1.

What are cosmetics and how can ○ Sunscreen: It can be part of a

they be Over-The-Counter (OTC) moisturizing lotion (cosmetic use)
drugs? while also protecting your skin from
Cosmetics: harmful UV rays to prevent sunburn
and reduce cancer risk (drug use).
● Definition: Cosmetics are products
that you apply to your body, most ○ Fluoride toothpaste: It cleans teeth
often your face, to change or improve (cosmetic use) and prevents cavities
your appearance. (drug use).

● Purpose: They are used for cleansing,

beautifying, increasing attractiveness,
or altering your look. 2. What is SPF?
● Examples: This includes a wide ● Definition: SPF stands for Sun
variety of products like makeup Protection Factor. It's a standard
(foundation, mascara, lipstick), measurement used on sunscreen
skincare items (moisturizers, products to show how well they
cleansers), and fragrances. protect your skin from UVB rays.
Cosmetics as OTC Drugs: ● What it Measures: UVB rays are the
● Dual Function: A product is main cause of sunburn and are a major
considered both a cosmetic and an contributor to the risk of developing
OTC drug when it has two intended skin cancer.
uses: one for appearance and one for ● How it Works: The SPF number
treating or preventing a condition. indicates how much longer it would
● Regulation: These products are take for your skin to start getting red
regulated more strictly than regular from the sun compared to not wearing
cosmetics to ensure they are safe and any sunscreen.
effective for their therapeutic purpose. ● Example: If you use an SPF 30
They can be sold without a sunscreen correctly, it should take 30
prescription. times longer for your skin to burn than
● Examples: it would without any protection.
○ Anti-dandruff shampoo: It cleans
your hair (a cosmetic use) and also
treats dandruff (a drug use).
 • Static wrinkles: Result from
3. What are wrinkles in cosmetic
long-term loss of elasticity and
science? (5 Marks)
remain even at rest.
Answer: • Gravitational wrinkles:
Caused by the effect of gravity
Wrinkles are defined as fine lines, on aging skin.
creases, or folds that appear on the • Atrophic wrinkles: Fine lines
skin surface, especially on the face, due to thinning of the skin.
neck, and hands. In cosmetic science,
wrinkles are considered a primary 4. Cosmetic Treatments:
indicator of aging and a key concern
in anti-aging skincare treatments. Various cosmetic approaches help
reduce or delay wrinkle formation:
2. Causes of Wrinkles:
• Topical treatments: Retinoids,
Wrinkles develop due to both peptides, hyaluronic acid,
intrinsic and extrinsic factors: vitamin C, and sunscreens.
• Aesthetic procedures: Botox
• Intrinsic aging: Natural aging injections, dermal fillers,
process leading to reduced cell chemical peels, laser
turnover and thinning of the resurfacing, and microneedling.
dermis. • Moisturizers: Improve
• Extrinsic aging: hydration and temporarily
Environmental and lifestyle reduce appearance.
factors such as:
o Ultraviolet (UV) radiation 5. Prevention and Care:
(photoaging)
o Smoking and alcohol
• Sun protection: Use of broad-
o Pollution
spectrum SPF daily.
• Healthy lifestyle: Balanced
o Poor diet and dehydration
diet, adequate hydration, sleep,
o Repeated facial

expressions and avoiding smoking.

• Regular skincare: Cleansing,
3. Types of Wrinkles: exfoliating, and using anti-
aging products.
• Dynamic wrinkles: Caused by
repetitive facial movements
(e.g., smiling, frowning).
4. Write a brief note on evaluation of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics

Cosmeceuticals are products that bridge the gap between cosmetics and
pharmaceuticals, offering both aesthetic and therapeutic benefits. Evaluating
cosmeceuticals involves a more comprehensive approach compared to regular
cosmetics due to their active ingredients and claimed benefits.
1.Active Ingredients:
Cosmeceuticals contain bioactive compounds such as peptides, antioxidants, and
retinoids that have scientifically proven benefits. Evaluating these ingredients
involves assessing their concentration, stability, and efficacy.
2.Clinical Testing:
Unlike regular cosmetics, cosmeceuticals often undergo clinical trials to
substantiate their claims. This includes testing for safety, effectiveness, and
potential side effects. The results from these trials help in differentiating
cosmeceuticals from standard cosmetics.
3.Regulatory Standards:
While cosmetics are primarily regulated for safety, cosmeceuticals may be subject
to more stringent regulations due to their therapeutic claims. This can include
compliance with guidelines set by regulatory bodies like the FDA or EMA.
4.Mechanism of Action:
Understanding how the active ingredients in cosmeceuticals work at a cellular or
molecular level is crucial. This involves studying their mechanism of action, how
they interact with skin cells, and their long-term effects.
5. consumer Perception and Education:
Educating consumers about the benefits and proper use of cosmeceuticals is
important. This includes clear labeling, instructions for use, and information on
expected outcomes.
The evaluation of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics involves a more rigorous
assessment of their active ingredients, clinical efficacy, regulatory compliance,
and consumer education to ensure they deliver on their therapeutic promises while
maintaining safety.
 5. explain preservative that are used in cosmetics with suitable example

Preservatives are crucial in cosmetics to prevent the growth of harmful

microorganisms, ensuring the products remain safe and effective throughout their
shelf life.
1. Parabens: Example: Methylparaben, Propylparaben
- Usage: Parabens are widely used due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial
properties. They are effective against bacteria, yeast, and molds and are commonly
found in lotions, shampoos, and makeup products.
2. Phenoxyethanol:- Example: Phenoxyethanol
- Usage: This preservative is often used as an alternative to parabens. It is effective
against a wide range of microorganisms and is commonly found in skincare
products, perfumes, and deodorants
3. Formaldehyde Releasers:- Example: DMDM Hydantoin, Imidazolidinyl Urea
- Usage: These preservatives release small amounts of formaldehyde over time to
kill bacteria and fungi. They are used in various personal care products, including
shampoos, conditioners, and liquid soaps.
4. Organic Acids and Their Salts:- Example: Benzoic Acid, Sodium Benzoate,
Sorbic Acid, Potassium Sorbate
- Usage: These are effective against fungi and some bacteria. They are often used
in products with a lower pH, such as facial cleansers, moisturizers, and hair care
products.
5. Isothiazolinones:- Example: Methylisothiazolinone (MIT),
Methylchloroisothiazolinone (CMIT)
- Usage: These are powerful preservatives effective against bacteria, yeast, and
molds. They are commonly used in rinse-off products like shampoos and
conditioners.
6. Alcohols:- Example: Ethanol, Benzyl Alcohol
- Usage: Alcohols can act as preservatives due to their antimicrobial properties.
Benzyl alcohol is often used in combination with other preservatives to enhance their
effectiveness and is found in lotions, creams, and serums.
6. Write a note various excipients in cosmetics?
Excipients are the "inactive" ingredients in a cosmetic formula. They don't provide the
main therapeutic benefit, but they are crucial for creating the final product's texture,
stability, feel, and performance.
● Emollients: These ingredients soften and smooth the skin by forming a protective
layer that locks in moisture.
○ Examples: Jojoba oil, shea butter, dimethicone.
● Humectants: These substances attract water from the air or deeper layers of the skin
to the outermost layer, helping to keep it hydrated.
○ Examples: Glycerin, hyaluronic acid, propylene glycol.
● Thickeners: These give products their desired consistency, from a light lotion to a
thick cream.
○ Examples: Xanthan gum, carbomer.
● Surfactants: These are cleansing agents that help mix oil and water, allowing them
to remove dirt and oil from the skin. They also create lather in products like
shampoos and face washes.
○ Examples: Sodium lauryl sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine.
● Colorants: These provide the product's color and can be from natural or synthetic
sources.
○ Examples: Iron oxides, mica, FD&C dyes.
● Fragrances: These give the product a pleasant scent.
○ Examples: Essential oils, synthetic fragrance compounds.
● pH Adjusters: These are used to control the acidity or alkalinity of a product to
ensure it is compatible with the skin's natural pH.
○ Examples: Citric acid, sodium hydroxide.
● Antioxidants: These help protect both the product from degrading and the skin from
damage caused by free radicals.
○ Examples: Vitamin E (tocopherol), Vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
7. What is the difference between Humectants and Emollients?
While both help to moisturize the skin, they do so in very different ways.

Feature Humectants Emollients

Primary To attract and bind water to the To soften and smooth the skin by
Function skin. creating a protective barrier.

Mechanis They act like magnets, pulling They fill in the tiny gaps between
m moisture from the environment skin cells, which helps to seal in
or deeper skin layers to the moisture and prevent water loss.
surface layer (stratum corneum).

Best For Dehydrated skin. They provide a Dry, flaky, or rough skin. They
direct boost of hydration. repair the skin's barrier and
improve texture.

Feel on Usually lightweight and non- Can range from light to heavy and
Skin greasy. greasy, depending on the
ingredient.

Common Glycerin, Hyaluronic Acid, Urea, Shea Butter, Cocoa Butter,

Examples Sorbitol. Mineral Oil, Jojoba Oil,
Dimethicone.
8. define surfactants with classify

Surfactants (surface-active agents) are chemical compounds that reduce the

surface tension between two substances, such as two liquids or a liquid and a
solid. They are amphiphilic molecules—meaning they have both hydrophilic
(water-loving) and hydrophobic (oil-loving) parts.

Surfactants are widely used in cosmetic formulations for their ability to cleanse,
emulsify, solubilize, and wet surfaces. Common products containing surfactants
include shampoos, facial cleansers, creams, lotions, and body washes.

Classification of Surfactants:

Surfactants are classified based on the nature of the charge on the hydrophilic
(polar) head group:

1. Anionic Surfactants:

• Charge: Negative
• Examples: Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), Sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), Soap
• Uses: Excellent cleansing and foaming agents; used in shampoos, toothpastes,
and body washes.
• Pros: Strong detergency and emulsifying power.
• Cons: Can be irritating to sensitive skin.

2. Cationic Surfactants:

• Charge: Positive
• Examples: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Benzalkonium chloride
• Uses: Commonly used in conditioners and antiseptic products.
• Pros: Good conditioning agents; adsorb onto negatively charged hair and
skin.
• Cons: Poor foaming; may interact with anionic surfactants.

3. Non-ionic Surfactants:

• Charge: No charge
• Examples: Polysorbates (Tween), Sorbitan esters (Span), PEG derivatives
• Uses: Used in creams, lotions, baby products, and as emulsifiers.
• Pros: Mild and non-irritating; compatible with all other types.
• Cons: Lower cleansing and foaming ability.

4. Amphoteric (Zwitterionic) Surfactants:

 • Charge: Both positive and negative (depends on pH)
• Examples: Cocamidopropyl betaine, Lecithin
• Uses: Found in baby shampoos, facial cleansers, and sensitive-skin
products.
• Pros: Very mild and skin-friendly; good foam boosters.
• Cons: More expensive than other types.

Functions of Surfactants in Cosmetics:

1. Cleansing: Help remove dirt, oil, and sebum.

2. Emulsifying: Allow oil and water to mix in lotions and creams.
3. Foaming: Generate lather in shampoos and face washes.
4. Solubilizing: Dissolve small amounts of oily substances into water.
5. Conditioning: Improve feel and manageability of hair or skin.
9. What is the structure and function insulator to conserve body heat,
of the skin? provides a protective cushion for
Skin is the largest organ of the human muscles and bones, and serves as an
body that serves as a protective barrier energy reserve.
between the internal organs and the Functions of the Skin:
external environment. It is composed ● Protection: Acts as a physical barrier
of multiple layers of epithelial tissue against injury, pathogens, and water
and performs vital functions such as loss.
protection, sensation, temperature
● Sensation: Contains nerve receptors
regulation, and synthesis of vitamin D.
that detect touch, pressure, pain, and
Structure of the Skin: temperature.
● Epidermis: This is the outermost, ● Temperature Regulation: Helps
visible layer of the skin. maintain body temperature by
○ Function: It acts as a waterproof producing sweat to cool the body and
barrier, protecting the body from constricting blood vessels to conserve
environmental threats like bacteria, heat.
UV radiation, and pollutants. It also ● Vitamin D Synthesis: Produces
contains melanocytes, the cells that Vitamin D when exposed to sunlight,
produce melanin, which determines which is vital for bone health.
our skin tone. ● Immunity: Contains specialized
● Dermis: This is the middle layer, immune cells that protect
located beneath the epidermis.
○ Function: It provides the skin with
strength and elasticity due to its rich
content of collagen and elastin fibers.
It also contains hair follicles, sweat
glands, oil glands, nerves, and blood
vessels.
● Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer):
This is the deepest layer of the skin.
○ Function: Made mostly of fat and
connective tissue, it acts as an
10. What is the difference between Vanishing Cream and Cold Cream?

Feature Vanishing Cream Cold Cream

Base Water-based (Oil-in-Water Oil-based (Water-in-Oil

emulsion). Contains a high emulsion). Contains a high
percentage of water. percentage of oils and waxes.

Texture Lightweight, non-greasy, and Rich, thick, heavy, and can

quickly absorbed. feel greasy.

Finish on Skin Leaves a smooth, matte (non- Leaves a noticeable,

shiny) finish. It "vanishes" protective, and sometimes oily
into the skin. film on the skin.

Primary Use Used as a day cream or a Used as a night cream for

makeup base. It lightly intense moisturization or as a
moisturizes and creates a makeup remover.
smooth surface for makeup.

Best For Skin Oily or combination skin Dry or very dry skin due to
Type due to its light, non-greasy its deep moisturizing and
formula. protective properties.

Main Function To provide a light layer of To provide deep hydration,

moisture and a matte finish. cleanse the skin of makeup
and impurities, and soothe
dryness.

Key Ingredients High water content, High content of mineral oil,

humectants (like glycerin), beeswax, other emollients and
stearic acid. fats.
11. What is the difference between Shampoo and Conditioner?

Feature Shampoo Conditioner

Primary Cleansing. To remove dirt, Moisturizing & Smoothing.

Function oil, sweat, and product To hydrate, detangle, and
buildup from the hair and protect the hair, making it soft
scalp. and manageable.

Key Surfactants (cleansing Emollients, oils, silicones, and

Ingredients agents) like Sodium Lauryl proteins that coat the hair shaft
Sulfate (SLS) that create to smooth the cuticle and add
lather and lift dirt. moisture.

How to Use Applied to wet hair, Applied after shampooing,

focusing on the scalp. focusing on the mid-lengths
Massaged to create a lather, and ends of the hair. Left on
then rinsed out completely. for a few minutes before
rinsing.

Effect on Leaves hair feeling clean. Makes hair feel soft, smooth,
Hair Can sometimes strip natural and easy to comb. Reduces frizz
oils, potentially leading to and protects from damage.
dryness if too harsh.

Analogy Think of it as soap for your Think of it as moisturizer for

hair. your hair.
12. What is Anti-Dandruff Shampoo?
Anti-dandruff shampoo is specifically formulated to treat and prevent dandruff, a
common scalp condition characterized by flaking and sometimes itching.
Key Ingredients -
1.Zinc Pyrithione: This is an antifungal and antibacterial agent that helps reduce
the fungus Malassezia, which is often associated with dandruff.
2.Ketoconazole: Another powerful antifungal ingredient that can help control
fungal growth on the scalp.
3.Selenium Sulfide: This ingredient helps reduce the production of natural oils
(sebum) on the scalp and slows down the growth of skin cells, which can help
control dandruff.
4.Salicylic Acid: This helps to exfoliate the scalp, removing dead skin cells and
preventing them from clumping together to form flakes.
5.Coal Tar: This slows down the rate at which skin cells on the scalp die and flake
off.
Mechanism of Action - 1.Antifungal Action: Ingredients like zinc pyrithione and
ketoconazole target and reduce the growth of Malassezia, a yeast-like fungus that
can contribute to dandruff.
2.Exfoliation: Salicylic acid helps to shed dead skin cells from the scalp,
preventing them from accumulating and forming visible flakes.
3.Sebum Regulation: Selenium sulfide and other ingredients can help control the
production of sebum, the natural oil produced by the scalp, which can contribute
to dandruff when produced in excess.
4.Cell Turnover Regulation: Coal tar and other ingredients can slow down the
rate at which skin cells on the scalp die and flake off, reducing the overall amount
of dandruff
Usage
1. Frequency: Depending on the severity of your dandruff, you might need to use
the shampoo daily or a few times a week.
2. Application: Apply the shampoo to your scalp and leave it on for a few minutes
before rinsing to allow the active ingredients to work effectively.
3. Consistency: Consistent use is key to managing dandruff. Even if symptoms
improve, it’s often recommended to continue using the shampoo to prevent
recurrence.
13. What are the principles and building blocks of Oral Care Products?
The main goal of oral care products (like toothpaste and mouthwash) is to maintain
oral health by preventing common issues like cavities, gum disease, bad breath,
and staining.

Principles of Formulation:
● Efficacy: The product must be effective at what it claims to do (e.g., fight cavities,
reduce plaque). This is achieved with proven active ingredients.
● Safety: All ingredients must be non-toxic and safe for use inside the mouth.
● Stability: The formula must remain effective and unchanged throughout its shelf
life.
● Palatability: The product must have an acceptable taste and feel to encourage
regular use.
Building Blocks (Key Ingredients):
● Active Ingredients: Provide the therapeutic benefit.
○ Fluoride: Strengthens tooth enamel to prevent cavities.
○ Antimicrobials (e.g., Triclosan): Reduce plaque and fight gum inflammation
(gingivitis).
○ Desensitizing Agents (e.g., Potassium Nitrate): Block pain signals for sensitive
teeth.
○ Whitening Agents (e.g., Hydrogen Peroxide): Remove stains.
● Abrasives (in toothpaste): Physically scrub away plaque and surface stains.
Examples: Hydrated silica, calcium carbonate.
● Humectants: Prevent the product from drying out.
○ Examples: Glycerin, sorbitol.
● Surfactants: Create foam to help spread the product throughout the mouth.
Example: Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS).
● Flavoring Agents: Provide a pleasant taste.
○ Examples: Peppermint oil, sweeteners like xylitol.
● Thickeners/Binders: Give the product its consistency.
○ Examples: Xanthan gum, carrageenan.
● Preservatives: Prevent microbial growth in the product.
14. What is Mouthwash?
● Definition: Mouthwash (or oral rinse) is a liquid product used to rinse the teeth,
gums, and mouth.
● Purpose: Its primary functions are to reduce the amount of bacteria in the mouth,
freshen breath, and help clean areas that brushing and flossing might miss.
● Types:
○ Cosmetic Mouthwash: Temporarily controls bad breath and leaves a pleasant
taste, but has no chemical or biological application.
○ Therapeutic Mouthwash: Contains active ingredients to help control or reduce
conditions like plaque, gingivitis, bad breath, and tooth decay. These may contain
fluoride, antiseptics, or odor neutralizers.
● Usage: It is typically swished around the mouth for about 30-60 seconds and then
spit out. It is meant to be an addition to, not a replacement for, daily brushing and
flossing.
15. What is Sunscreen and how is it classified?
● Definition: Sunscreen is a topical product that protects the skin from the sun's
harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. By absorbing or reflecting UV rays, it helps
prevent sunburn, premature aging (wrinkles, sun spots), and skin cancer.
● Classification of Sunscreens:
1. Based on Mechanism of Action:
■ Chemical Sunscreens: Contain organic compounds (e.g., oxybenzone,
avobenzone) that absorb UV radiation and convert it into heat, which is then
released from the skin.
■ Physical (Mineral) Sunscreens: Contain inorganic mineral ingredients (zinc
oxide, titanium dioxide) that create a physical barrier on the skin to block and
scatter UV rays.
2. Based on UV Protection:
■ UVB Sunscreens: Only protect against UVB rays, the primary cause of sunburn.
■ Broad-Spectrum Sunscreens: Protect against both UVB and UVA rays. UVA
rays penetrate deeper into the skin and are the main cause of premature aging.
3. Based on Formulation:
■ Lotions, Creams, Gels, Sprays, Sticks. Each offers a different texture and
application method suitable for various skin types and preferences.
4. Based on Water Resistance:
■ Water-Resistant: Maintains its SPF level for a specified time (e.g., 40 or 80
minutes) while swimming or sweating.
■ Non-Water-Resistant: Needs to be reapplied immediately after water exposure.
Types of Sun Protection Cosmetics:
• Sunscreens – Creams, lotions, gels, sprays
• Sunblock sticks – Solid form for easy use
• Lip balms with SPF – Protect lips from sun damage
• Moisturizers and makeup with SPF – Daily use products with added sun protection
SPF (Sun Protection Factor)
• SPF tells us how well a product protects skin from UVB rays.
• Higher SPF = More Protection.
• Example: SPF 30 means you can stay 30 times longer in the sun than without
protection.
• Common SPFs: SPF 15, 30, 50, etc.
16. What is the role of Aloe Vera and Turmeric in skin care?
1.Hydration and Moisturization: infections. This makes it useful in
Aloe vera is renowned for its managing acne and other bacterial or
hydrating properties. The gel-like fungal skin conditions.
substance inside the aloe vera leaves
is rich in water, which helps to Turmeric
moisturize the skin without leaving it 1.Anti-inflammatory and
greasy. This makes it suitable for all Antioxidant Properties: Turmeric
skin types, including oily and acne- contains curcumin, a compound with
prone skin. strong anti-inflammatory and
2.Anti-inflammatory Properties: antioxidant properties. Curcumin
Aloe vera contains compounds like helps to reduce inflammation and
acemannan and gibberellins, which neutralize free radicals, which can
have anti-inflammatory effects. These damage skin cells and lead to
compounds help to reduce skin premature aging.
inflammation and can be particularly 2 .Brightening and Even Skin
beneficial for conditions like acne, Tone: Turmeric is known for its
psoriasis. ability to brighten the skin and
3.Healing and Soothing: Aloe vera improve overall skin tone. It can help
is often used to treat sunburns and to reduce the appearance of dark
minor cuts due to its soothing and spots, hyperpigmentation, and
healing properties. It promotes the blemishes, leading to a more even
production of collagen and elastin complexion.
fibers, which helps in the repair of 3.Healing and Repair: Turmeric
damaged skin and accelerates the aids in the healing of wounds and
healing process. scars. Its anti-inflammatory
4.Antioxidant Benefits: Aloe vera is properties help to reduce the
rich in vitamins C and E, which are appearance of scars and promote the
powerful antioxidants. These regeneration of healthy skin cells.
vitamins help to protect the skin from 4. Anti-aging Benefits: The antioxidant
oxidative stress caused by free properties of turmeric help to protect
radicals, thereby preventing the skin from environmental damage
premature aging and maintaining skin
and reduce the signs of aging, fine
health.
5 . Antimicrobial Effects: Aloe vera lines and wrinkles. It also stimulates
has natural antimicrobial properties collagen production, which helps to
that can help to prevent and treat ski maintain skin elasticity and firmness.
17. What is the role of Neem and Clove in oral care?
Neem (Azadirachta indica): Neem is often called the "village pharmacy" in India due
to its extensive medicinal properties.
● Antimicrobial: Neem is highly effective against the bacteria that cause plaque,
cavities, and gingivitis. Regularly using neem-based products can significantly
● Anti-inflammatory Effects’ has significant anti-inflammatory properties,
which help reduce swelling and inflammation in the gums. This is
particularly beneficial for individuals suffering from gum diseases, as it can
alleviate pain and discomfort while promoting healing.
● Plaque Control: Regular use of neem in oral care can help in controlling
plaque formation. Neem extracts inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans,
the bacteria primarily responsible for plaque formation and tooth decay. This
helps in maintaining overall oral hygiene and preventing cavities.
● Freshens Breath: Neem has natural deodorizing properties that help in
combating bad breath. Chewing neem twigs or using neem-based
mouthwashes can leave the mouth feeling fresh and clean
● Healing Properties’ promotes wound healing and can be used to treat mouth
ulcers and other oral wounds. Its regenerative properties help in the faster
recovery of damaged tissues in the oral cavity.
Clove
Clove is a dried aromatic flower bud obtained from the tree Syzygium
aromaticum, belonging to the family Myrtaceae. It is widely used as a
spice, flavoring agent, and herbal medicine due to its strong aroma and
therapeutic properties.
● Analgesic Properties: Clove oil is well-known for its pain-relieving
properties, making it effective in alleviating toothaches
● Antibacterial: Clove has strong antibacterial properties that help in fighting
oral infections and reducing the growth of bacteria in the mouth.
● Anti-inflammatory: It helps in reducing inflammation and can be beneficial
in treating swollen gums.
● Antioxidant: Clove is rich in antioxidants, which help in maintaining overall
oral health by protecting the mouth from oxidative stress.
● Fresh Breath: Clove’s aromatic properties help in freshening breath and
reducing bad odor
18. What are the BIS specifications for shampoo?
BIS stands for Bureau of Indian • Range: Between 4.5 to 7.0 (mildly
Standards. It is the national acidic to neutral) – suitable for
standards body of India, scalp and hair.
responsible for the formulation and
implementation of standards for c) Foaming Power:
various products and services to
ensure quality, safety, and reliability. • Adequate foam should be formed
in water at all hardness levels.
• BIS operates under the Ministry of • Evaluated by foam height test.
Consumer Affairs, Food and
Public Distribution. d) Solid Content:
• It issues the ISI mark, a symbol • Should lie within 10–20% (for
of quality assurance for products liquid shampoos).
conforming to BIS standards. • Indicates the concentration of
• In the cosmetic industry, BIS surfactants and other ingredients.
defines standard specifications
for personal care products such as e) Surface Tension:
shampoos, soaps, creams, etc., to
ensure their safety and • A shampoo must reduce surface
effectiveness for consumers. tension to enhance cleansing
action.
2. BIS Specification for Shampoos: • Typically expected around 30–40
dynes/cm.
According to IS 4011:1997 (BIS
standard for shampoos, updated f) Detergency (Cleaning ability):
time to time), the specifications for
shampoos are as follows: • Should effectively remove sebum,
oil, and dirt from hair.
a) Physical Requirements: • Measured using sebum-coated hair
tresses.
• Appearance: Should be uniform,
free from sediment or foreign g) Eye Irritation Test (Draize test):
matter.
• Color and Odor: Acceptable and • Especially for baby shampoos, to
pleasant. ensure non-irritancy.
• Consistency: Should be smooth
and suitable for application. h) Skin Irritation Test:

b) pH Value (5% solution in distilled • Should not cause any skin

water): irritation or allergy.
3. Analytical Methods for Evaluation • Add a drop of shampoo in water
of Shampoo: with ink or carbon black.
• Observe whether dirt remains in
a) pH Measurement: foam or disperses in water (should
stay in water).
• Prepare a 5% solution of shampoo
in distilled water. f) Wetting Time (Draves Method):
• Measure using a digital pH meter.
• Measures the time taken for a disk
b) Foaming Ability and Foam of wool to sink in the shampoo
Stability: solution.
• Use Ross-Miles foam column g) Eye Irritation Test (for Baby
method. Shampoo):
• Measure initial foam height and
stability after 5 minutes. • Conducted on rabbits (Draize test)
– note: animal testing is being
c) Solid Content: replaced by in-vitro methods in
many regions.
• Weigh a known volume of
shampoo. h) Viscosity:
• Dry in an oven at 105°C until
constant weight is achieved. • Measured using a Brookfield
• % Solid = (Weight of residue / viscometer to assess flow and
Initial sample weight) × 100 thickness.
d) Surface Tension Measurement: i) Microbial Testing:
• Measured using a stalagmometer • Total bacterial count and fungal
or tensiometer. count should be within acceptable
• Indicates surfactant efficiency. limits.
• Ensures product is
e) Dirt Dispersion Test: microbiologically safe
19. Define Cosmetic. Why are cosmetics used as cosmeceuticals? Classify
cosmetics as per their functions. Explain the evolution of cosmeceuticals
from cosmetics.

● Cosmetic: As per the definition, a • Moisturizers

cosmetic is any article intended to • Sunscreens
be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or • Anti-aging creams
sprayed on the human body for the • Fairness creams
• Exfoliants
purpose of cleansing, beautifying,
promoting attractiveness, or B. For Hair Care:
altering the appearance.
• Shampoos
● Cosmeceutical: This term is a • Conditioners
blend of "cosmetic" and • Hair oils
"pharmaceutical." Cosmeceuticals • Hair colorants
are cosmetic products that contain • Hair serums
biologically active ingredients. C. For Oral Care:
These ingredients are intended to
provide medical or drug-like • Toothpaste
benefits beyond simple appearance • Mouthwash
• Tooth powder
enhancement, such as reducing
wrinkles or repairing sun damage. D. For Eye Care:
● Why are cosmetics used as
• Kajal/kohl
cosmeceuticals? Cosmetics are • Eye shadows
used as cosmeceuticals when they • Eyeliners
are formulated to do more than just • Mascaras
beautify. They bridge the gap
E. For Face/Make-up:
between personal care and
medicine by including active • Foundation
ingredients that have a • Compact powder
physiological effect on the skin, • Blush
improving its health and structure. • Lipsticks and lip gloss
• Primers and concealers
3. Classification of Cosmetics as per
Their Functions: F. For Fragrance and Deodorants:

A. For Skin Care: • Perfumes

• Body sprays
• Roll-on deodorants
G. For Nail Care: o Products began to offer clinical
benefits.
• Nail polish 3. Emergence of Cosmeceuticals:
• Nail polish remover o Formulations included bioactive
• Nail strengtheners compounds that acted on the skin
at a cellular level.
4. Evolution of Cosmeceuticals from
o Examples: Anti-aging serums, anti-
Cosmetics:
acne gels, pigmentation lighteners.
The concept of cosmeceuticals 4. Modern Cosmeceuticals:
emerged in the 1980s, introduced o Use of nanotechnology,
by Dr. Albert Kligman, a liposomes, peptides, botanicals,
dermatologist. and biopolymers.
o Combination of dermatology,
Stages of Evolution: cosmetic chemistry, and
pharmacology.
1. Traditional Cosmetics:
o Used for beautification and Current Trend:
superficial appearance
improvement. • Personalized skincare
o No therapeutic or biological • Hybrid products: makeup + skin
effects. treatment (e.g., BB creams)
2. Scientific Advancements: • Cosmeceuticals dominate the anti-
o Discovery of active ingredients aging, anti-wrinkle, and
like AHAs (alpha hydroxy acids), pigmentation market segments
retinoids, vitamins, etc.
20. Explain the FDA preparation and evaluation of soap.
According to the U.S. Food and They are designed for guest’s
Drug Administration (FDA), soap usage.
is defined as a product in which the • 5) Medicated Soap: It is soap
non-volatile portion consists with added antiseptics and
primarily of the alkali salts of fatty disinfectants to kill bacteria.
acids and is used mainly for • 6) Beauty Soap: It has a
cleansing purposes. characteristic fragrance and
To meet the FDA’s definition of ingredients for different skin types.
soap, the product must: They can feature special oil blend
or glycerin.
• Be composed mainly of alkali salts
of fatty acids. Composition of Soap:
• Be labeled and marketed only as
“soap.” 1. Fats and Oils
• Clean the skin solely through the • Sources: Coconut oil, palm oil,
physical removal of dirt (not tallow, castor oil, olive oil, etc.
through chemical action or • These undergo saponification to
antibacterial claims). form soap and glycerin.
• Classification: 2. Alkali (Base)
• 1) Kitchen Soap: It is a type of • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH):
soap that is intended to use in the For solid soaps.
kitchen mainly to serve the • Potassium hydroxide (KOH):
purpose of dish-washing. For liquid soaps.
• 2) Laundry Soap: It is effective in 3. Water
cleaning solid particles, grease and • Used as a solvent for the

organic compound in clothes. Can reaction.

be quite convenient to wash 4. Additives
clothes during travels because it is • Fragrance and colorants for

easy to carry. aesthetic appeal.

• 3) Novelty Soap: These soaps • Moisturizers like glycerin or

come in various shapes and aloe vera.

colours like fish, cake, and • Antimicrobial agents (for

mustache. They act more than a medicated soaps).

cleaning soap. It provides • Preservatives and chelating

enjoyment and amusement to the agents (e.g., EDTA).

children who are using them.
Method of Preparation of Soap:
• 4) Guest Soap: These are mini
soap that are generally smaller 1. Saponification Reaction (Basic
than the usual soap bar and comes
Method):
with various attractive shapes.
 It is the reaction of fats/oils with
alkali (NaOH or KOH) to form soap
and glycerin. Evaluation of Soap Bars:

Fat/Oil + Alkali → Soap + Glycerin 1. pH Measurement:

• Should be between 9 to 10
2. Batch Process (Traditional Method): (mildly alkaline).
2. Total Fatty Matter (TFM):
• Oils and alkali are heated in a • Indicates the quality of soap.
kettle. • Toilet soaps should have TFM
• Continuous stirring until above 76%.
saponification is complete. • Higher TFM means better
• Soap is salted out by adding cleansing and moisturizing.
common salt (NaCl). 3. Foaming Ability:
• Glycerin separates and is removed. • Measured using foam height test
• Soap is poured into molds and in hard and soft water.
allowed to harden. 4. Moisture Content:
• Excess moisture leads to
3. Continuous Process (Modern softening.
Industry): • Should be controlled (generally
below 15%).
• Ingredients are continuously fed 5. Free Alkali Test:
into reactors. • Excess NaOH can cause
• More efficient for large-scale irritation.
production. • Titration is used to detect and
• Allows better control over quality quantify.
• 6. Hardness and Breakage:
• • Soap should be hard enough for
• durability but not brittle.
• 7. Lathering Property:
• • A good soap should form lather
• easily.
• 8. Skin Irritation Test:
• • Soaps should be
• dermatologically tested to ensure
• safety.
21. What is cold cream and how is it prepared?
Cold creams are water-in-oil or oil-in-water type emulsions added with
certain fats (generally beeswax) and perfuming agents. These are
applied on skin to provide smoothness and remove makeup. Cold
creams are named so due to the cooling effect they impart on
application.
# Composition:Oil-based: Cold creams are oil-based emulsions,
containing a higher percentage of oils and fats.
- Emollients: They include emollients like mineral oil, beeswax, or
lanolin, which help to soften and smooth the skin.
- Water: While they do contain water, it is in a smaller proportion
compared to oils.
- Preservatives and Fragrances: Often contain preservatives and
fragrances to enhance shelf life and sensory experience.
# Texture and Feel:
- Rich and Thick: Cold creams have a rich, thick, and creamy texture.
- Greasy: They leave a greasy or oily residue on the skin, which can
feel heavy.
- Occlusive: Forms a barrier on the skin, which helps to lock in
moisture.
# Usage:
- Nighttime Use: Commonly used as a nighttime moisturizer or as a
makeup remover.
- Dry Skin: Ideal for people with dry or very dry skin due to their
intense moisturizing properties.
- Cleansing: Often used for deep cleansing and removing makeup, as
the oils can dissolve makeup and impurities.
Function:
- Deep Moisturization: Provides intense hydration and helps to repair
the skin barrier.
- Cleansing: Effective in removing makeup and impurities from the
skin.
- Soothing: Can soothe and protect the skin
23. What is the physiological role of sebum?
● Definition: Sebum is an oily, waxy substance produced by the sebaceous glands,
which are found all over the body, primarily on the face and scalp.
● Physiological Roles of Sebum:
1. Moisturization: Sebum is the body's natural moisturizer. It spreads over the
skin and hair, creating a waterproof film that locks in moisture and prevents
dehydration. This keeps the skin soft and the hair supple and shiny.
2. Protection: This oily layer acts as a barrier, protecting the skin from external
factors like wind, pollutants, and minor friction.
3. Antimicrobial Action: Sebum contains components that give it a slightly
acidic pH. This "acid mantle" helps to inhibit the growth of certain harmful
bacteria and fungi on the skin's surface, protecting against infections.
4. Pheromone Transport: Sebum may help to transport pheromones, which
are chemical signals involved in communication between individuals of the same
species.

24. What is a quasi-drug? Explain cosmetics as OTC drugs.

● Quasi-drug: This is a regulatory category used in some countries, like Japan.
Quasi-drugs are products that fall between cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. They
have a milder action on the body than a full-fledged drug but are recognized as
having a specific, proven therapeutic effect for prevention or hygiene.
○ Examples: Medicated soaps, hair growth tonics, certain bath salts, and whitening
toothpastes.
● Cosmetics as OTC (Over-The-Counter) Drugs: This is the concept used in
places like the United States. A product is defined as both a cosmetic and an OTC
drug if it has two intended uses.
○ Cosmetic Use: To cleanse, beautify, or alter appearance.
○ Drug Use: To treat or prevent a disease, or to affect the structure or function of
the body.
○ Regulation: These products must comply with the regulations for OTC drugs. This
means they must contain ingredients that have been proven safe and effective for
their claimed therapeutic use, as outlined in an official FDA monograph.
25. What are vanishing creams? What are their advantages and disadvantages?
● Definition: Vanishing cream is a lightweight, oil-in-water emulsion that is applied
to the skin and seems to "vanish," leaving behind a non-greasy, matte finish. It's
also known as a day cream.
Usage:
- Daytime Use: Ideal for daytime use, especially under makeup, as they do not
leave a greasy residue.
- Oily Skin: Suitable for people with oily or combination skin due to their non-
greasy nature.
- Moisturizing: Provides a light level of hydration, making it suitable for normal
to slightly dry skin.
Function:
- Matte Finish: The primary function is to provide a smooth, matte finish to the skin.
● Advantages:
○ Lightweight and Non-Greasy: It absorbs quickly without leaving an oily residue,
making it comfortable for daytime use.
○ Good Makeup Base: It provides a smooth, matte surface that helps makeup
adhere better and last longer.
○ Suitable for Oily Skin: Its oil-free feel makes it an ideal choice for people with
oily or combination skin who want light hydration without adding shine.
○ Provides Light Hydration: It offers a minimal level of moisture, which is often
sufficient for normal to oily skin types.
● Disadvantages:
○ Not Enough for Dry Skin: It does not provide enough moisture for people with
dry or very dry skin, as it lacks the heavy oils and occlusive agents needed for deep
hydration.
○ Limited Protective Qualities: It offers less protection against harsh
environmental conditions (like cold wind) compared to heavier creams.
○ Can Be Drying: Some formulations, particularly those with a high stearic acid
content, can feel slightly drying on some skin types.
26. What is dermatitis and what causes it?
● Definition: Dermatitis is a general term for inflammation of the skin. It typically
presents with symptoms like itchiness, redness, swelling, and a rash. In acute
(short-term) cases, there might be small blisters, while in chronic (long-term)
cases, the skin can become thickened, scaly, and cracked.
● Common Causes of Dermatitis:
1. Contact Dermatitis: This occurs when the skin comes into direct contact
with a substance that causes a reaction.
■ Irritant Contact Dermatitis: Caused by exposure to substances that damage the
skin's outer layer, like harsh soaps, detergents, solvents, or even excessive water.
■ Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Caused by an allergic reaction to a specific
substance (allergen), such as nickel (in jewelry), poison ivy, fragrances, or
preservatives in cosmetics.
2. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema): A chronic, inflammatory skin condition often
linked to a combination of genetic factors (a family history of allergies, asthma)
and an overactive immune system. It causes dry, itchy, and inflamed skin.
3. Seborrheic Dermatitis: This type causes flaky, yellowish scales on oily
areas such as the scalp (dandruff), face, ears, and chest. It's linked to a type of yeast
that lives on the skin.
27. List five herbs used in hair care and explain one in detail.
Here are five herbs commonly used in hair care cosmetics:
1. Aloe Vera
2. Rosemary
3. Neem
4. Chamomile
5. Amla (Indian Gooseberry)
Detailed Explanation of Rosemary:
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a popular herb for hair care due to its wide
range of benefits for the scalp and hair follicles.
● Stimulates Hair Growth: Rosemary oil is believed to improve blood circulation
to the scalp. Better circulation means that the hair follicles receive more oxygen
and nutrients, which can stimulate them to produce healthy, strong hair and may
even encourage new growth. Some studies have suggested it can be as effective as
minoxidil (a common hair growth drug) for treating androgenetic alopecia (pattern
baldness).
● Strengthens Hair: By improving circulation and providing antioxidant benefits,
rosemary helps to strengthen the hair shaft, reducing breakage and hair fall.
● Reduces Dandruff and Scalp Itchiness: Rosemary has natural anti-inflammatory
and anti-fungal properties. This helps to soothe the scalp, reduce inflammation,
and combat the fungus that can contribute to dandruff and itchiness.
● Cleanses the Hair Follicles: It can help to cleanse the hair follicles by removing
buildup from dirt and hair products, which can otherwise clog the follicles and
hinder hair growth.
● Adds Shine: Regular use of rosemary rinses or oils can leave hair looking shiny
and feeling soft.
28. Explain the principles of the Sebumeter and Corneometer.
Sebumeter (Measures Skin Oil/Sebum):
SEBUMETER
Principle: The measurement is based on grease spot photometry. The
measurement cassette of the Sebumeter contains a special tape that becomes
transparent when it comes into contact with sebum on the surface of the skin. In
order to make a measurement the cassette is inserted into an aperture on the
device where the transparency of the tape is measured. The transparency is
measured by sending light through the tape, using a light source in the aperture.
The light is reflected by a mirror behind the tape and a photocell measures the
transparency. The cassette is placed on the skin for a defined length of time and
then returned to the aperture. The change in the amount of light transmission
represents the sebum content of the tape, which is displayed in units from 0-350.
The measurement head of the cassette exposes a 64mm 2 section of tape with a
fresh piece of tape being used for each measurement. After each measurement
the tape can be advanced to expose a new piece of tape using the trigger on the
side of the cassette, where there is also a guide as to how much tape remains.
One cassette can be used for approximately 400 measurements before needing to
be replaced.
Advantages
1 ) Quick, reproducible and accurate measurement of sebum
2 ) Spring in measurement head provides constant pressure on skin
3) Easy handling due to low weight
4 ) Does not require frequent, complicated and time consuming recalibration
5) Check calibration to ensure accuracy of measurements
6) One cartridge lasts for approximately 400 measurements
7) Volume of studies provides a wealth of information for use in study design,
analysis and comparison.
Disadvantage The only disadvantage is the cost of the instrument as well as the
consumable, viz., the cassette. Thus with increasing emphasis on skin
enhancement, sebumeter is likely to become a common implement in
dermatologist’s office
 CORNEOMETER

Principle : The corneometer measurement is based on capacitance measurement

of a dielectric medium in this case skin. It uses fringing field capacitance sensors
to measure the dielectric constant of the skin. The dielectric constant of skin will
change with water content. This allows for any changes in skin hydration to be
measured by the precision measuring capacitor. These changes in water content
of the stratum corneum are converted into arbitrary units of hydration. On the
probe head there is a fine piece of glass to ensure that only the capacitance
changes due to water content are identified. Even small changes in water can be
detected. The measurement time is short at only 1 second minimising occlusion
effects. The depth of the measurement is 10-20pm, the stratum corneum,
ensuring that deeper skin layers do not influence the measurement.
Advantages:
1) The probe allows very quick measurement within seconds that is important to
avoid occlusion.
2) Continuous measurements over a longer period can optionally be performed
(dynamic occlusion).
3) Substances on the skin (e.g. salts or residues of topical applied products) have
only minimal influence due to capacitance measurement. 4) The measurement
depth is very small (10-20pm of the stratum comeum) to exclude the influence of
deeper skin layers (e.g. from the blood vessels). 5) The probe is small and
lightweight for easy handling and measurement on all body sites (e.g. lips etc.).
6) The spring in the probe head ensures constant pressure on the skin enabling exact,
reproducible measurements.
29. Explain the formulation of a moisturizing cream.
A moisturizing cream is a semi-solid emulsion designed to increase the moisture
content of the skin's outermost layer (stratum corneum) and prevent water loss,
leaving the skin soft, smooth, and flexible.

Principle of Formulation:
The goal is to create a stable emulsion (either oil-in-water or water-in-oil) that
delivers hydrating and protective ingredients to the skin.
● Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsions: These are more common for moisturizers. They
feel lighter, are less greasy, and spread easily. They contain small droplets of oil
dispersed in a continuous water phase.
● Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsions: These are heavier and more occlusive. They
contain droplets of water dispersed in a continuous oil phase, providing a stronger
barrier against moisture loss.
Building Blocks (Formulation Components):
A typical moisturizing cream formula is divided into phases:
1. The Water Phase (Aqueous Phase):
• Water: The main vehicle, usually deionized or distilled.
• Humectants: To attract and hold water (e.g., Glycerin, Propylene Glycol,
Sorbitol).
• Thickeners/Gelling Agents: To give the cream its body and stability (e.g.,
Carbomer, Xanthan Gum).
• Water-soluble Preservatives: (e.g., Methylparaben).
2. The Oil Phase (Lipid Phase):
• Emollients: To soften and smooth the skin (e.g., Mineral Oil, Stearic Acid,
Caprylic/Capric Triglycerides, Vegetable Oils).
• Occlusive Agents: To form a barrier and prevent water loss (e.g., Petrolatum,
Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils).
• Emulsifiers: To bind the oil and water phases together and create a stable emulsion
(e.g., Glyceryl Monostearate, Laureth-23, Triethanolamine which reacts with
stearic acid).
1. Oil-soluble Preservatives and Antioxidants: (e.g., Propylparaben, BHT).
3. The Fragrance/Additive Phase:
• Fragrance: Added after the emulsion has cooled to prevent it from evaporating.
• Active Ingredients: Such as vitamins, plant extracts, etc.
Preparation Process:
1. Heat the water phase and the oil phase separately to the same temperature (around
70-75°C).
2. Slowly add one phase to the other while mixing with a homogenizer or high-shear
mixer.
3. Continue mixing while the emulsion cools.
4. Add fragrance and heat-sensitive ingredients when the temperature drops to around
35-40°C.
30. Elaborate the principle of formulation and building blocks of moisturizing
cream as a skin care product.?
Skin color is scientifically measured using specialized instruments to provide
objective and quantifiable data about pigmentation (melanin) and redness
(erythema).

1. Colorimeter:
● Principle: Measures color based on how light is reflected from the skin. It
quantifies color in a three-dimensional space, often using the Lab* color model.
○ Represents lightness (from black to white).
○ Represents the red-green spectrum.
○ Represents the yellow-blue spectrum.
● How it Works: The probe emits a flash of white light onto the skin. A sensor
measures the light that reflects back and analyzes its components to calculate the
Lab* values. This gives a precise, objective measurement of the skin's exact color.
2. Mexameter:
● Principle: This device works on the principle of absorption/reflection
photometry. It is specifically designed to measure the two main components
responsible for skin color: melanin and hemoglobin.
● How it Works:
1. The probe emits light at specific wavelengths (e.g., green and red).
2. Melanin (the brown pigment) and hemoglobin (the red pigment in blood) absorb
these wavelengths differently.
3. The probe's receiver measures the amount of light that is reflected back from the
skin.
4. By calculating how much light was absorbed at each specific wavelength, the
device provides separate index values for melanin (pigmentation) and erythema
(redness).
● Advantages: It is highly sensitive and can detect even small changes in skin
pigmentation or redness, making it very useful for evaluating the effectiveness of
skin-lightening products or the severity of skin irritation.
31. note the role of humectants as a cosmetic excipient.
● Definition: Humectants are substances that attract and bind water. In cosmetics,
they are used to increase the water content of the top layer of the skin (the stratum
corneum).
● Mechanism of Action: They act like tiny magnets for water. They can draw
moisture from two sources:
1. From the external environment (especially in humid conditions).
2. From the deeper layers of the skin (the dermis) up to the surface.
● Role in Formulations:
○ Skin Hydration: Their primary role is to hydrate the skin, making it feel soft,
plump, and supple. This is crucial for treating dry and dehydrated skin.
○ Product Moisturization: Humectants are also added to cosmetic products
themselves (like creams and lotions) to prevent them from drying out in the
container, thus improving the product's shelf life and stability.
● Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF): The skin has its own natural blend of
humectants, known as the NMF. This includes substances like amino acids, lactic
acid, and PCA (pyrrolidone carboxylic acid). Many cosmetic humectants work to
supplement or mimic the skin's NMF.
● Common Examples: Glycerin, Hyaluronic Acid, Sorbitol, Propylene Glycol,
Sodium PCA, and Urea.
32. Describe hair dyes and their chemistry.
● Definition: Hair dyes (or colorants) are cosmetic formulations used to change the
color of hair, either to cover grey hair or to achieve a new fashion shade.
● Types of Hair Dyes:
1. Temporary Dyes: These are large color molecules that only coat the surface of
the hair shaft. They don't penetrate the cuticle and are easily washed out with one
shampoo. (e.g., colored hair sprays).
2. Semi-Permanent Dyes: These have smaller molecules that can penetrate slightly
into the hair shaft. They last for several shampoos (e.g., 6-12 washes). They don't
contain ammonia or peroxide, so they can only darken hair, not lighten it.
3. Permanent Dyes (Oxidative Dyes): This is the most common type of dye. They
cause a lasting chemical change inside the hair shaft and don't wash out (they fade
over time and new growth will show).
● Chemistry of Permanent Hair Dye: two-step chemical process:
1. Lifting the Natural Color: The dye mixture contains an alkalizing agent (like
ammonia) and an oxidizing agent (like hydrogen peroxide).
■ The ammonia opens up the hair's cuticle (the protective outer layer).
■ The hydrogen peroxide then penetrates the hair shaft and bleaches the natural
melanin pigment inside. This makes space for the new color.
2. Depositing the New Color:
■ The formula contains tiny, colorless molecules called "dye precursors" (e.g.,
PPD - p-phenylenediamine) and "couplers."
■ Inside the hair shaft, the hydrogen peroxide causes these small precursors and
couplers to react and join together (a process called oxidation).
■ This reaction forms large, colored polymer molecules. These new color molecules
are too large to escape back out of the hair shaft, so the color
becomes permanent.
33. What is gum disease? Discuss its signs, symptoms, and pathology.
● Definition: Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is an infection and
inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth (the gums and
bone).
● Pathology (How it Develops):
1. Plaque Buildup: It starts with plaque, a sticky, colorless film of bacteria that
constantly forms on the teeth.
2. Gingivitis: If plaque is not removed by brushing and flossing, the bacteria in it
produce toxins that irritate the gums, causing them to become inflamed. This early
stage of gum disease is called gingivitis. At this stage, the damage is reversible.
3. Periodontitis: If gingivitis is left untreated, the inflammation progresses. The
gums begin to pull away from the teeth, forming pockets. These pockets collect
more plaque and bacteria, and the infection can spread below the gum line. The
body's immune system fights the bacteria, and this battle, along with the bacterial
toxins, starts to break down the bone and connective tissue that hold the teeth in
place. This advanced, destructive stage is called periodontitis.
● Signs and Symptoms:
○ Red, swollen, or tender gums.
○ Gums that bleed easily during brushing or flossing.
○ Persistent bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth.
○ Receding gums (gums pulling away from the teeth, making teeth look longer).
○ Pus between the teeth and gums.
○ Loose or separating teeth.
○ A change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite.
34. What is hair tensile strength?
● Definition: Hair tensile strength is a measure of how much stress or force a single
strand of hair can withstand while being stretched before it breaks. It's a key
indicator of the hair's overall health, integrity, and elasticity.
● Elasticity: Healthy hair is also elastic. This means it can stretch and then return to
its original shape. A dry hair strand can typically stretch by 20-30% of its length,
while a wet hair strand can stretch up to 50% because water temporarily weakens
the hair's internal bonds.
● How it's Measured:
1. A single hair fiber is mounted between two clamps on a specialized instrument.
2. The instrument pulls the hair at a constant rate, measuring the force required to
stretch it.
3. The software records the force applied and the amount of stretching (strain) until
the hair snaps.
4. The "breaking point" is the maximum stress the hair could handle. This value,
combined with the hair's diameter, is used to calculate its tensile strength.
● Why it's Important in Cosmetics: This measurement is used to evaluate the
effect of hair products. For example, it can show if a conditioning treatment makes
hair stronger and more resistant to breakage, or if a chemical process like bleaching
has weakened the hair.
36. Explain what a skin cleanser is.
● Definition: A skin cleanser is a cosmetic product specifically formulated to
remove impurities from the surface of the skin.
● Purpose: The primary goal of a cleanser is to clean the skin without disrupting its
natural moisture barrier. It removes:
○ Dirt and environmental pollutants.
○ Excess sebum (oil).
○ Makeup and sunscreen.
○ Sweat.
○ Dead skin cells.
● Benefits:
○ Prevents Clogged Pores: By removing buildup, cleansers help to prevent the
formation of blackheads, whiteheads, and acne.
○ Allows Skin to Breathe: Clean skin can function optimally, including its natural
process of shedding and renewal.
○ Improves Efficacy of Other Products: Cleansing prepares the skin to better
absorb subsequent products like serums and moisturizers.
● Types of Cleansers: Cleansers come in many forms, each suited for different skin
types:
○ Gel Cleansers: Good for oily and acne-prone skin.
○ Cream/Lotion Cleansers: Hydrating and gentle, ideal for dry and sensitive skin.
○ Foam Cleansers: Provide a satisfying lather and are good for oily/combination
skin.
○ Oil Cleansers: Excellent at dissolving makeup and sunscreen.
○ Micellar Water: Uses tiny oil molecules (micelles) to lift away dirt without
needing to be rinsed.
39. Write a note on cosmetics for skin problems.

Cosmetics designed for skin problems, often called "medicated" or "cosmeceutical"

products, are formulated to both beautify the skin and help manage specific skin
conditions. The key is to choose products that will not worsen the problem.
● General Principles for Choosing Cosmetics:
○ Non-Comedogenic: This means the product is formulated so that it will not clog
pores. This is essential for anyone with acne-prone or oily skin.
○ Hypoallergenic: The product is formulated to minimize the risk of causing allergic
reactions. This is important for those with sensitive skin or allergies.
○ Oil-Free: Best for oily and acne-prone skin types.
● Cosmetics for Specific Conditions:
○ Acne: Look for products containing active ingredients like salicylic acid (to
exfoliate and unclog pores) or benzoyl peroxide (to kill acne-causing bacteria).
Mineral-based makeup is often a good choice as it is less likely to irritate
breakouts.
○ Dryness & Eczema: Choose gentle, fragrance-free cleansers and rich moisturizers
containing ingredients like hyaluronic acid, ceramides, and shea butter to
hydrate the skin and repair its moisture barrier.
○ Rosacea & Sensitive Skin: Use products with minimal ingredients and soothing
agents like niacinamide, azelaic acid, or feverfew. Avoid common irritants like
alcohol, fragrance, and harsh exfoliants.
○ Pigmentation & Dark Spots: Products containing ingredients like Vitamin C,
retinoids, or niacinamide can help to brighten the skin and fade dark spots over
time. The most important cosmetic for this issue is a broad-spectrum sunscreen
to prevent spots from getting darker.
● Important Considerations:
○ Always perform a patch test with a new product to check for reactions.
○ A consistent skincare routine (cleansing, moisturizing, and especially sun
protection) is crucial.
○ For persistent or severe skin problems, it is always best to consult a dermatologist
to get an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.
ii) Hair Tensile Strength and Hair - The machine continues pulling until
Combing Properties: the hair breaks.
Hair tensile strength is the measure of - The force required to break the hair is
how much a hair strand can be recorded as the tensile strength.
stretched before it breaks. It helps to - The result is measured in Newtons
understand the strength and health of (N). Hair Combing Properties
the hair. Hair combing properties mean how
easily a comb can pass through hair. It
Important Points:
tells about smoothness, softness, and
- Hair tensile strength shows how tangling of hair.
strong or weak hair is.
Good Hair Combing Properties:
- Strong hair can stretch more before
breaking. - Hair is easy to comb without
- Weak or damaged hair breaks easily breakage.
under tension. - Hair is smooth and soft.
- Factors affecting hair strength: protein - Less tangling or knotting.
content, moisture, heat, and chemical - Requires less force to comb.
treatments. - Hair looks shiny and healthy.
- This test is important in the cosmetic
Poor Hair Combing Properties:
industry to test shampoos,
conditioners, and other treatments. - Hair breaks easily while combing.
- Hair is rough and dry.
Method to Measure Hair Tensile
- More tangles and knots.
Strength
- Requires more effort to comb. - Hair
The test is done using a special machine looks dull and unhealthy.
called a Tensile Tester or Universal
Method to Test Combing Properties:
Testing Machine.
- Hair samples are washed and dried.
- A single strand of hair is taken for
- Hair is fixed in a combing tester or
testing.
texture analyzer machine.
- The length and thickness of the hair
- A comb is pulled through the hair by
are measured.
the machine.
- The hair is fixed tightly between two
- The machine records the force needed
clamps of the machine.
to comb.
- One clamp stays fixed while the other
pulls the hair slowly.
1)TEWL (Transepidermal Water TEWL Important
Loss) and Its Measurement
- It tells if the skin barrier is working
TEWL stands for Transepidermal Water
properly.
Loss. It means the amount of water
- Helps in testing the effect of skincare
that passes from inside the body
products.
through the skin and evaporates into
- It is used in research to study skin
the air.
diseases or damage.
Important Points: - Helps in designing products to protect
or repair the skin.
- TEWL is a natural process that
happens all the time. TEWL Measured
- Water from the lower skin layers
TEWL is measured using special
moves up to the surface and
instruments that can detect the amount
evaporates.
of water vapor escaping from the skin.
- It helps in keeping the skin hydrated
The most common instrument used is
and healthy.
a TEWL meter.
- Too much TEWL means the skin is
losing too much water and may Steps to Measure TEWL:
become dry or damaged.
- The skin area to be tested is cleaned
- TEWL is used to check the skin
gently.
barrier function (how well the skin
- The person is allowed to rest in a
protects the body).
controlled room for a few minutes
- It is important in cosmetic science to
(normal temperature and humidity).
test moisturizers, creams, and other
- The TEWL meter is placed on the skin
skincare products.
surface without pressure.
Factors Affecting TEWL: - The meter measures the amount of
water vapor going out from the skin.
- Skin damage or dryness increases
- The result is shown in grams per
TEWL.
square meter per hour (g/m²/h).
- Harsh soaps or chemicals can increase
- A higher value means more water is
TEWL.
being lost (dry or damaged skin).
- Hot weather or wind can increase
- A lower value means the skin barrier
TEWL.
is strong and holding moisture
- Healthy skin with good moisturizers
has lower TEWL.
3] write a note on oily skin • Acne and pimples
• Blackheads/whiteheads
1. Definition: Oily skin is a skin • Makeup doesn’t stay long
type where sebaceous glands
4. Problems:
produce too much oil (sebum). This
makes the skin look shiny and • Acne and clogged pores
greasy, especially on the forehead, • Skin infections
nose, and chin (T-zone).
• Dull skin look

2. Causes of Oily Skin: 5. Care for Oily Skin:

• Genetics – Runs in families. • Use a mild face wash

• Hormones – Changes during (twice a day)
puberty, periods, or pregnancy. • Apply oil-free moisturizer
• Hot weather – Increases oil
• Use toner to close pores
production.
• Exfoliate once or twice a week
• Wrong skincare – Using oily or
• Use oil-free makeup
harsh products.
• Stress and diet – Can also increase • Apply sunscreen (nongreasy)
oil.
• Good Products:
3. Signs/Symptoms:
• Gel-based creams
• Shiny, greasy skin • Clay face masks
• Enlarged pores • Salicylic acid products for acne
Q. 1) cosmetics with Example & cosmetic as an OTC drug
Q.2)Define SPF
Q. 3) Define Wrinkles
Q. 4) evaluation of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics
Q. 5) preservative that are used in cosmetics
Q. 6) excipients used in cosmetics
Q. 7) difference between humectant and emollients
Q. 8) Define surfactants with it’s classification
Q. 9) structure and Function of skinQ.
Q. 10) difference between vanishing Cream and cold cream
Q. 11) difference between shampoo & Conditioner
Q. 12) anti dandruff shampoo
Q. 13) principle of formulation and building blocks of oral care product
Q. 14) Define mouthwash.
Q. 15) Sunscreen & classification
Q. 16) role of Aloe and turmeric in skin care
Q. 17) role of Neem and clove in oral care
Q. 18) BIS specifications and analytical methods for shampoo.
Q. 19) Define Cosmetic. Why cosmetics used as cosmeceuticals? Classify cosmetic
as per its functions. Evolution of Cosmeceuticals from Cosmetics
Q. 20) Give definition of soap as per FDA. Explain thecomposition, classification
and method of preparation of soap. Write a note on evaluation of soap bars
Q.21) What is cold cream? Give method of preparation with
example.
Q. 22) What is sunscreen? Explain their types.
Q.23) Explain physiological role of sebum for skin and scalp.
Q.24 ) What is quasi drug? Explain cosmetic as OTC drugs.
Q.25) What is vanishing creams? Write its advantages and disadvantages.
Q.26) What is dermatitis? Discuss the causes for dermatitis.
Q.27) Enlist five name of herbs used in hair care cosmetic. Explain any one herb in
detail
Q.28) Explain principles and advantages of sebumeter and
corneometer with their measurement.
Q.29) Elaborate the principle of formulation and building blocks of moisturizing
cream as a skin care product.
Q.30) Explain the technique used for the measurement of skin-colors.
Q.31) write a note on humectant as a cosmetic excipient.
Q.32) Describe Hair dyes. Write down chemistry of hair dye.
Q.33) Write the definition of gum disease and discuss its sign, symptoms
&pathology.
Q.34) Write a note on hair tensile strength.
Q.35) Discuss the sun protection factor (SPF)
Q.36) Explain skin cleanser.
Q.36) Explain skin cleanser.
Q.38) Write a short note on Cold cream.
Q.39) Write a note on cosmetics for skin problem