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Narration Change Formulas

The document outlines the rules for converting direct speech to indirect speech, including a general formula and specific changes for tense, pronouns, and time/place words. It also provides examples for different sentence types such as statements, questions, and imperatives. Additionally, it details the appropriate reporting verbs to use in various contexts.

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1K views2 pages

Narration Change Formulas

The document outlines the rules for converting direct speech to indirect speech, including a general formula and specific changes for tense, pronouns, and time/place words. It also provides examples for different sentence types such as statements, questions, and imperatives. Additionally, it details the appropriate reporting verbs to use in various contexts.

Uploaded by

dasraju10101
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Narration Change Formula (Direct to Indirect Speech Rules)

1. General Formula:

Direct Speech: Subject + reporting verb + ", + quoted speech"

Indirect Speech: Subject + reporting verb + that / if / whether / wh-word + changed sentence

2. Tense Change Rules (when the reporting verb is in past tense):

- Simple Present -> Simple Past

- Present Continuous -> Past Continuous

- Present Perfect -> Past Perfect

- Present Perfect Continuous -> Past Perfect Continuous

- Simple Past -> Past Perfect

- Past Continuous -> Past Perfect Continuous

- Past Perfect -> No change

- Will/Shall -> Would

- Can -> Could

- May -> Might

3. Pronoun Change Rule:

Pronouns change based on the speaker, listener, and object.

Example: He said, "I am tired." -> He said that he was tired.

4. Time & Place Word Changes:

- now -> then

- today -> that day

- tomorrow -> the next day / following day


- yesterday -> the previous day

- here -> there

- this -> that

- these -> those

- ago -> before

- just -> then

5. Reporting Verb Rules:

- Say/said/tell/told -> usually followed by 'that'

- Ask/asked -> used with if, whether, or wh-words

- Command/order/request/suggest -> to + base verb / not to + base verb

6. Sentence Type Examples:

A. Statements:

Direct: He said, "I play football."

Indirect: He said that he played football.

B. Questions:

Yes/No: She asked, "Do you like music?" -> She asked if I liked music.

Wh-: He asked, "Where do you live?" -> He asked where I lived.

C. Imperatives (Orders/Requests):

Direct: He said, "Close the door." -> He told me to close the door.

Direct: She said, "Don't shout." -> She told me not to shout.

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