●​ Communication and record-keeping

Science, Technology, and Society is an ●​ Mass production

interdisciplinary course that engages the students ●​ Security and protection
to confront the realities brought about by science ●​ Health, aesthetics, and architecture
and technology in society, with all its socio-political,
cultural, economic, and philosophical underpinnings Transportation
at play. (CHED Memorandum Order No. 20)
➢​ Significant because people were trying to go
Science may be defined as the system of places and discover new horizons.
knowledge of the natural world gained through the ➢​ They traveled to search for food and find
scientific method. better locations for their settlements.
➢​ Travel was also for trade—exchanging
➢​ Originally called “philosophy of the natural surplus goods for things they lacked.
world” (from ancient Greek desire to know
about nature). Navigation
➢​ Early scientists = “philosophers of nature.”
➢​ Their task: discover the truth behind ➢​ Helped them journey to unfamiliar
material things and natural phenomena areas.
➢​ Example: What makes a tree not a flower? ➢​ Allowed them to return home after
A flower not a rock? discovering new places or
completing important trades.
Key to understanding nature:
Communication
➢​ Ability to name and classify objects in
nature. ➢​ Essential in their efforts to discover and
➢​ Early science recognized the importance of occupy new places.
language and classification to describe and ➢​ Needed communication with natives of
explain different objects. visited areas to facilitate trade and
prevent conflicts.
Technology:
Record-Keeping
➢​ Greek origin: techne = “art or craft”, logia =
“subject or interest” ➢​ Important to remember the places
➢​ Combined: “practical applications of what they had been to.
we know about nature” using scientific ➢​ Vital to document trades and keep
principles for human betterment. records of history and culture.
➢​ Helped them establish their identity
Chapter I: Historical Antecedents in the Course and relate with other cultures and
of Science and Technology civilizations.

The Role of Science and Technology in Human Mass Production of Food and Basic Needs
Life
➢​ Increase in size and number of nations
➢​ Science and technology indeed play major meant more demand for food and
roles in everyday life. necessities.
➢​ They make difficult and complicated tasks ➢​ Resources were becoming scarce, and
easier. more people needed to share limited
➢​ They allow people to do more with so little necessities.
effort and time. ➢​ Needed technology to increase food
➢​ Developments in this field are not just supply and survival needs without extra
products of imagination or a one-time labor or travel.
thought process.
➢​ They are brought about by gradual Security and Protection
improvements to earlier works from
different time periods. ➢​ Weapons and armors were vital in
➢​ The driving force behind this continuous discovering new places and forming new
progress is the desire to raise the quality alliances.
of life of the people. ➢​ Risk of conflict was high when meeting
people with different cultures.
ANCIENT TIMES ➢​ Conflicts often arose due to struggles over
vital resources.
Primary Concerns of Early People: ➢​ Stronger nations invaded weaker ones for
resources.
●​ Transportation and navigation
 ➢​ Thus, development of weapons and armor ➢​ It is a system that utilizes word pictures
was a major technological achievement. and triangular symbols carved on clay
using wedge instruments, then left to dry.
Health and Preservation of Life ➢​ Cuneiform allowed the Sumerians to keep
records of things with great historical
➢​ Conservation of life was a primary value or from their everyday life.
challenge.
➢​ Despite rich resources, illnesses and Uruk City
diseases hampered survival.
➢​ These illnesses were both natural and ➢​ The City of Uruk is another important
man-made. contribution of the Sumerians.
➢​ Science and technology played a role in ➢​ It is considered to be the first true city in
discovering cures and even prevention of the world and also for the way it was
diseases. erected.
➢​ It was remarkable because building stones
Engineering and Architecture were not available and lumber was
limited.
People aimed to improve: ➢​ The Sumerians built the city using mud or
clay from the river, mixed with reeds, to
●​ Transportation
produce sun-baked bricks.
●​ Protection from attacks and disasters
➢​ These bricks were used to:
●​ Construction of large and durable structures
○​ Make houses to protect them from
●​ These needs led to the rise of engineering.
harsh weather.
➢​ Engineering enabled construction of
○​ Build a wall around the city to
structures that addressed specific
prevent wild animals and
needs.
neighboring raiders from
➢​ Many ancient structures still exist
entering.
today and awe people.
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
Architecture:
➢​ Another engineering and architectural
➢​ Evolved from engineering.
feat of the Sumerians.
➢​ Not just a style—was a sign of
➢​ The ziggurat, also called the “mountain of
technological advancement.
god”, was built like the City of Uruk using
➢​ Became a status symbol among nations.
sun-baked bricks.
➢​ Helped establish national identity.
➢​ It served as the sacred place of their chief
Aesthetics and Body Enhancement god, and only priests were allowed to
enter.
➢​ After achieving better health, food supply, ➢​ The temple shows the elaborate and
and infrastructure, people aimed to improve intricate Sumerian architecture and the
appearance. remarkable technology used to build it.
➢​ Discovered that adding features and ➢​ Even today, people still marvel at the
decorations to the body made them more preserved Great Ziggurat of Ur.
presentable and appealing.
Irrigation and Dikes
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
➢​ As the population increased, the demand
Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of for food also grew.
ancient Mesopotamia. ➢​ Environmental challenges made farming
difficult:
➢​ Sumerians are known for their high degree ○​ Scarce water supply for some.
of cooperation and desire for great ○​ Flooding from the river for others.
things. ➢​ The Sumerians created dikes and
➢​ They were not contented with basic life, irrigation canals to:
which pushed them to develop many things ○​ Bring water to farmlands.
connected with science and technology. ○​ Control river flooding.
➢​ This method is considered one of the
Cuneiform world’s most beneficial engineering
works.
➢​ One of the major contributions of the
➢​ With this, they enjoyed year-long farming
Sumerians is the development of the first
and harvesting, increasing food
writing system, known as cuneiform.
production.
Sailboats ➢​ They later poured bitumen, a black, sticky
substance like asphalt, to smoothen the
➢​ Transportation was a challenge; boats roads.
were the main mode of transport via rivers ➢​ Roads were especially useful during the
and seas. rainy season, when travel on soft and
➢​ The wheel was not yet invented during this muddy roads was difficult.
time.
➢​ Boats were useful for carrying large BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
quantities of products over long
distances. Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
➢​ As the population grew, they needed to
discover faraway lands for settlement. ➢​ Babylonians were known as great
➢​ Boats were not enough to carry more builders, engineers, and architects.
people and goods.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
➢​ Some sources credit the invention of
sailboats to the Sumerians to meet these ➢​ One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient
demands. World.
➢​ Sailboats were essential for: ➢​ Described as layers of gardens with varied
○​ Transportation and trade. plants, trees, and vines.
○​ Cultural, informational, and ➢​ Built by King Nebuchadnezzar II for
technological exchange. Queen Amytis.
➢​ No physical evidence exists; exact location
Wheel
unknown.
➢​ In the later part of their history, the ➢​ May have been destroyed by war, erosion,
Sumerians invented the wheel, as the or earthquake.
specialized tools needed were already ➢​ If real, it was one of the greatest
available. engineering and architectural
➢​ The first wheels were not made for achievements.
transportation but for:
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
○​ Farm work.
○​ Food processes. Located in North Africa.
➢​ With the wheel and axle, mass production
became easier. ➢​ Famous for engineering feats,
➢​ Farmers could mill grains with less effort especially structures built by the
and time. pharaohs.
➢​ Contributed many practical
The Plow inventions besides pyramids.

➢​ Another significant farm technology from Paper or Papyrus

the Mesopotamians.
➢​ Humans evolved from gatherers to farm ➢​ Egypt did not invent writing, but made it
cultivators. easier.
➢​ Farmers needed a tool to dig soil where ➢​ Before: Clay tablets – fragile, heavy, hard
seeds would be planted. to transport.
➢​ The plow was invented to dig the earth ➢​ Papyrus: A plant growing along the Nile
faster. River.
➢​ As the plow broke the ground, seeds were ➢​ Processed to produce thin, lightweight,
dropped—making farm work more efficient. less breakable sheets.
➢​ With the plow, farmers could cultivate ➢​ Allowed for:
larger areas quickly, allowing mass food ○​ Easier storage and transport.
production with less effort and time. ○​ Sending letters by birds.
○​ Better record-keeping.
Roads ○​ Helped protect important records
from raiders.
➢​ To facilitate faster and easier travel, the
Sumerians developed the first roads. Ink
➢​ This made the flow of traffic faster and
more organized. ➢​ Engraving ended when papyrus was
➢​ Roads were made using the same invented.
sun-baked brick technology. ➢​ Egyptians invented ink by combining soot
with chemicals to produce inks of
different colors.
 ➢​ Ink had to: ➢​ Contributions extend beyond coliseums
○​ Resist natural elements. and the Olympics, especially in science
○​ Be tamper-proof to protect laws and and technology.
records.
Alarm Clock
Hieroglyphics
➢​ One of the most used gadgets today,
➢​ A writing system using symbols, like the originally invented by the ancient Greeks.
Sumerians’ cuneiform. ➢​ Ancient versions did not look like modern
➢​ Possibly inspired by Mesopotamian alarm clocks, but served the same
writing, due to trade. purpose—to tell someone when to start or
➢​ Egyptians believed gods gave it to them. stop.
➢​ Found on pyramid walls and other ➢​ They used large, complex mechanisms
structures. involving:
➢​ Helped modern historians understand ○​ Water, stones, or sand that
Egyptian history and culture. dropped into drums to sound the
➢​ Well-preserved, still famous today. alarm.
➢​ Plato was believed to have used an alarm
Cosmetics clock to signal the start of his lectures.
➢​ Plato’s version:
➢​ Invented for health and beauty. ○​ Used four vertically arranged
➢​ Egyptians used kohl around the eyes to water vessels.
prevent or cure eye diseases. ○​ Top vessel dropped water to the
➢​ Made by mixing soot/malachite with next one in a timed manner.
mineral galena. ○​ When the middle vessel filled,
➢​ Believed makeup protected from evil and water was siphoned rapidly into the
symbolized holiness. third vessel, forcing air out,
➢​ Today’s multibillion-dollar cosmetic creating a whistling noise.
industry has roots in ancient Egypt. ○​ This vessel then emptied into the
bottom vessel for storage and
Wig
reuse.
➢​ Another cosmetic invention.
Water Mill
➢​ Today: Wigs are for appearance
enhancement. ➢​ A key Greek invention used in agriculture,
➢​ In ancient Egypt: especially for milling grains.
○​ Wigs protected shaved heads of the ➢​ Allowed mass production of rice, cereals,
wealthy from sun exposure. flour, etc.
○​ Allowed heat to escape better than ➢​ More efficient than animal-powered mills:
scarves. ○​ Required less effort and time.
○​ Considered cleaner than natural ○​ No need to raise animals.
hair. ➢​ Operated using flowing water from rivers.
○​ Helped prevent lice infestation. ➢​ Used a large wheel with small “buckets”
to harness water power.
Water Clock / Clepsydra
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
➢​ Used gravity to measure time via water
flow between vessels. The Roman Empire was seen as the strongest
➢​ Time was measured by: political and social entity in the west.
○​ Amount or height of water left.
➢​ A popular timekeeping device in ancient ➢​ It was the cradle of politics and
Egypt. governance.
➢​ Other civilizations looked up to Rome as a
GREEK CIVILIZATION model of legislation and codified laws.
➢​ Aside from politics, the Romans made many
Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern
contributions to science, technology, and
part of Europe.
daily life.
➢​ Known as the birthplace of Western
Newspaper (Gazette)
philosophy.
➢​ Major achievements include in-depth ➢​ One of the major Roman contributions is
works in philosophy and mathematics. the newspaper.
➢​ First newspapers were called gazettes.
 ➢​ These were engraved in metal or stone ➢​ Not much was written about ancient China
tablets and publicly displayed. due to its distance from other
➢​ After the invention of paper, publishing civilizations.
became easier. ➢​ Despite being less discussed, China made
➢​ Minutes of Roman senate proceedings were significant contributions to the world.
recorded in shorthand, edited, and
published on the same day. Silk
➢​ Romans enjoyed access to government
info, similar to modern newspapers. ➢​ One of the things that connected China to
the world.
Bound Books / Codex ➢​ Though silk is made by silkworms, the
Chinese developed the technology to:
➢​ With paper, writing and record-keeping ○​ Harvest silk
became easier. ○​ Process it into paper and clothing
➢​ Julius Caesar began the tradition of ➢​ Silk became a valuable trade product.
stacking papyrus to form pages. ➢​ The silk trade:
➢​ Early book covers were made of wax, later ○​ Opened China to the outside world
replaced by animal skin for durability. ○​ Enabled cultural, economic, and
➢​ This led to the first bound books called scientific exchanges
codex. ○​ Bridged the East and West
➢​ Literature evolved from clay tablets to
papyrus-bound books. Tea Production

Roman Architecture ➢​ Tea = hot/boiling water poured over dried

shredded tea leaves.
➢​ Roman architecture continued Greek ➢​ Believed to be first drunk by a Chinese
architectural styles, but improved them emperor.
with new technology. ➢​ A Chinese inventor developed a machine
➢​ Known for stronger, more durable to shred tea leaves:
structures. ○​ Wheel-based mechanism
➢​ The government supported and funded ○​ Sharp edges attached to a wooden
engineering and architectural projects. or ceramic pot
➢​ Major Roman structures include: ➢​ Allowed for increased production of tea.
○​ Churches (cathedrals, basilicas) ➢​ Made China famous for tea exports,
○​ Aqueducts along with silk.
○​ Coliseums ➢​ Resulted in tea becoming one of the most
○​ Amphitheaters popular beverages in the world.
○​ Residential houses
➢​ Many structures still stand today, Great Wall of China
showcasing Roman engineering
excellence. ➢​ Once believed to be the only man-made
structure visible from outer space.
Roman Numerals ➢​ One of the largest and most extensive
infrastructures in history.
➢​ Earlier number systems couldn’t keep up ➢​ Built to:
with increasing communication and trade ○​ Keep out foreign invaders
needs. ○​ Control China’s borders
➢​ Romans created their own number system ➢​ Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and
to: more.
○​ Address standardized counting ➢​ Showcased advanced Chinese
○​ Support empire expansion and engineering.
trade ➢​ Said to have literally divided China from
➢​ Though not widely used today due to the rest of the world.
limitations, Roman numerals are still used ➢​ A source of national pride and crowning
for their aesthetic and historical value. glory.
➢​ Today: still a world attraction due to
CHINESE CIVILIZATION historical and architectural significance.

Considered the oldest civilization in Asia, Gunpowder

possibly the world.
➢​ Invented accidentally by Chinese
➢​ Also known as the Middle Kingdom. alchemists trying to achieve immortality.
➢​ Located in the Far East of Asia.
➢​ Famous for its silk trade.
 ➢​ Ingredients: charcoal, sulfur, and ➢​ Allowed people to see organisms invisible
potassium nitrate. to the naked eye.
○​ Result: black powder that ➢​ Key in discovering ways to prevent and
generates heat and gas instantly. cure diseases. (Davidson, 2015)
➢​ Ironically:
○​ Intended to prolong life, but used in Telescope
weapons.
○​ Propels bullets and cannons, ➢​ Middle Ages = Age of Exploration.
causing countless deaths. ➢​ Navigators needed to see far across vast
➢​ Used in: oceans.
○​ Warfare (raiders, invasions) ➢​ The telescope helped observe remote
○​ Fireworks for important Chinese objects.
celebrations ➢​ Greatly helped sea navigation and
avoiding danger.
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES ➢​ Other nautical inventions:
○​ Compass
Start of the Middle Ages was marked by massive ○​ Oars
invasions and migrations. ○​ Rudders (Helden, 1989)

➢​ Wars were prevalent during this time. War Weapons

➢​ Technological advancements were needed
in: ➢​ Since wars were common, weapon
○​ Weaponry technology advanced greatly.
○​ Navigation ➢​ Weapons were used for both:
○​ Mass food and farm production ○​ Offense (attacking)
○​ Health ○​ Defense (protection)
➢​ Wars led to population decline, but later ➢​ Long-range battle weapons:
on, there was a significant rise in ○​ Crossbows
population. ○​ Longbows (allowed attacking while
➢​ Increased trade and commerce required behind walls or fortresses)
improved transportation technologies. ➢​ Close-range combat:
➢​ Many innovative minds emerged during ○​ Iron body armors protected
this period. soldiers but were heavy and
restricted movement.
Printing Press ○​ Later replaced/improved with
chainmail, which was lighter and
➢​ After the Chinese invented woodblock more flexible.
printing, Johann Gutenberg developed
the printing press. MODERN TIMES
➢​ Used:
○​ Wooden machines (originally for From the 19th century onward, booming world
extracting juice) population increased demand for:
○​ Cast metal type for letters
○​ Pressed into paper to produce exact ➢​ Faster production of goods
impressions ➢​ Efficient transportation for trade and
➢​ Became a mechanical printing press later distance
used worldwide. ➢​ Upgraded machines (no longer
➢​ Purpose: To publish books and spread animal-powered)
information faster. ➢​ Better communication and computation
➢​ Made books accessible even to people who ➢​ Result: Rise of industries and massive
could not write. (Streissguth, 1997) industrialization
➢​ New problems emerged:
Microscope ○​ Issues in food processing and
medicine
➢​ Invented during a time of massive ○​ Health became a major concern
migration and urbanization.
➢​ Crowded and polluted cities caused many Pasteurization
people to get sick.
➢​ To create proper medicines, experts ➢​ As production improved, food safety
needed to study illnesses closely. became an issue.
➢​ Inspired by eyeglasses, Zacharias ➢​ Dairy products like milk spoiled quickly and
Janssen developed the first compound caused illnesses (diphtheria, food
microscope. poisoning, typhoid).
 ➢​ Transporting milk over distances was risky ➢​ Most inventions are:
due to spoilage. ○​ Built from indigenous materials
➢​ Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, invented ○​ Created to adapt to tropical
pasteurization: conditions and natural disasters
○​ Heating dairy to kill harmful
bacteria Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
○​ Allowed longer storage and safer
consumption ➢​ Filipinos often modify transport for more
➢​ Other contributions by Pasteur: utility (e.g., jeepneys, tricycles).
○​ Molecular asymmetry ➢​ Problem: Tricycles struggle during floods.
○​ Fermentation ➢​ Solution: Victor Llave and H2O
○​ Vaccination (Macalester College, Technologies invented the Salamander:
2010) ○​ An amphibious tricycle that can
traverse flooded streets, rivers,
Petroleum Refinery lakes
○​ Can even travel island to island
➢​ Need for better energy sources for homes ○​ Useful due to the archipelagic
and transport. nature of the Philippines
➢​ People initially used animal oils for
lighting, but it wasn’t enough. SALt Lamp
➢​ Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by
refining petroleum. ➢​ Many rural areas lack electricity, making
➢​ Kerosene = “illuminating oil” used for: nighttime dangerous.
○​ Lighting homes ➢​ Traditional light sources (candles, kerosene)
○​ Later, heating purposes are fire hazards.
➢​ Led to the rise of the petroleum refinery ➢​ Solar panels and batteries are often too
industry expensive.
➢​ Today, petroleum powers: ➢​ Aisa Mijeno, a young Filipina inventor,
○​ Automobiles created the SALt (Sustainable Alternative
○​ Factories Lighting) lamp:
○​ Power plants (Skrabec, 2010) ○​ Runs on saltwater
○​ Safe: no fire risk, no toxic emissions
Telephone ➢​ Great for:
○​ Coastal areas
➢​ As trade and exploration expanded, ○​ Remote barrios (can mix 2 tbsp of
real-time communication became salt + 1 glass of tap water)
necessary.
➢​ Governments needed fast communication Medical Incubator
to manage states and make daily decisions.
➢​ Alexander Graham Bell developed the ➢​ High newborn mortality in rural Philippines
telephone. due to lack of incubators.
➢​ One of the most important inventions of the ➢​ Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician
time for instant communication. and first Asian woman at Harvard Medical
School, invented a non-electric incubator:
Calculator ○​ Made from native laundry baskets
○​ Uses hot water bottles for warmth
➢​ Earlier calculators existed, but modern ○​ Has a makeshift hood for oxygen
times demanded: flow
○​ Faster computation of complex ○​ Helped care for pre-term babies
equations ➢​ Other contributions by Dr. del Mundo:
○​ Portable devices for daily use ○​ Immunization efforts
➢​ Modern calculators made: ○​ Treatment for jaundice
○​ Arithmetic easier ○​ BRAT diet for diarrhea
○​ Possible the development of
complex machines like the Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal (OL) Trap System
computer
➢​ Dengue (mosquito -borne viral illness) is
PHILIPPINE INTERVENTION common in tropical regions like the
Philippines.
The Philippines, though a developing country, ➢​ Aedes aegypti spreads the virus, especially
contributes to global science and technology. in rainy season.
➢​ Insecticides were once used, but:
➢​ Filipino ingenuity shines despite limited ○​ Mosquitoes became resistant
resources.
 ○​ Insecticides are harmful to people ○​ It supported religious beliefs,
and the environment which taught that Earth was the
➢​ In 2010, Department of Science and most important creation.
Technology-Industrial Technology
Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) The Heliocentric Model: Copernicus’ Idea
invented the Mosquito
Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System (OL ➢​ In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus,
Trap): a Polish mathematician and astronomer,
○​ Made of natural ingredients introduced a new theory:
○​ Kills mosquito eggs/larvae ➢​ The Sun, not Earth, is at the center of the
○​ Safe for humans and the Solar System.
environment ➢​ Earth and other planets revolve around the
Sun.
eJeepney (Electric Jeepney) ➢​ This is called the Heliocentric Model.
➢​ People rejected this idea at first:
➢​ The jeepney, a symbol of Filipino ○​ It challenged religious teachings
transportation, evolved from U.S. military and long-held beliefs.
jeeps post-WWII. ○​ Copernicus was labeled a heretic by
➢​ Modified to carry more passengers. religious authorities.
➢​ However, traditional jeepneys: ➢​ Over time:
○​ Use diesel, emitting black smoke ○​ Scientists realized the heliocentric
○​ Cause noise pollution model explained planetary
➢​ The eJeepney was developed as a cleaner, movements better.
quieter option: ○​ It marked the beginning of modern
○​ Runs on electricity astronomy.
○​ Environment-friendly ○​ It sparked the Scientific
○​ Does not emit smoke or noise Revolution, which transformed how
people understood the universe.
Chapter II: Intellectual Revolution
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
➢​ Science and technology not only respond to
human needs but also change human Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
beliefs, values, and worldviews.
➢​ These big changes in thinking are called ➢​ In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English
Intellectual Revolutions. naturalist, geologist, and biologist, published
➢​ These revolutions transformed how “On the Origin of Species.”
people saw the universe, life, and even ➢​ He introduced the Theory of Evolution by
themselves. Natural Selection:
➢​ This chapter shows the strong interaction ○​ Organisms evolve or change
between science, technology, and society. gradually over time.
○​ Species pass on traits that help
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION them survive and adapt to the
environment.
Early Beliefs: Geocentrism ○​ Those best suited to survive
reproduce, while others die out.
➢​ Ancient people questioned what caused ○​ This process is called natural
day and night, and what the stars and selection or “survival of the
planets were. fittest.”
➢​ The invention of the telescope by Galileo
Galilei gave people a better look at space. Controversy and Impact
➢​ Many Greek philosophers believed the
heavens moved in perfect circles. ➢​ Darwin’s theory contradicted the Bible,
➢​ Claudius Ptolemy, a famous philosopher which says that God created all life forms.
and astronomer, proposed the Geocentric ➢​ Most people at that time believed in divine
Model: creation, so Darwin’s idea was rejected
○​ Earth is at the center of the and debated.
universe. ➢​ It created a massive divide between
○​ Sun, moon, stars, and planets science and religion.
revolve around the Earth in circular ➢​ Over time, many realized that science and
orbits. religion can coexist.
○​ This model explained day and night ➢​ Darwin’s theory changed how humans
and was widely accepted. viewed life, nature, and their place in the
world.
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION ○​ Early Filipino settlers were already
using certain plants and herbs as
Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis medicines.
○​ Systems of farming and
➢​ Before Freud, psychology was part of animal-raising were implemented.
philosophy, not science. ○​ Early Filipinos had developed
➢​ In the late 1800s, Sigmund Freud, an different modes of transportation,
Austrian neurologist, changed this. both terrestrial and maritime.
➢​ He developed Psychoanalysis, a theory
and method to understand human behavior. Cordillera Rice Terraces: An Engineering Feat

Freud’s Key Ideas: ➢​ A complicated engineering feat was

achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras.
➢​ Behavior is influenced by both conscious ➢​ They built rice terraces by hand.
and unconscious thoughts. ➢​ These terraces allowed people to:
➢​ The mind has three parts: ○​ Cultivate crops on the
○​ Id – Instincts and desires mountainsides in cold
(pleasure-driven) temperatures.
○​ Ego (balance) – Reality and reason ○​ Use an irrigation system that
○​ Superego – Morals and social rules draws water from the forests and
➢​ These parts influence personality and mountain tops.
decision-making. ○​ Achieve an elaborate farming
➢​ He believed childhood experiences and system.
dreams affect adult behavior. ➢​ The rice terraces of the Cordilleras are:
➢​ Freud also used psychoanalysis to treat ○​ Still functional today.
mental disorders, like anxiety and ○​ A testament to the innovative and
depression. ingenious survival methods of the
natives in an otherwise unfriendly
Controversy and Legacy
environment.
➢​ Many scientists rejected Freud’s theory
Colonial Period
because:
○​ It had no concrete scientific Spanish Period
evidence.
○​ It seemed too philosophical or ➢​ Colonization by the Spaniards provided the
supernatural. Philippines with modern means of
➢​ Still, Freud refined his theory, and his construction.
ideas gained popularity. ➢​ They built:
➢​ Eventually, psychology became accepted ○​ Walls
as a science. ○​ Roads
➢​ Freud’s work helped people understand that ○​ Bridges
behavior can be studied and treated ○​ Other large infrastructures
scientifically. ➢​ Used engineering skills and tools brought
by the Spaniards.
Chapter III: Science, Technology, and ➢​ The Spanish government developed:
Nation-building ○​ Health systems
○​ Education systems
The development of science and technology in the
○​ These were primarily enjoyed by the
Philippines has already come a long way.
principalia class (wealthy elites).
Many significant inventions and discoveries have
American Period
been accomplished by or attributed to Filipinos.
➢​ The American occupation modernized
This chapter tackles how science and technology
almost all aspects of life in the Philippines.
shaped the development of the Philippines as a
➢​ They established the Bureau of Science, a
nation.
government agency created for the sole
Pre-Colonial Period purpose of nurturing development in the
field of science and technology.
➢​ Scientific and technological development in
the Philippines began in the pre-colonial Post-Colonial Period
period.
➢​ After gaining independence, the Philippines
➢​ Even before the Spaniards came:
continued to pursue science and
 technology programs under different
administrations.
➢​ Each leadership had its own science and
technology agenda.
➢​ Note: Some presidents achieved more
development in this field than others.

Ferdinand Marcos (President & Dictator)

➢​ Ushered in advancements in science and

technology.
➢​ Established and strengthened several
science and tech agencies, including:
○​ Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration
(PAGASA) — replaced the
abolished Weather Bureau.
○​ National Academy of Science and
Technology (NAST)
○​ Reconstituted National Science
and Technology Authority:
■​ Originally established in 1958
as the National Science and
Development Board
■​ Now called the Department
of Science and Technology
(DOST)
➢​ Marcos believed that nation-building
depends on the continued development
of science and technology.

After Marcos

➢​ The progress in science and technology

continued even after Marcos’s rule.
➢​ Successive presidents left their own
legacies in the field of science and
technology.