2

world map showing the location of Senegal

Tropic of
Senegal Cancer

Equator

Tropic of
Capricorn

map of Senegal

N
North
Atlantic
Ocean
B
A
SENEGAL
Dakar
Key
capital city
THE Ga
GAMBIA river
m
bia

riv e r international boundary

0 100 A mine
km B proposed new mine

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Area of Senegal: 196 722 km2

Population of Senegal: 15.9 million (in 2018)

Children per woman: 4.28

Life expectancy: 62.1 years

Currency: 617 XOF = 1 USD

Languages: French, local languages

Climate of Senegal: tropical in the south, drier in the north, rainy season May to November

Terrain of Senegal: low rolling plains, hills in the south east

Main economic activities: agricultural production, fishing, phosphate mining, oil refining, gold mining

Senegal is a less economically developed country (LEDC) with a rapidly increasing population. 60%
of the population is under the age of 25. The government are investing in infrastructure projects and
encouraging export businesses. Unemployment remains widespread.

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1 (a) (i) In Senegal, 75% of the population are involved in agriculture.

Calculate the number of people in Senegal involved in agriculture in 2018.

.......................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe the shape of the population pyramid for Senegal.

You can sketch a population pyramid to help your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) Cotton and peanuts are two important cash crops that account for more than 70% of the
agricultural production of Senegal.

(i) State the meaning of the term cash crop.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest one benefit and one disadvantage of growing cash crops.

benefit ...............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

disadvantage .....................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(c) The photograph shows some young mango trees with mango fruits growing on a small farm.

mango
fruit

dead
leaves

The farmers do not remove the dead leaves under the mango trees.

Suggest reasons why the farmers do not remove the dead leaves.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(d) The fact sheet shows some information about mango fruits.

Mango fruit fact sheet

• Mango fruits are an important part of the diet in Senegal

• 230 000 mango trees are grown on 2500 small farms

• mango trees can be attacked by fungi and insects

• mango fruits are harvested between April and September

• the best quality mango fruits are exported from Senegal in July and August

• it is only possible to export mango fruits if they are grown 50 km or less

from the capital city, Dakar.

(i) Calculate the average number of mango trees on a small farm.

.......................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest reasons why mango fruits for export are only supplied from farms 50 km or less
from the capital city.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(iii) A local farmer said,

In September, so many mango fruits reach local

markets they cannot all be sold. We leave many
mango fruits on the trees and let them rot.

The price of mango fruits changes in local markets between August and September.

Suggest how the price changes and give one reason for your answer.

price change ......................................................................................................................

reason ...............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(e) A student visited one small farm growing mango fruits for export.

The student selected a box of these mango fruits.

Five mango fruits were selected and weighed.

The table shows the results.

mass
mango fruit
/g

A 485

B 522

C 546

D 510

E 543

total mass
..............................

average mass
..............................

Complete the table by calculating the total mass and average mass of the five mango fruits.
[2]

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(f) The student talked to some farmers.

One farmer said,

I only pick large mango fruits with perfect skins

for export. Each fruit is packed in a plastic net
and then into a box. If they do not arrive at
Dakar in good condition I do not get paid.

Another farmer said,

Mango trees grow well in the soil here.

Unfortunately, I can only sell some of the
mango fruits in local markets. Many fruits
are wasted each year.

The student decided to use a questionnaire to find out more about mango farming.

The student sent the questionnaire to ten mango farms.

The farms were selected as shown on the diagram.

The diagram shows five of the farms selected by the student.

DAKAR

0 10 Key
km mango farm

(i) Name the type of sampling shown in the diagram.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete the diagram to show the location of the other five farms sampled. [2]

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(iii) The student prepared the questionnaire shown.

farm .............................................................

question answer

How many mango trees do you have?

How many kg of mango fruits do you

export?
How many kg of mango fruits do you sell in
local markets?

How many kg of mango fruits are wasted?

....................................................................

....................................................................

....................................................................

Complete the questionnaire with one other question the student could have asked
about mango farming. [1]

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(g) The results from the questionnaire are shown in the tables.

Results from five farms 50 km or less from Dakar.

farm
question average
A B C D E
How many mango trees do you
80 75 90 100 95 88
have?
How many kg of mango fruits do
100 120 200 140 80 128
you export?
How many kg of mango fruits do
350 390 400 430 340 382
you sell in local markets?
How many kg of mango fruits are
110 130 290 150 90 154
wasted?

Results from five farms more than 50 km from Dakar.

farm
question average
F G H J K
How many mango trees do you
84 79 90 110 92 91
have?
How many kg of mango fruits do
0 0 0 0 0 0
you export?
How many kg of mango fruits do
450 420 400 440 340 410
you sell in local markets?
How many kg of mango fruits are
220 260 3000 310 220 253
wasted?

(i) The student was concerned that one of the results from a farm more than 50 km from
Dakar might be anomalous.

Circle this anomalous result in the table. Give a reason for your choice.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(ii) What could the student conclude from the results of the questionnaire?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(h) The government of Senegal plans to improve roads up to 150 km from Dakar by 2022.

(i) Suggest how this could benefit farmers and the government.

benefit to farmers ..............................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

benefit to the government .................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) One farmer said,

I can export mango fruits, so I can

earn 1500 USD a year. This allows
me to support my large family.

Suggest two ways the farmer can spend money to support their family.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(iii) One mango farm more than 50 km from Dakar has now planted cashew nut trees and is
keeping bees to give a harvest of honey.

Suggest why the farm did this.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) The mango farm also decides to grow a cereal crop and keep chickens.

Suggest how this farm is practising a sustainable form of agriculture.

...........................................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(v) Many people do not have access to a reliable source of food.

Explain why this is a problem.

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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 37]

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2 The geology of Senegal is mostly sedimentary rocks. These include large deposits of phosphate
rock.

(a) Describe the formation of sedimentary rock.

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

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(b) The drawing shows phosphate rock being mined in Senegal.

Phosphate rock is a valuable export.

rocks

water mining machinery

(i) Name the type of mining shown in the drawing.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe the environmental damage that can be caused by this type of mining.

...........................................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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BLANK PAGE

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(c) The phosphate rock can be exported or it can be processed into phosphoric acid and then
exported.

The table shows the world price of phosphate rock from January 2012 to January 2018.

price
year
/ USD per tonne
2012 200
2013 190
2014 110
2015 125
2016 135
2017 105
2018 85

(i) Plot the information in the table as a line graph.

[4]

(ii) Describe the trend shown by the graph.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(d) Phosphoric acid is used to make fertiliser.

The table shows the price of phosphoric acid from four suppliers in other countries.

price
supplier
/ USD per tonne
P 650
Q 850
R 1000
S 900
average 850

(i) State the least expensive supplier.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest reasons why the government wants more phosphoric acid to be made from
phosphate rock in Senegal.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) Suggest one way the government could encourage the production of phosphoric acid in
Senegal.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(iv) Intensive agriculture uses large quantities of fertiliser on many different crops. Some of
the fertiliser is not absorbed by the crops.

Describe the environmental damage caused when fertilisers are overused.

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..................................................................................................................................... [5]

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(e) Most small farms in Senegal do not use fertilisers to grow crops. Instead, they use manure
and crop wastes.

Farmers near the mine mix some phosphate rock with manure to increase crop growth.

(i) Suggest one reason why mixing phosphate rock with manure is unlikely to cause any
environmental damage.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe how a mine can be managed after rock extraction comes to an end.

...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [4]

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(f) There are very large phosphate rock reserves in the east of Senegal.

Senegal may have up to 1000 million tonnes of phosphate rock if all these reserves are
extracted.

The map shows the location of a phosphate rock mine, A, and a proposed new mine, B.

N
North
Atlantic
Ocean
B
A
SENEGAL
Dakar
Key
capital city
THE Ga
GAMBIA river
m
bia

riv e r international boundary

0 100 A mine
km B proposed new mine

(i) Estimate the distance between Dakar and mine A and between Dakar and proposed
new mine B.

distance between Dakar and mine A ......................................................... km

distance between Dakar and proposed new mine B ......................................................... km

[2]

(ii) Mining at the proposed new mine B will not start until mine A has run out of phosphate
rock.

Suggest reasons why.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(g) The government of Senegal has sold oil and gas exploration rights to several foreign
companies.

The map shows the location of two new discoveries of offshore oil and natural gas.

N
North
Atlantic
Ocean

Dakar SENEGAL

discovery 1 Key
discovery 2 capital city
THE river
GAMBIA
international boundary
0 100 offshore oil and natural
km gas discovery

Oil and natural gas production is due to start in 2021.

(i) Suggest reasons why some people are worried that these discoveries may not benefit
the people of Senegal and could damage the economy.

...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Describe the environmental impacts of oil pollution on marine and coastal ecosystems.

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(iii) Describe strategies for minimising the impacts of oil spills.

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Describe the formation of oil.

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 43]

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