ... ... . An
‰QvovI wZwb AÅvjGReiv,
w«¼Zxq Dccv`Å: ˆhGKvGbv msLÅK cwieZÆbkxj ivwki ˆhŒwÚK àYdGji wiGjkbvj AÅvjGReiv I
KgwµÏGg´Ÿ nGjv cÉGZÅK ivwki KgwµÏGgG´Ÿi ˆhŒwÚK ˆhvGMi mgvb| BDwbfvGmÆj AÅvjGReivi
AbÅfvGe ejv hvq, ˆhGKvGbv msLÅK cwieZÆbkxj ivwki AÅv´£ AcvGikGbi D«¿veK| 18 gvPÆ 1871
KgwµÏGg´Ÿ ˆmB ivwkàGjvi cÉGZÅGKi bU AcvGikbGK Ai AcvGikb KiGj wLËÓ¡vGõ wZwb BsjÅvG´£
ˆh gvb cvIqv hvq Zvi mgvb| g†ZyÅeiY KGib|
n msLÅK PjGKi RbÅ wW-giMvGbi w«¼Zxq Dccv`Å wbÁ²i…c-
––––––––––––––––––––    
A1 . A2 . A3 . ... ... . An = A1 + A2 + A3 + ... ... + An
 – –  – –
myZivs A I B `ywU PjGKi RbÅ Dccv`Å `ywU@ A + B = A . B ‰es A . B = A + B
Abyi…cfvGe A , B I C wZbwU PjGKi RbÅ wW-giMvGbi Dccv`Å `ywU@
––––––– – – –
cÉ^g Dccv`Å: A + B + C = A . B . C ‰es
–––––– – – –
w«¼Zxq Dccv`Å: A . B . C = A + B + C
wW-giMvGbi DccvG`Åi cÉgvY (Prove De Morgan's Theoram): mZÅK mviwYi mnvqZvq `ywU ev wZbwU
PjGKi RbÅ wW-giMvGbi Dccv`Å mnGR cÉgvY Kiv hvq| mZÅK mviwYGZ DccvG`Åi evgw`K I Wvbw`GKi
PjKmgƒGni mÁ¿veÅ gvb wjLGZ nGe| wbGP A I B `ywU PjGKi wW-giMvb ‰i Dccv`Å cÉgvGYi mZÅK mviwY
ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A B – – A+B  – – A.B  – –
A B A+B A.B A.B A+B
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
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180 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

DcGii mZÅK mviwY nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq, A I B ‰i mKj gvGbi RbÅ 6 I 7bs Kjvg nGZ, cÉ^g Dccv`Å
 – –  – –
A + B = A . B ‰es 9 I 10bs Kjvg nGZ, w«¼Zxq Dccv`Å A . B = A + B
myZivs `ywU PjGKi RbÅ wW-giMvGbi Dccv`Å `ywU cÉgvwYZ nGjv|
wZbwU PjK A, B, C ‰i RbÅ wW-giMvb-‰i Dccv`Å cÉgvGYi mZÅK mviwY nGe wbÁ²i…c-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A B C – – – ––––––– – – –  – – –
A B C A + B + C A + B + C A + B + C A.B.C A.B.C A.B.C
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

DcGii mZÅK mviwY nGZ mnGR ˆ`Lv hvq, A, B I C ‰i mKj gvGbi RbÅ 8 I 12bs Kjvg nGZ, cÉ^g Dccv`Å
––––––– – – – ––––––– – – –
A + B + C = A . B . C ‰es 9 I 11bs Kjvg nGZ, w«¼Zxq Dccv`Å A . B . C = A + B + C
myZivs wZbwU PjGKi RbÅ wW-giMvGbi Dccv`Å `ywU cÉgvwYZ nGjv|

MvwYwZK mgmÅvi mgvavb

wbGPi eywjqvb ‰ÝGcÉkbàGjv mijxKiY KGiv| IV. AB + A B +A B
I. (B C + A D) (A B + C D ) = B (A + A ) +A B
= B C A B + B C C D + A D A B + A DC D = B +A B
= BB C A + C C BD + AA D B + D D A C =B+BA
=B+A
= 0. C A + 0. B D + 0. D B + 0. A C
= 0. V. A B. C D
ox

=A BC D
r.c

II. (A  C ) ( B  D)
i
nb

–
– –
– –– ––
/ta

= (A  C )  ( B  D) =A+B+C+D
om

= A+ B+ C + D
.c

= A .C + B. D
.fb

VI. ABC +A B C + AB C
w

=A C + BD
w

= AC (B+ B ) +AB C
w

III. XY + XZ + X Z + ZX
= AC + AB C
= XY + Z(X+ X ) + ZX
= A (C + B C )
= XY + Z. + ZX
= XY + Z(1+X) = A(C + C B)
= XY + Z –
= A(C+B) [ A + AB = A + B]
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 181

VII. (A  B  C  D)A = 0 + 0 + 0 + ABC + ABC + 0

= ( A B + C D )A = ABC
=A AB + AC D  
 (A + ABC + ABC) (AC + BC) = ABC (cÉgvwYZ)
= 0. B + A C D
= AC D
  (
– 
v. (A + B) A + B = 0 )
eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi mnvqZvq cÉgvY KGiv ˆh,   – 
evgcÞ = (A + B) A + B ( )
( 
i. M + N ) (M + N) = MN
– –
+ MN
  
= A . B  A. B 
– –
evgcÞ= (M + N) (M + N)
= A B (A B)
= (
M + N) (M + N)
 


– – – – = 0 = WvbcÞ (cÉgvwYZ)
= M.N + M N vi. A + AB + AB = 1
– –
=MN+MN evgcÞ = A + A (B + B )
= WvbcÞ (cÉgvwYZ) = (A + A ) . 1
    = 1 = WvbcÞ (cÉgvwYZ)
ii. ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC = A  B  C
    
evgcÞ = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC vii. A  B = AB + A B
    
= C(AB + AB) + C (AB + AB)
evgcÞ = A  B
(
) 
= C A  B + C (A  B) 
 
= AB + AB
 
= CY + CY (awi A  B = Y)
=  A B  .  AB 
=YC    
=ABC [Y ‰i gvb ewmGq]
= WvbcÞ (cÉgvwYZ) =  A  B   A  B 
  
 
iii. ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC = C


= AB AB  
   = A A + A B + AB + B B
evgcÞ = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
   = 0 + AB + A B + 0
= BC(A + A) + BC(A + A)
 = AB + A B = WvbcÞ (cÉgvwYZ)
= BC + BC
viii. (A + B) (A + C) = A + BC

= C(B + B) evgcÞ = (A + B) (A + C)
=C
= A.A + AB + AB + BC
= WvbcÞ (cÉgvwYZ)
= A + AB + AB + BC
 
iv. (A + ABC + ABC) (AC + BC) = A + AB + BC
    = A (1 + B) + BC [ 1 + B = 1]
= [Link] + ABC. AC + ABC. AC + [Link]
 = A.1 + BC [ A.1 = A]
+ [Link] + [Link]
    = A + BC
= AAC + [Link] + [Link] + ABC = WvbcÞ

+ ABC + AB.C  evgcÞ = WvbcÞ (cÉgvwYZ)
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182 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cÖgvY K‡i †`LvI ii. (AB + C) (AB + D)

i). AC + ABC = AC = AB. AB + ABD + ABC + CD
evgc¶, AC + ABC = AB + ABD + ABC + CD
= AC (1 + B) = AB (1 + D) + C (AB + D)
= AC.1 = AB + C (AB + D)
= AC = Wvbc¶ = AB + ABC + CD
 evgc¶ = Wvbc¶ (cÖgvwYZ) = AB (1 + C) + CD
 = AB + CD
ii) A + AB = A + B  


= A.1 + AB iii. (A + B) ( B + C)
  
= A (1 + B) + AB = (A + B) (BC)
   
= A + AB + AB = ABC + [Link]
  
= A + B (A + A) = ABC + BC
= A + B = Wvbc¶ 
= BC (A + 1)
 evgc¶ = Wvbc¶ (cÖgvwYZ) 
   = BC
(iii) A + B + C = ABC + ABC + ABC + A
      wW-giMv‡bi Dccv‡`¨i mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY K‡iv
BC + ABC + ABC + ABC 
   
  
Wvbc¶ = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
 
i. A + B + C D = AB (C + D)

 
   
+ ABC + ABC evgc¶, A + B + C D
      
= AB (C + C) + BC (A + A) + AB (C + C) + ABC  =  
    = A.B. CD
= AB.1 + BC.1 + AB + ABC   =
    = A. B. (C + D)
= AB + BC + AB + ABC  
  
= B(A + A) + B (C + CA) = A. B (C + D)
 = Wvbc¶
= B + B (C + A)

= B + A + C [ A + AB = A + B]  evgc¶ = Wvbc¶ (cÖgvwYZ)

= evgc¶  
ii. evgc¶, (B + C) (B + C) + A + B + C


 evgc¶ = Wvbc¶ (cÖgvwYZ)      =

= BB + BC + CB + A.B.C
   
eywjqvb Dccv‡`¨i mvnv‡h¨ wb‡Pi jwRK dvskb¸‡jv = 0 + BC + CB + A.B.C
  
mij K‡i †`LvI| = BC + B (C + AC)
ox

   
= BC + B (C + A)
r.c

i. (A + B) + (C + D)
i
nb

 
= (A + B) . (C + D) = Wvbc¶
/ta
om

   
= A.B. C . D  evgc¶ = Wvbc¶ (cÖgvwYZ)
.c
.fb
w
w
w

KvR : wW-giMvGbi DccvG`Åi mvnvGhÅ cÉgvY KGiv|

–––––––
– – – – – ––
i) A + B + CD = AB (C + D) ii) A + AB + AB = 1
– – –––––––– – –
iii) (B + C) (B + C) + A + B + C = BC + B (C + A)
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 183

cvV-13
ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU (Basic Gate)
eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi eÅenvwiK cÉGqvGMi RbÅ ˆhme wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbÝ mvwKÆU eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK jwRK
ˆMBU eGj| ˆhme wWwRUvj jwRK mvwKÆU-‰ ‰K ev ‰KvwaK BbcyU w`Gq ‰KwU gvò AvDUcyU cvIqv ZvGK
jwRK ˆMBU eGj| AbÅfvGe ejv hvq ˆh, ˆhme wWwRUvj mvwKÆU hywÚwfwîK msGKGZi cÉevn wbq¯¨Y KGi ˆm
mKj mvwKÆUGK jwRK ˆMBU eGj| jwRK ˆMGUi cÉKviGf` wbGÁ² QGKi gvaÅGg ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|
jwRK ˆMBU

ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU ˆhŒwMK ˆMBU

AÅv´£ ˆMBU Ai ˆMBU bU ˆMBU meÆRbxb ˆMBU weGkl ˆMBU

bÅv´£ ˆMBU bi ˆMBU ‰Ý Ai ˆMBU ‰Ý bi ˆMBU

wPò : jwRK ˆMBGUi ˆkÉwYwefvM

ˆh mKj jwRK ˆMBGUi gvaÅGg eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi ˆgŒwjK AcvGikGbi eÅvLÅv I weGkÏlY Kiv nq ZvG`iGK
ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU eGj| ‰G`i cÉGZÅGKi Õ¼Z¯¨ ŠewkÓ¡Å we`Ågvb ^vKvq ‰es AbÅ ˆKvGbv ˆMGUi mg¯¼Gq MwVZ nq bv
weavq ‰G`i ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU ejv nq| ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU mgƒn wWwRUvj BGjÙÇwbGÝ hywÚi gƒGj KvR KGi ^vGK|
ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU «¼viv mKj cÉKvi jwRK eZÆbx MVb Kiv hvq|
eywjqvb AÅvjGReivq wZb aiGbi jwRK AcvGikGbi RbÅ wWwRUvj eZÆbxGZ wZbwU ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU eÅenvi Kiv
nq| h^v-
i. OR Gate
ˆRGb ivGLv:
ii. AND Gate Ai ˆMBGU ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU BbcyU
iii. NOT Gate ‰i gvb 1 nGj AvDUcyU 1 nGe dGj
i. OR Gate: eywjq exRMwYGZi Ai AcvGikb evÕ¦evqGbi RbÅ evje R¾jGe ‰es hLb meàGjv BbcyU
‰i gvb 0 nGe ZLbB AvDUcyU 0 nGe
eÅen†Z nq Ai ˆMBU| ˆh wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆGU `yB ev
evje R¾jGe bv| 0 I 1 evBbvwi msLÅv
ZGZvwaK (`yGqi AwaK) BbcyU w`Gq ‰KwU gvò AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq h^vKÌGg jwRK mvwKÆGU we`yÅGZi
‰es AvDUcyUwU nq BbcyUàGjvi ˆhŒwÚK ˆhvGMi mgvb ZvGK Ai AbycwÕ©wZ I DcwÕ©wZ wbG`Æk KGi|
ˆMBU (OR gate) eGj| OR gate nGœQ ˆhŒwÚK ˆhvGMi ˆMBU| gGb abvñK +5V ˆK jwRK 1 ‰es 0 V
Kwi, A I B `ywU BbcyU myBGPi gvaÅGg cÉ`vb KGi eywjqvb ˆK jwRK 0 eGj| Avi FYvñK –5
V ˆK jwRK 1 ‰es 0 V ˆK
AÅvjGReiv Abyhvqx cÉvµ¦ AvDUcyU,
jwRK/ˆhŒwÚK 0 eGj|
Y = A OR B = A + B
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184 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

wbGP OR gate ‰i cÉZxK eywjqvb mƒò I mZÅK mviwYmn

BGjKwUÇKÅvj eZÆbx ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@
Output OR gate ‰i mZÅK mviwY (Truth Table)
A Y = A OR B
Input B Input Output
=A+B
A B Y=A+B
OR Gate ‰i cÉZxK
0 0 0
A 0 1 1
+
– 1 0 1
eÅvUvwi B (1) Y
5V 1 1 1

wPò: `yB BbcyUwewkÓ¡ OR Gate ‰i BGjKwUÇKÅvj eZÆbx

ˆKvGbv Ai ˆMBGUi BbcyU msGKGZi Ziã (wave) nGZ AvDUcyU msGKGZi Ziã ˆei Kiv hvq| wPGò A I B
`ywU Ai ˆMBGUi Ziã ‰i RbÅ AvDUcyU Ziã Y ˆ`LvGbv nGjv-
BbcyU msGKZ A  10101 

BbcyU msGKZ B  01001 

AvDcyU msGKZ Y  11101 

wPò: wWwRUvj Ziã

ii. AND Gate: eywjq exRMwYGZi AÅv´£ AcvGikb evÕ¦evqGbi

RbÅ eÅen†Z nq AÅv´£ ˆMBU| ˆh wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆGU `yB ˆRGb ivGLv:
ev ZGZvwaK (`yGqi AwaK) BbcyU w`Gq ‰KwU gvò AvDUcyU cvIqv AND Gate-‰ ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU
hvq ‰es AvDUcyUwU nq BbcyUàGjvi ˆhŒwÚK àGYi mgvb ZvGK BbcyU-‰i gvb 0 nGj AvDUcyU 0
nGe ‰es hLb meàGjv BbcyU 1
AND Gate eGj|
nGe ˆKej ZLbB AvDUcyU 1 nGe|
wbGP AND gate ‰i cÉZxK eywjqvb mƒò, mZÅK mviwYmn
ox

jwRKÅvj eZÆbx ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@

r.c
i
nb

Output
A
/ta

Input Y = A AND B AÅv´£ ˆMBGUi mZÅK mviwY (Truth Table)

om

B
.c

= A.B Input Output

.fb
w

AND Gate ‰i cÉZxK A B Y=A.B

w
w

+ A B 0 0 0
eÅvUvwi – 0 1 0
Y
5V 1 0 0
wPò: `yB BbcyUwewkÓ¡ AND Gate ‰i BGjKwUÇKÅvj eZÆbx
1 1 1
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 185

ˆKvGbv AÅv´£ ˆMBGUi BbcyU msGKGZi Ziã (wave) nGZ AvDUcyU msGKGZi Ziã ˆei Kiv hvq| wPGò A I
B `ywU AÅv´£ ˆMBGUi BbcyU Ziã ‰i RbÅ AvDUcyU Ziã Y ˆ`LvGbv nGjv-

BbcyU msGKZ A10101

BbcyU msGKZ B01001

AvDUcyU msGKZ Y00001

wPò: wWwRUvj Ziã

(iii) NOT Gate: eywjq exRMwYGZi bU AcvGikb evÕ¦evqGbi RbÅ

eÅen†Z nq bU ˆMBU| ˆh wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆU ‰KwU BbcyU ˆRGb ivGLv:
w`Gq ‰KwU gvò AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq ‰es AvDUcyUwU nq BbcyGUi NOT Gate - ‰ ˆKvGbv ‰KwU BbcyU
‰i gvb 1 nGj AvDUcyU 0 nGe ‰es
KgwµÏGgG´Ÿi mgvb ZvGK NOT Gate eGj| NOT gate nGœQ cƒiK hLb BbcyU 0 nGj ZLbB AvDUcyU 1
ˆMBU| ‰GK BbfvUÆvi ˆMBUI ejv nq| myBP wnGmGe bU ˆMBU nGe|
eÅen†Z nq| A BbcyU wewkÓ¡ NOT gate ‰i cÉZxK, eywjqvb mƒò
mZÅK mviwYmn BGjKwUÇKÅvj eZÆbx ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@ NOT gate ‰i mZÅK mviwY
Output
Input A  (Truth Table)
Y=A
Input Output
NOT Gate-‰i cÉZxK
A –
+ Y=A
A
eÅvUvwi 5V 0 1
Y
1 0
wPò: NOT ˆMBU-‰i BGjKwUÇKÅvj eZÆbx

wPGò A ‰i bU ˆMBGUi BbcyU ZiGãi

RbÅ AvDUcyU Ziã Y ˆ`LvGbv nGjv-
ˆRGb ivGLv:
evdvi ˆMBU (Buffer gate): ‰wU ‰KwU
BbcyU msGKZ A10101 weGkl aiGbi ˆMBU| ‰ ˆMBGU input wnGmGe
hv ˆ`Iqv hvq output-‰ ZvB cvIqv hvq|
output ‰i cÉevn evovGbvi RbÅ ‰wU eZÆbxGZ
AvDUcyU msGKZ Y01010 eÅen†Z nq|
mZÅK mviwY
Input Output Input Output
wPò: wWwRUvj Ziã A 0 0
Y=A 1 1

KvR: 1. wZb BbcyGUi RbÅ Ai ‰es AÅv´£ ˆMBGUi mZÅK mviwY I cÉZxK Aâb KGi ˆ`LvI|
2. BGjKwUÇKÅvj mvwKÆU-‰i gGZv BGjKUÇwbK eZÆbx Aâb KGi mZÅK mviwY cÉgvY KGi ˆ`LvI|
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186 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

cvV-14 I 15
meÆRbxb ˆMBU I weGkl ˆMBU (Universal Gate & Special Gate)
ˆh mKj ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ ˆgŒwjK ˆMBUmn AbÅvbÅ mKj cÉKvi ˆMBU ŠZwi ev evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq ˆmB mgÕ¦
ˆMBUGK meÆRbxb ˆMBU eGj| ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU «¼viv AbÅvbÅ mKj cÉKvi ˆMBU ŠZwi ev evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq
ˆmBfvGe NAND gate I NOR gate w`GqI ˆgŒwjK ˆMBUmn AbÅvbÅ mKj ˆMBUGK cÉKvk Kiv hvq| ‰B
RbÅ NAND gate I NOR gate ˆK meÆRbxb (universal) ˆMBU ejv nq|
bi ˆMBU (NOR Gate): ˆh wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆGU `yB ev ZGZvwaK BbcyU w`Gq ‰KwU gvò AvDUcyU
cvIqv hvq ˆhLvGb ˆKvGbv ‰KwU BbcyU ‰i gvb 1 nGjB AvDUcyU 0 nGe ‰es hLb meàGjv BbcyU 0 nGe ZLbB
AvDUcyU 1 nGe ZvGK NOR gate eGj| bi ˆMBU nGœQ OR gate I
mZÅK mviwY (Truth Table)
NOT gate ‰i mgwÓ¡| OR gate ‰i AvDUcyUGK NOT gate ‰i gGaÅ Input Output
w`Gq cÉevwnZ KGi NOR gate ŠZwi Kiv nq| Ai ˆMBU ˆh KvR KGi ‰B A B A + B Y=
ˆMBUwU Zvi wecixZ KvR KGi| A^Ævr NOR gate nGœQ ˆhŒwÚK ˆhvGMi 
A+B
wecixZ ˆMBU| A I B `ywU BbcyUwewkÓ¡ NOR gate ‰i MVb, cÉZxK, 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
eywjqvb AvDUcyU I mZÅK mviwY ˆ`LvGbv nGjv 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
OR
A Output A
Input B A+B
A+B A+B B
NOT
MVb cÉZxK
wPò : NOR gate

ˆKvGbv bi ˆMBGUi BbcyU msGKGZi Ziã (wave) nGZ AvDUcyU msGKGZi Ziã ˆei Kiv hvq| wPGò A I B
`ywU bi ˆMBGUi BbcyU Ziã ‰i RbÅ AvDUcyU Ziã Y ˆ`LvGbv nGjv-

BbcyU msGKZ A  10101 

BbcyU msGKZ B  01001 

ox
ir.c
nb

wPò: `yB BbcyUwewkÓ¡ bi ˆMGUi AvDcyU msGKZ Y  00010 

/ta
om

BGjKwUÇKÅvj eZÆbx
wPò: wWwRUvj Ziã
.c
.fb
w

bÅv´£ ˆMBU (NAND Gate): ˆh wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆU `yB ev ZGZvwaK BbcyU w`Gq ‰KwU gvò AvDUcyU
w
w

cvIqv hvq ˆhLvGb ˆKvGbv ‰KwU BbcyU ‰i gvb 0 nGj AvDUcyU 1 nGe ‰es hLb meàGjv BbcyU 1 nGe ZLbB
AvDUcyU 0 nGe ZvGK NAND gate eGj| NAND gate nGœQ AND gate I NOT gate ‰i mgw¯¼Z ‰KwU
ˆMBU A^vÆr AND gate ‰i AvDUcyUGK NOT gate w`Gq cÉevwnZ KiGj ˆh AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq ZvGKB
NAND gate ejv nq| AND gate ˆh KvR KGi ‰B ˆMBU Zvi wecixZ KvR KGi| A^vÆr NAND gate nGœQ
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 187

ˆhŒwÚK MyGYi wecixZ ˆMBU| A I B `ywU BbcyUwewkÓ¡ NAND gate ‰i MVb, cÉZxK, eywjqvb AvDUcyUmn
mZÅK mviwY (Truth Table) ˆ`LvGbv nGjv mZÅK mviwY (Truth Table)
Input Input Output
AND Output
A A 
A B A.B Y = A . B
B A.B B A.B
NOT A . B 0 0 0 1
MVb cÉZxK 0 1 0 1
wPò : NAND gate 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
ˆKvGbv bÅv´£ ˆMBGUi BbcyU msGKGZi Ziã (wave) nGZ AvDUcyU
msGKGZi Ziã ˆei Kiv hvq| wPGò A I B `ywU bÅv´£ ˆMBGUi BbcyU
Ziã ‰i RbÅ AvDUcyU Ziã Y ˆ`LvGbv nGjv-

BbcyU msGKZ A10101

BbcyU msGKZ B01001

AvDUcyU msGKZ Y11110

wPò: `yB BbcyUwewkÓ¡ bÅv´£ ˆMGUi wPò: wWwRUvj Ziã
BGjKwUÇKÅvj eZÆbx

meÆRbxb ˆMBU-‰i meÆRbxbZv evÕ¦evqb (Implementation of Universality of Universal Gate):

NOR I NAND gate ‰i weGkl mäv I msGhvGMi gvaÅGg hw` DfGqB OR, AND, NOT gate ‰i output
cÉ`vb KGi ZGeB meÆRbxb ˆMBU i…Gc NOR I NAND gate cÉwZÓ¤v cvGe|
NOR ˆMBU-‰i gvaÅGg ˆgŒwjK ˆMU evÕ¦evqb:
1. NOR gate nGZ NOT gate: NOR gate-‰i meàGjv input mgvb ev kUÆ ev ‰KGò msGhvM KGi
NOT gate ŠZwi Kiv hvq|
A A Output
Input A
Y=A+A=A
wPò : NOR gate «¼viv NOT gate evÕ¦evqb
2. NOR gate nGZ AND gate: wZbwU NOR gate hvi cÉ^gwUi input «¼q A, w«¼ZxqwUi input «¼q B,
‰gbfvGe msGhvM Kwi ˆhb cÉ^g I w«¼ZxqwUi output, Z‡Zxq NOR gate ‰i `ywU input i…Gc Õ©vcb
Kiv hvq, DÚ Z‡Zxq NOR ˆMBUwUi output AND gate ‰i output ‰i bÅvq cvIqv hvGe|
A Output
A
Input = =
B Y=A +B=A.B=A.B
B
wPò : NOR gate nGZ AND gate evÕ¦evqb
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188 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

3. NOR gate nGZ OR gate: `ywU NOR gate ‰i gGaÅ cÉ^g NOR gate ‰i output w«¼Zxq NOR
gate ‰i Dfq BbcyGU cÉGqvM KGi wbGPi wPòvbyhvqx OR gate evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq| wbGPi wPGò, output
= =
Y = A + B = A + B ‰wU ‰KwU OR gate-‰i output| myZivs OR gate evÕ¦evwqZ nGjv|

A+B Output
A
Input B Y =A + B
wPò : NOR gate «¼viv OR gate evÕ¦evqb
NOR gate w`Gq mKj ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU evÕ¦evqb Kiv nGjv| AZ‰e NOR gate ‰KwU meÆRbxb (Universal)
ˆMBU|
NAND gate ‰i meÆRbxbZv evÕ¦evqb: NAND gate ‰i gvaÅGg ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq wPòmn Zv
eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv@
1. NAND ˆ^GK NOT gate: NAND gate ‰i meàGjv BbcyU mgvb nGj wKsev BbcyU kUÆ KGi cÉ`vb

KiGj NOT gate wnGmGe KvR KiGe| wPògGZ A BbcyU ‰i RbÅ output nGe Y = A ‰wU ‰KwU NOT
gate ‰i output|
Output
A
Input Y = A .A  A
wPò : NAND gate nGZ NOT gate evÕ¦evqb

2. NAND gate nGZ OR gate: wZbwU NAND gate hvi cÉ^gwUi BbcyU«¼q A, w«¼ZxqwUi BbcyU«¼q B,
‰gbfvGe msGhvM Kwi ˆhb cÉ^g I w«¼ZxqwUi output, Z‡Zxq NAND gate ‰i `ywU BbcyU i…Gc Õ©vcb Kiv
nq| Z‡ZxqwUi output OR gate ‰i output cÉ`vb KiGj OR gate evÕ¦evwqZ nGe| wPòwU wbÁ²i…c :
A A
Output
Input
B Y=A+B
B
wPò : NAND gate nGZ OR gate evÕ¦evqb

  = =
A I B input ‰i RbÅ wPò nGZ output Y = A . B = A + B = A + B ‰wU OR gate ‰i output.
AZ‰e OR gate evÕ¦evwqZ nGjv|
3. NAND gate nGZ AND gate: `ywU NAND gate ‰i gGaÅ cÉ^g NAND gate ‰i output w«¼Zxq
ox
r.c

NAND gate ‰i input wnGmGe eÅenvi KiGj AND gate ‰i output cvIqv hvGe|
i
nb

Output
/ta

A A.B
om

Input
.c

B Y=A.B=A.B
.fb
w
w

wPò : NAND gate «¼viv AND gate evÕ¦evqb

w


A I B input ‰i RbÅ wPò nGZ output Y = A . B = A.B ‰wU AND gate ‰i output| AZ‰e
AND gate evÕ¦evwqZ nGjv|
myZivs NAND gate w`Gq mKj ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq| AZ‰e NAND gate ‰KwU meÆRbxb
(Universal) ˆMBU|
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 189

weGkl ˆMBU (Special Gate) XOR, XNOR

XOR Gate : ‰ÝAGii KvR cÉvq Ai ˆMBGUi gGZvB| cv^ÆKÅ ˆRGb ivGLv:
nGjv ‰ÝAi ˆMBGUi BbcyGU ˆRvo msLÅK 1 ^vKGj AvDUcyU 0 ‘+’ ‰es ‘’ ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ
nq, Avi weGRvo msLÅK 1 ^vKGj AvDUcyU 1 nq| A^Ævr ˆh ‘+’ AvcvGiUi «¼viv cÉK‡Z cGÞ‰KvwaK
wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbÝ mvwKÆGU `yB ev ZGZvwaK BbcyU ‰i gGaÅ BbcyGUi ˆhŒwÚK ˆhvM ˆevSvq| ‰GÞGò
weGRvo msLÅK 1 BbcyU-‰i RbÅ AvDUcyU 1 nq ‰es ˆRvo ‘+’ AcvGiUiwU MvwYwZK ˆhvMdj wbG`Æk
KGi bv|
msLÅK 1 BbcyU ‰i RbÅ AvDUcyU 0 nGe ZvGK XOR gate
wK¯§  AcvGiUiwU cÉK‡Z AG^Æ evBbvwi
eGj| XOR gate ‰i cƒYÆi…c Exclusive OR gate| ˆgŒwjK ˆhvMdj wbG`Æk KGi| MvwYwZK
ˆMBU (Ai, AÅv´£, bU) mn, bÅv´£ I bi ˆMBGUi bÅvq XOR ˆhvMdjGK  wPn× «¼viv cÉKvk Kiv nq
gate ‰Kxf„Z mvwKÆU AvKvGi cvIqv hvq| evBbvwi ˆhvM I `ywU ‰es ‰GK ejv nq “Modula 2 Sum” ev
weGUi AeÕ©v Zzjbv Kivi RbÅ ‰B ˆMBU eÅenvi Kiv nq| A I evBbvwi ˆhvM|
  XOR gate ‰i Truth Table
B `ywU BbcyU nGj AvDUcyU nGe, Y = A  B = AB + AB; ‰LvGb
 wPn× Exclusive OR wKÌqv ˆevSvGZ eÅen†Z nGœQ | Input Output
wbGP XOR gate ‰i cÉZxK, eywjqvb mgxKiY I mZÅK mviwY ˆ`Iqv A B X = AB
nGjv@ A Output 0 0 0
0 1 1
Input B
Y = AB 1 0 1
wPò: `yB BbcyUwewkÓ¡ XOR gate 1 1 0
wZbwU BbcyU A, B I C wewkÓ¡ ‰ÝAi ˆMBGUi cÉZxK I mZÅK mviwY XOR gate ‰i Truth Table
ˆ`Iqv nGjv@ A B C Y=A  B  C
A Output 0 0 0 0
Input B 0 0 1 1
C Y = ABC
0 1 0 1
wPò: wZb BbcyU wewkÓ¡ XOR gate 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
myZivs AvDUcyU mgxKiY Y = A  B  C 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
ˆKvGbv ‰Ý Ai ˆMBGUi BbcyU msGKGZi Ziã (wave) nGZ AvDUcyU
msGKGZi Ziã ˆei Kiv hvq| wPGò A I B `ywU ‰Ý Ai ˆMBGUi BbcyU Ziã ‰i RbÅ AvDUcyU Ziã Y
ˆ`LvGbv nGjv-
BbcyU msGKZ A10101

BbcyU msGKZ B01001

AvDUcyU msGKZ Y11100

wPò: `yB BbcyUwewkÓ¡ X-OR wPò: wWwRUvj Ziã
ˆMGUi BGjKwUÇKÅvj eZÆbx
Library of free ebooks:[Link]
190 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

÷ay ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU w`Gq X-OR ˆMBU ‰i jwRK wPò evÕ¦evqb :

`yBwU BbcyU A I B ‰i ˆÞGò X-OR ˆMBGUi AvDUcyU
YAB ˆRGb ivGLv:
 AB  A B mvwKÆGUi RwUjZv I LiP KgvGbvi RbÅ
XOR ‰es XNOR Gate eÅen†Z nq|
A B


AB
 
Y=AB + AB

AB

 ˆRGb ivGLv:
 B
A ‰KwU mvwKÆGUi RwUjZv I LiP wbfÆi KGi
wPò: ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU w`Gq XOR ˆMBGUi jwRK evÕ¦evqb cÉGZÅKwU ˆMGU ˆ`Iqv BbcyU msLÅv ‰es
mvwKÆGU eÅen†Z ˆMGUi cwigvGYi Dci|
BbcyU hZ ˆewk nGe ‰es ˆMU hZ ˆewk
÷ay bÅv´£ ˆMBU «¼viv X-OR ˆMBGUi evÕ¦evqb: nGe mvwKÆGUi LiP ZZ ˆewk ‰es RwUj
‰Ý-Ai ˆMBGUi ˆÞGò Avgiv Rvwb, nGe|
Y AB
 AB  A B

 AB  A B

 ( AB) . ( A B)

wPò : bÅv´£ ˆMBU w`Gq X-OR ˆMBU evÕ¦evqb

÷ay NOR ˆMBU w`Gq X-OR ˆMBU ‰i jwRK wPò evÕ¦evqb:
`yBwU BbcyU A I B ‰i ˆÞGò X-OR ˆMBGUi AvDUcyU
 
Y = AB + AB
ox
r.c

 AB  AB
i
nb
/ta

 (AB) (AB)
om
.c
.fb

 (A  B) . (A  B)
w
w
w

 (A  B) . (A  B)
wPò: ÷ay NOR ˆMBU w`Gq XOR ˆMBU ‰i jwRK evÕ¦evqb
 (A  B)  (A  B)

XNOR Gate: ‰ÝAi ˆMBGUi AvDUcyGU AwZwiÚ ‰KwU bU ˆMBU mshyÚ KGi ‰Ýbi ˆMBU ŠZwi Kiv hvq| ˆh
wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbÝ mvwKÆGU `yB ev ZGZvwaK BbcyGUi gGaÅ weGRvo msLÅK 1 BbcyU ‰i RbÅ AvDUcyU 0 nq ‰es
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 191

ˆRvo msLÅK 1 BbcyU ‰i RbÅ AvDUcyU 1 nGe ZvGK XNOR gate eGj| XNOR ˆMBU ‰i cƒYÆ A^Æ nGœQ
Exclusive NOR ˆMBU| ‰wU ‰KwU mgw¯¼Z ˆMBU| ‰Ý-bi ˆMBU ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU Ai, AÅv´£ ‰es bU ˆMBU
w`Gq ŠZwi Kiv hvq| bÅv´£ I bi ˆMBGUi bÅvq ‰wU ‰Kxf„Z mvwKÆU XNOR gate-‰i mZÅK mviwY
AvKvGi cvIqv hvq| ‰Ý-Ai ˆMBGUi ˆh AvDUcyU nq ‰Ý-bi ˆMBU Input Output
Zvi wecixZ AvDUcyU nq| `ywU weGUi AeÕ©v Zzjbv Kivi RbÅ ‰B 
A B Y=A B
ˆMBU eÅenvi Kiv nq| A I B `ywU BbcyUwewkÓ¡ ‰Ýbi ˆMBGUi cÉZxK
0 0 1
I mZÅK mviwY- Output
A 0 1 0
Input 1 0 0
B Y = AB
1 1 1
wPò: `yB BbcyU wewkÓ¡ XNOR gate
 – –
XNOR gate ‰i output mgxKiY Y = A  B = A . B + A . B
ˆKvGbv ‰Ý bi ˆMBGUi BbcyU msGKGZi Ziã (wave) nGZ AvDUcyU msGKGZi Ziã ˆei Kiv hvq| wPGò A
I B `ywU ‰Ý bi ˆMBGUi BbcyU Ziã ‰i RbÅ AvDUcyU Ziã Y ˆ`LvGbv nGjv-
BbcyU msGKZ A10101

BbcyU msGKZ B01001

AvDUcyU msGKZ Y11100

wPò: `yB BbcyUwewkÓ¡ XNOR ˆMGUi
BGjKwUÇKÅvj eZÆbx wPò: wWwRUvj Ziã
÷ay ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU w`Gq X-NOR ˆMBU ‰i jwRK wPò evÕ¦evqb :
`yBwU BbcyU A I B ‰i ˆÞGò X-NOR ˆMBGUi AvDUcyU
A B –
YAB – B
A

= AB + AB

AB – –
Y=AB + A B

– –
AB

wPò: ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU w`Gq XNOR ˆMBGUi jwRK evÕ¦evqb

÷ay bÅv´£ ˆMBU «¼viv X-NOR ˆMBGUi evÕ¦evqb-
‰Ý-bi ˆMBGUi ˆÞGò Avgiv Rvwb,
Y  AB
 AB  A B
 AB  A B

 AB  A B

 (AB ) . (A B)

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192 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

÷ay bi ˆMBU «¼viv X-NOR ˆMBGUi evÕ¦evqb-

‰Ý-bi ˆMBGUi ˆÞGò Avgiv Rvwb,

Y  AB  A B

 AB  A B

 ( AB) . (A B)

 ( A  B) . ( A  B)

 ( A  B) . ( A  B) wPò: ÷ay NOR ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU w`Gq X-NOR ˆMBGUi jwRK evÕ¦evqb
 ( A  B)  ( A  B)
‰K bRGi jwRK ˆMBUmgƒn
ˆMBGUi bvg jwRK mvwKÆU jwRK dvskb mZÅK mviwY
Input Output
A B Y=A+B
A Y Y=A+B 0 0 0
OR Gate B
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 .
1
Input Output
A B Y=A.B
0 0 0
A
AND Gate B Y Y = A.B 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
.
.

Input Output
A –
Y=A
ox

Y 
r.c

A Y=A 0 1
i
nb

NOT Gate 1 0
/ta
om

Input Output
.c
.fb

A B A+B Y=
w
w

Y 
w

A Y=A + B A+B
NOR Gate
B 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
.
1 1 1 0
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 193
.

Input Output
A B A.B 
Y Y=A.B
NAND Gate A Y=A . B
0 0 0 1
B
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
.
1 1 1 0
.

Input Output
A B X = AB
A Y 0 0 0
XOR Gate B Y = AB 0 1 1
1 0 1
.
1 1 0
.

Input Output

A B Y=A B
A Y
XNOR Gate Y = AB 0 0 1
B 0 1 0
1 0 0
.
1 1 1

wbÁ²wjwLZ hyÚ ivwkgvjvi mijxKiY KGiv ‰es mijxK‡Z hywÚ ivwkgvjvi hywÚeZÆbx AuvGKv|
I. gGb Kwi
hywÚeZÆbx :
Y = AB + B A
= B(A+1) Y = A.A = A
= A.1 wPò : Y = A ‰i hywÚeZÆbx
=A III. Y = A B (A  C)
= AB A C
hywÚeZÆbx : ––––– – –
[ eywjqvb Dccv`Å AbymvGi A + B = A . B ]
A Y=A+A=A = A B C [ eywjqvb Dccv`Å AbymvGi A.A=A]

wPÎ : Y = A Gi hyw³eZ©bx hywÚeZÆbx :

A B C – 
– – –
II. Y = A B + (A + B + C.C)
Y= A B C
= A B + A ( B  C.C)
= A B + A [ BC C ] – –
wPò : Y = AB C ‰i hywÚeZÆbx|
= A B + A [B ( C + C)]
= AB + A B IV. Y = (A + B) (C + B ) + D
= AC + A B + BC + B B + D
= A( B + B)
–
=A = AC + A B + BC + D [B . B = 0]
Library of free ebooks:[Link]
194 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

hywÚeZÆbx :
D C B A
AB
yY= AC + A B + BC + D
AC

BC
D
–
wPò : Y = AC + AB + BC + D ‰i hywÚeZÆbx
 hywÚeZÆbx :
V. Y = (A + A B) + (A + B)
  C B A
= A.A + A. A B + AB + A B.B
A
 – X= A B C
= A + AB + A B B

= A + B(A + A ) C
 wPò :
––
‰i hywÚeZÆbx
= A + B.1 [A + A = 1] X = (AB) C
=A+B –
hywÚeZÆbx : A B IX. Y = B C + A C + AB
– – –
= B C + A C + A+B [eywjqvb
Y=A+B
Dccv`Å AbymvGi XY  X  Y ]
– –  
wPò : Y = A + B ‰i hywÚeZÆbx =BC + B+ A C + A
VI. X = A B + C –
= B( C +1) + A ( C +1)
hywÚeZÆbx :
– –
C B A =B+ A [eywjqvb
A B X= A B + C Dccv`Å AbymvGi C + 1 = 1]
– –
= A+ B
C hywÚeZÆbx :
wPò : X = A B +C ‰i hywÚeZÆbx B A

VII. X = A + B + C Y= A + B
ox
r.c

hywÚeZÆbx :
i
nb

– –
/ta

C B A wPò : Y =A + B ‰i hywÚeZÆbx
om

X. Y = ( A + B) ( A + B )
.c

A
X= A + B + C
.fb

–
B = A A + A B + B A +B B
w
w
w

C = A + A B + B A [ B B = 0]
= A + A ( B +B)
wPò : X= A + B + C ‰i hywÚeZÆbx
= A + A .1 [ B + B = 1]
VIII. X = (A  B) C
= A +A
–––– – –
= A . B C [ A + B = A . B] = A [ A + A = A ]
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 195

hywÚeZÆbx : hywÚeZÆbx :
Y= A
A Y P
  
wPò : Y = A ‰i hywÚeZÆbx Q P. Q. R
R
   
XI. Y = A + B + C BC wPò : P
  
Q R ‰i hywÚeZÆbx
   
gGb Kwi, Y = A + B + C BC – – –
XIV. ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
=
= [Link] – – –
= ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
 
= A.B.C. BC

– (
= AB C + C + ABC + ABC
–) –
= A.B.C [C . C = C] – – –
= AB.1 + ABC + ABC [ C + C = 1]
hywÚeZÆbx :
– –
A = AB + ABC + ABC
B
 
Y = A. B. C –
(
= A B + BC + ABC
–
)
C –
  [ X + XY = X + Y ]
wPò : Y = A. B. C ‰i hywÚeZÆbx
–
= A(B + C) + ABC
 ( 
XII. (A + B) A + P B + P )( ) –
= AB + AC + ABC
   –
= (AA + AP + BA + BP) (B + P) = AB + C ( A + AB)
  = AB + C (A + B)
= (AP + BA + BP) (B + P)
= AB + CA + CB
   
= APB + BAB + BPB + AP + BAP + BP = AB + BC + CA
 
= APB + AP + BAP + BP mijxK‡Z mgxKiYwU wbGÁ² jwRK mvwKÆGUi mvnvGhÅ
  evÕ¦evqb Kiv nGjv:
= AP(B + 1) + BP(A + 1)
= AP + BP
A AB
= P(A + B)
hywÚeZÆbx : B
BC AB + BC + CA
A C
B CA
P(A + B)
P
wPò : P(A + B) ‰i hywÚeZÆbx –––––––––––––––
– –
XV. X + Y ( Z + X)
–––––––––––––––
– –
  (
XIII. PQR P + Q + R ) ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, X + Y ( Z + X)
–––––––––––––––
      – – –
= (P + Q + R) P Q R = X + YZ + Y X
        
=P Q R+P Q R+P Q R
– –––––( ––––
– – )(
= X. YZ . Y X [wW-giMvb Dccv`Å] )
  
=P Q R [ A + A + A = A] (
– = – = = ) ( )
= X Y + Z . Y + X [ wW-giMvb Dccv`Å]
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196 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

– – –
= X . (Y + Z) . (Y + X) = XY.1
– –– –
= (XY + XZ) ( Y + X) = XY
– – –– ––
= XY. Y + XXY + XZY + XZX mijxK‡Z mgxKiYwU wbGÁ² jwRK mvwKÆGUi mvnvGhÅ
– –– – – evÕ¦evqb Kiv nGjv :
= XY + 0.Y + XZY + 0. Z [ A. A = 0]
– – – X
= XY + XYZ
– – – –
= XY (1 + Z) [A + 1 = 1] XY
Y
jwRK mvwKÆGUi mvnvGhÅ ˆ`LvI

– –
i. X = (A + C) (B + D)
– –
(A + C) (B + D) + ABC
A B C D

–
A+C – –
(A+C)(B+D)
–
B+D
– –
X = (A+C)(B+D) + ABC
ABC

– –
B C
– – –
ii. X = AB + BC + AC
A B C

–
AB
– – – –
BC X = AB + BC + AC
–
AC
ox
r.c
i
nb

– – –
A B C
/ta

– –
om

iii. X = (A + B + C) BC
.c

A B C
.fb
w
w
w

–
A+B+C – –
– X = (A+B+C).BC
BC

– –
B C
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msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm 197

– – –
iv. X = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
A B C

–
ABC
– – – –
ABC X = ABC+ABC+AB C+ABC
–
AB C
ABC
– – –
A B C

A A+B

  B
v. X = (A + B) + (B + C) X = A+B+B+C
B+C
C

KvR: 1. ‰KwU KGjGRi gƒj dUKwU wZbwU myBP «¼viv wbq¯¨Y Kiv nq| dUKwU LyjGZ ˆMGj KgcGÞ
`yBwU myBP Ab KiGZ nq AbÅ^vq ˆMBUwU ˆLvGj bv| dUKwU wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ jwRK dvskb ‰es
bƒbÅZg LiGP dUKwU ˆLvjvi jwRK mvwKÆU wWRvBb Ki|
2. cvwb DGîvjGbi ‰KwU ‹e`yÅwZK gUi wZbRb fvovwUqv ‰es ‰KRb evwoIqvjvi gvaÅGg wbqw¯¨Z
nq| evwoIqvjv ‰Kjv myBP Ab KiGjB Še`yÅwZK ˆgvUi Pvjy nq| evwoIqvjvi AbycwÕ©wZGZ
KgcGÞ `yBRb fvovwUqv ‰KmvG^ myBP Ab bv KiGj Še`ÅywZK ˆgvUiwU Pvjy nq bv| ‹e`yÅwZK
ˆgvUiwU Pvjy Kivi wbq¯¨Y mvwKÆUwU wWRvBb Ki|
3. wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbGÝ XOR ˆMBU mvwKÆGUi RwUjZv Kgvq-‰i cGÞ hywÚ `vI|
4. A, B, C BbàGUi RbÅ XOR I XNOR ˆMBUGK ˆgŒwjK ˆMBGUi gvaÅGg evÕ¦evqb KGiv|
5. OR ˆMBU XOR ˆMBU ‰i gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK cv^ÆKÅ ˆ`LvI|

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