Overview:
Fasteners used to repair a truss typically include various types of connectors
and hardware to ensure the structural integrity of the repair. Common
fasteners include:
1. Nails:
Types of Nails: Common wire, ring shank, box, sinker.
Nail Sizes: Nails are sized by length and diameter. The length is
measured in inches and is traditionally referred to as "penny" size
(denoted by 'd'). For example, a "10d" nail is 3 inches long, and a "16d"
nail is 3.5 inches long.
Penetration length: According to section [Link] of the 2018 National
Design Specification (NDS), the minimum penetration depth (pmin) for
nails or spikes, including the length of the tapered tip, must be six
times the nail diameter (6D). This requirement applies to the portion of
the nail penetrating the main member in single shear connections and
the side members in double shear connections.
Exception: For symmetric double shear connections using nails
0.148 inches in diameter or smaller, the minimum penetration
depth (pmin) can be less than 6 times the nail diameter (6D).
This exception applies when the nails extend at least three
diameters beyond the side member, are clinched, and the side
members are at least 3/8 inches thick.
2. Screws: Provide stronger connections than nails and are commonly used
for added security.
Types of Screws: Wood screws, lag screws, etc.
Screw sizes: Screws are measured by length and diameter. The size
can be indicated by gauge (e.g., #6, #8, #10) and length in inches. For
example, SD #9 x 1-1/2", SDS25300 (0.25" x 3.0"), SDW22300 (0.22" x
3.0").
Penetration length:
According to section [Link] in NDS 2018, the minimum length
of wood screw penetration, pmin, including the length of the
tapered tip where part of the penetration into the main member
for single shear connections and the side members for double
shear connections shall be 6D.
According to section [Link] in NDS 2018, the minimum length
of lag screw penetration, pmin, not including the length of the
tapered tip, E, of the lag screw into the main member of single
shear connections and the side members of double shear
connections shall be 4D.
Edge distances, end distances, and fastener spacing requirements:
The National Design Specification (NDS) provides standardized edge, end,
and spacing requirements for dowel-type fasteners in Tables 12.5.1A to
12.5.1F. These requirements are consistent across all dowel diameters.
For dowels smaller than ¼ inch, specific guidelines are not explicitly outlined
in these tables, designers can find helpful recommendations in the NDS
commentary. Table C12.1.6.6 offers guidance on nail placement, and Table
C12.1.5.7 provides recommendations for wood screw placement.
It's important to remember that the spacing effectiveness between fasteners
within a row is significantly influenced by the wood species, its moisture
content, and the grain orientation.
Adjustment factors and design values:
1. Adjustment factors: Regarding NDS 2018, the adjusted lateral design
values of the fastener will be specified by multiplying the tabulated design
values with the adjustment factors as in the table below. Refer to section
11.3 in NDS 2018 for more information about the reduction factors. The
actual load applied to a connection will not exceed the adjusted design
values of that connection.
2. Design values: Fastener design values are typically sourced from the
National Design Specification (NDS) or provided by the manufacturer.
For nails: Refer to Tables 12N to 12R in the 2018 NDS for design
values.
For lag screws: Design values are found in Tables 12J to 12K of the
2018 NDS.
For wood screws: Use Tables 12L to 12M in the 2018 NDS to
determine design values.
Alternatively, you can manually calculate fastener design values for specific
applications. Factors influencing these calculations include the fastener
diameter, the specific gravity of the wood members, and the penetration
depth. Formulas for these calculations are available in ICC-ES Evaluation
Report ESR-1539 (page 25) or in Tables 12.3.1A and 12.3.1B
The listed web apps and tools can be used to generate or search for the
lateral design values of fasteners.
The Simpson Fastener
Designer: [Link]
_ga=2.147446320.641172301.1729706858-591792865.1718890210
The AWC Connection
Calculator: [Link]
Fastening Systems Technical
Guide: [Link]
[Link]?[Link]=trueConnection Calculator
