Scribd
Upload
41 views2 pages

Unit 1 Cryptography Notes

Cryptography is the science of securing information through transformation into unreadable formats, focusing on confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation. It includes historical methods like the Caesar and Vigenère ciphers, modern algorithms such as AES and RSA, and emerging fields like quantum cryptography. Real-world applications encompass HTTPS, email security, and blockchain technology.

Uploaded by

ind.maverick18
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views2 pages

Unit 1 Cryptography Notes

Cryptography is the science of securing information through transformation into unreadable formats, focusing on confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation. It includes historical methods like the Caesar and Vigenère ciphers, modern algorithms such as AES and RSA, and emerging fields like quantum cryptography. Real-world applications encompass HTTPS, email security, and blockchain technology.

Uploaded by

ind.maverick18
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Unit-1: Cryptography

Introduction to Cryptography

Cryptography is the science of securing information by transforming it into an unreadable format, only reversible by
authorized parties. Its goals include confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation (CIA-N).

Terminologies:
- Plaintext: Original readable message
- Ciphertext: Encrypted message
- Encryption: Converting plaintext into ciphertext
- Decryption: Reversing ciphertext into plaintext
- Key: A secret string used in encryption/decryption
- Cipher: The encryption/decryption algorithm

Historical Perspective

- Caesar Cipher: Shift letters by fixed number (e.g., +3: A -> D)


- Vigenère Cipher: Polyalphabetic cipher using a keyword
- Enigma Machine: WWII electromechanical encryption device
- Modern Ciphers: Use mathematical algorithms (e.g., AES, RSA)

Cryptography Algorithms

Hashing Functions:
- One-way functions mapping data to a fixed size value
- Properties: Irreversible, Deterministic, Collision-resistant
- Algorithms: MD5 (128-bit), SHA-1 (160-bit), SHA-256, SHA-3

Symmetric Encryption:
- Same key for encryption/decryption
- Examples: DES, 3DES, AES, RC4
- AES uses SubBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns, AddRoundKey

Asymmetric Encryption:
- Uses public/private key pairs
- Examples: RSA, ECC, ElGamal
- RSA: Based on prime factorization, includes key generation and modular exponentiation
Unit-1: Cryptography

Quantum Cryptography:
- Based on quantum mechanics (e.g., BB84 protocol)
- Measures disturb quantum data-detecting eavesdropping

Cryptography in Practice

Real-World Applications:
- HTTPS uses SSL/TLS with RSA, AES, and SHA
- Email security via PGP
- Passwords stored with hashing (e.g., SHA-256)
- Blockchain uses hashing and digital signatures
- Messaging apps (e.g., Signal) use AES and HMAC

Cryptography Algorithm Uses

- AES: Encrypts data in VPNs, Wi-Fi, HTTPS


- RSA: Digital signatures, secure key exchange
- SHA-256: Blockchain, password security
- ECC: Mobile devices, smart cards
- Quantum: Experimental secure key sharing

Summary Table

| Type | Examples | Key Feature | Speed | Security |


|-------------|---------------|--------------------------|-----------|---------------|
| Hashing | SHA-256, SHA-3| One-way data integrity | Fast | Very Secure |
| Symmetric | AES, DES | Same key encryption | Very Fast | Medium-High |
| Asymmetric | RSA, ECC | Key pair usage | Slower | High |
| Quantum | BB84 | Quantum security | Exp | Ultra Secure |

You might also like