STATISTICS refers to a “SCIENCE OF COLLECTING STUDIES” to analyze and draw conclusions.
TWO AREAS OF STATISTICS
A. DESCRIPTIVE -
Uses Statistical methods
Summarizes data.
B. INFERENTIAL(TBD 4TH QUARTER)- Generalizes results from data
Tests statistical Hypothesis
Estimation of population parameters
POPULATION VS SAMPLE
UNIVERSE - Set of all entities under study.
Ex. University of the East
POPULATION - Set of all possible values of the variable.
Ex. SHS Educations
SAMPLE - Subset of a population.
Ex. STEM STRAND
VARIABLES - Anything that has a quality or quantity.
TERMS USED IN STATISTICS
PARAMETER - Value describing the characteristics of the population
STATISTICS - Describes the value of a sample
TYPES OF VARIABLES
QUALITATIVE V. - Categorical (No numerical Data)
QUANTITATIVE V. - Numerical (Answers the question, How much? How many?).
● Discrete - Variables can be counted.
● Continuous - Variables are measured.
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
PRIMARY DATA - First hand data (Raw data).
SECONDARY DATA - Collected data (Reused data).
MEASUREMENT - Determining the value of a variable
● Nominal - Class of a unit (qualitative). Ex. Color of eyes
● Ordinal - Rank of unit in order of value. Ex. With Latin Honors
● Interval - It possesses the properties of the nominal and ordinal. Equal Intervals (No fixed zeroes)
Ex. Degrees of Temperature
● Ratio - It tells one unit has so many
times as much of the property as does
another unit. Possess absolute value (Fixed Zero)
Ex. No. of children or siblings
COLLECTION OF DATA
SOURCES OF DATA:
PRIMARY - Raw Data or Data taken from where they arise.
SECONDARY - Data or information that is collected by others to be “re-used” by the researcher.
DIRECT METHOD (Interview) - Inspected or measured.
INDIRECT METHOD (Inquiry) - Uses questionnaires.
REGISTRATION - Recording Purpose.
OBSERVATION - Investigation that uses all senses.
EXPERIMENTATION - Finding the cause and effect of a certain phenomenon.
ORGANIZATION OF DATA:
RAW DATA - Original form of data.
ARRAY - Ordered arrangement of data.
FREQUENCY - Summary of data by numbers.
PRESENTATION OF DATA
TEXTUAL - Enumeration of the important figures
TABULAR - Tables
● Table Heading - NO. and TITLE
● Column Header - Data for each column
● Row Classifier - Classes or categories
● Body - Main Contents
● Source Note - Placed below the table only when the table collected is from the internet.
TABLE HEADING
COLUMN HEA DER
ROW CLASSIFIER BO DY
GRAPHICAL - Data provided in numerical figures or relationships among variables in pictorial form.
VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENTS
RANDOM VARIABLE (x) - is used to denote
the outcomes of a probability experiment
SAMPLE SPACES (S) -
PROBABILITY - P(X=x)
ⁿ⁽ˣ⁾ - no. of frequents ( same variable elements
₍ₛ₎ - total no. of outcomes
P(X=x) = ⁿ⁽ˣ⁾⁄ ₍ₛ₎
Possible out comes x frequency P(X=x)
Random Variable
(Head)
TTT 0 1 1/8
TTH,THT,HTT 1 3 3/8
THH,HTH,HHT 2 3 3/8
HHH 3 1 1/8
Σf=8 ΣP(X=x) = 1
the summation of ‘f’ is 1+3+3+1=8
equal to 8 8/8=1
MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
DESCRIPTIVE MEASURES:
ARITHMETIC MEAN - Sum of all values divided by the number of observations.
x̄ = Σx/n
MEDIAN - The value that divides the array into two equal parts.
12345
x̃ = 3
123456
x̃ = (3+4)/2 = 3.5
MODE - Observed value that occurs with the greatest frequency.
111234567778
X̂ = 1 and 7 (bimodal)
MEASURES OF DISPERSION:
RANGE - Distance between the maximum and minimum value.
R = MAX - MIN
VARIANCE - Average squared difference of each observation from the mean.
s² = Σ(x-x̄ )² /(n-1)
STANDARD DEVIATION - Positive square root of the variance.
s = √ (x-x̄ )² /(n-1)
CV - Ratio of the standard deviation.
CV = s/x * 100
Probability Distribution of tossing a coin thrice
Possible out comes x frequency P(X=x)
Random Variable
(Head)
TTT 0 1 1/8
TTH,THT,HTT 1 3 3/8
THH,HTH,HHT 2 3 3/8
HHH 3 1 1/8
Σf=8 ΣP(X=x) = 1
the summation of ‘f’ is 1+3+3+1=8
equal to 8 8/8=1
Probability Function of tossing a coin thrice
x f(x) (X,f(x))
Random Variable (Head) P(X=x) Probability Function
0 1/8 (0,⅛)
1 3/8 (1,⅜)
2 3/8 (2,⅜)
3 1/8 (3,⅛)
Σf(x) = 1
Mean of a Discrete Probability
Distribution in tossing a coin thrice
x P(X=x) X * P(X=x)
Random Variable f(x) Probability Function
(Head)
0 1/8 (0 * ⅛) 0
1 3/8 ( 1 * ⅜) ⅜
2 3/8 (2 * ⅜) 6/8
3 1/8 (3 * ⅛) 3/8
ΣP(X=x) = 1 Σ[X * P(X=x)] = 3/2
𝝁 = Σ[X * P(X=x)] = 𝟏. 𝟓
Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution
x (Head) P(X=x) X * P(X=x) (𝒙 − 𝜇)² (𝒙 − 𝜇)² *
f(x) Probability Function 𝑷(X= 𝒙)
0 1/8 (0 * ⅛) 0 (0−1.5)²= 2.25 2.25 ∗ ⅛ = 0.2812
1 3/8 ( 1 * ⅜) ⅜ (1−1.5)²= 0.25 0.25 ∗ ⅜ = 0.0937
2 3/8 (2 * ⅜) 6/8 (2−1.5)²= 0.25 0.25 ∗ ⅜ = 0.0937
3 1/8 (3 * ⅛) 3/8 (3−1.5)²= 2.25 2.25 ∗ ⅛ = 0.2812
ΣP(X=x) = 1 Σ[X * P(X=x)] = 3/2 Σ(𝒙 − 𝜇)²∗ 𝑃(𝑋=𝑥) = 0.75
or Standard Deviation = 0.866
𝝁 = 𝟏.5
OVERALL
Possible x frequency P(X=x) X * P(X=x) (𝒙 − 𝜇)² (𝒙 − 𝜇)² *
out comes Random f(x) Probability Function 𝑷(X= 𝒙)
Variable
(Head)
TTT 0 1 1/8 (0 * ⅛) 0 (0−1.5)²= 2.25 ∗ ⅛ =
2.25 0.2812
TTH,THT,H 1 3 3/8 ( 1 * ⅜) ⅜ (1−1.5)²= 0.25 0.25 ∗ ⅜ =
0.0937
TT
THH,HTH, 2 3 3/8 (2 * ⅜) 6/8 (2−1.5)²= 0.25 ∗ ⅜ =
0.0937
HHT 0.25
HHH 3 1 1/8 (3 * ⅛) 3/8 (3−1.5)²= 2.25 2.25 ∗ ⅛ =
0.2812
Σf=8 ΣP(X=x) = 1 Σ[X * P(X=x)] = 3/2 Σ(𝒙 − 𝜇)²∗ 𝑃(𝑋=𝑥) = 0.75
the or Standard Deviation = 0.866
summatio 𝝁 = 𝟏.5
n of ‘f’ is
equal to 8
