UNIT-I

INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Environment
 Environment is a comprehensive term meaning surroundings. It includes the gaseous
envelope surrounding earth, the Atmosphere, the mass of water above and below the
earth, the Hydrosphere, the land masses that support life, the Lithosphere, and the
whole plethora of microbes, plants, and animals, collectively referred as, Biosphere.
 “Environment is the sum of all substances and forces external to an organism which
determines its existence and regulate its processes”.
 The study of environment is important to Scientists, Engineers, Technologists, Managers
and Conservationist in affording solutions of interactions of human activity

The sphere of earth

Atmosphere
The atmosphere constitutes a gaseous envelope that surrounds the earth and held in place by the
forces of gravity. It is essential to life in terms of supplying oxygen for breathing and circulating
carbon-di-oxide. The composition of atmosphere is generally uniform upto an altitude of 80 km.
This portion of atmosphere is called Homosphere and is made up of 78.084% Nitrogen and
20.946% oxygen (by volume). The rest is made up of Hydrogen (0.5 ppm) and inert gases viz.

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Hydrosphere
The sum total of water bodies is termed Hydrosphere. Water is an essential element for all living
beings. The amount of water in living individuals vary between 70 – 80% by weight. Nature has
maintained the some ratio globally also. 71% of globe is covered by oceans which constitutes
nearly 97.2% of total water. Two percent water is locked in the icy sheets of Arctic and Antarctic
regions. The remaining ≈ 1.0% water represent the inland waters.

Lithosphere
The outermost layer of Earth’s surface is called crust. It ranges in thickness from about 6 km
beneath the oceans to as much as 75 km below the mountain ranges. This layer floats over a
dense material “mantle” beneath. The combination of crust and hard upper layer of mantle is
called Lithosphere. In general, land systems which supports biota and human life is referred as
Lithosphere. They comprise an ecosystem which is subjected to maximum onslaught by
anthropogenic activities.

Lithosphere is composed of four subsystems viz.

1. minerals
2. sedimentary strata
3. clays and
4. soils

Biosphere
1. Biosphere comprises a very large component of environment and includes a vast array of
living beings.
2. The biological spectrum is:
3. Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism → Population → Community

INTRODUCTION TO EIA

Definition of EIA

The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) has defined environmental
impact assessment as "the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the
biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major
decisions being taken and commitments made" Environmental Impact Assessment is a
stepwise process of identification, evaluation, monitoring and management of the potential
impacts of proposed projects on the environment of the local area. By doing so it provides
opportunities to minimize proposed environmental The main purpose of EIA is to provide

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 information regarding the impacts of project on environmental, ecological, cultural, social
and economic components of project area to the decision makers for decision making and
policy transformation. It works on the principle of sustainable development i.e. to ensure that
no or minimum environmental degradation is caused due to proposed project. It also takes
into account the short term, midterm and long term effects on the demography, ecology and
environment of the area. In simple words, EIA is a planning tool for decision making
regarding the starting or denying of proposed project based on the measurable environmental
and social impact of the proposed activity.

1.4. Purpose and aims of EIA

The basic objectives of EIA are to

 Consider environmental factors in the decision-making process of any project

 Identify potential environmental, social and economic impacts of proposed activities
 Take steps at initial stages to minimize adverse environmental impacts
 Promote sustainable development through environmental management plan by either
alternatives or mitigation measures.

What are the Objectives of the Environmental Impact Assessment

(EIA)?
The main objectives of EIA are
 To promote environmentally sound and sustainable development through the
identification of appropriate alternatives and mitigation measures.
 To provide information on the environmental impact of decision making and
 To identify, predict and evaluate the economic, ecological and social impact of
development activities

Need of EIA
 Through environment impact assessments, project managers know which project need
full screening to prevent any damage to the environment.
 Helps to assess potential impacts relevant to the environmental legislation based on the
legislative requirements.
 Identifies problems and helps through mitigation process in advance to anticipate
disasters likely to happen.
 Protects the biodiversity environment by suggesting alternative safe project designs and
methods.

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  Predicts the impact rate for proposed projects, this can be negative or positive.
 Highlights possible alternative safer to the environment and methods with less impact.
 EIA produces an environmental management plan and summery for the none-tech
general public.
 Helps stakeholders in decision making of whether to approve the project or not based on
the findings after assessment.
 Predicts impact and proposes mitigation measures according to EMP.
 To identify, evaluate and predict the environmental, economic and social impact of new
development activities.
 To record and rate the impact levels on the environment by proposed projects.
 Provides information showing environmental consequences before decision making.

INDIAN POLICIES REQUIRING EIA

 The environmental impact assessment in India was started in 1976-77 when the Planning
Commission asked the Department of Science and Technology to examine the river-
valley projects from environmental angle.
 This was subsequently extended to cover those projects, which required approval of the
Public Investment Board. These were administrative decisions, and lacked the legislative
support.
 The Government of India enacted the Environment (Protection) Act on 23rd May 1986.
To achieve the objectives of the Act, one of the decisions that were taken is to make
environmental impact assessment statutory.
 After following the legal procedure, a notification was issued on 27th January 1994 and
subsequently amended on 4th May 1994, 10th April 1997 and 27th January 2000 (Annex
1) making environmental impact assessment statutory for 30 activities. This is the
principal piece of legislation governing environmental impact assessment.

Besides this the Government of India under Environment (Protection) Act 1986 issued a
number of other notifications, which are related to environmental impact assessment.
These are limited to specific geographical areas.

 Prohibiting location of industries except those related to Tourism in a belt of 1 km from

high tide mark from the Revdanda Creek up to Devgarh Point (near Shrivardhan) as well
as in 1 km belt along the banks of Rajpuri Creek in Murud Janjira area in the Raigarh
district of Maharashtra (6th January 1989)
 Restricting location of industries, mining operations and regulating other activities in
Doon Valley (1st February 1989)
 Regulating activities in the coastal stretches of the country by classifying them as coastal
regulation zone and prohibiting certain activities (19th February 1991)

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  Restricting location of industries and regulating other activities in Dahanu Taluka in
Maharashtra (6th June 91)
 Restricting certain activities in specified areas of Aravalli Range in the Gurgaon district
of Haryana and Alwar district of Rajasthan (7th May 1992)
 Regulating industrial and other activities, which could lead to pollution and congestion in
an area north west of Numaligarh in Assam (5th July 1996)

EIA CYCLE & PROCEDURES

The EIA process in India is made up of the following phases:

• Screening
• Scoping and consideration of alternatives
• Baseline data collection
• Impact prediction
• Assessment of alternatives, delineation of mitigation measures and environmental impact
statement
• Public hearing
• Environment Management Plan
• Decision making
• Monitoring the clearance conditions

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Generalised process flow sheet of the EIA process

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Steps in EIA process

The EIA process involves a number of steps, some of which are listed below:

i. Screening: The projects are 1st screened to know whether the project requires EIA. If yes,
then under what category it falls as per norms of the respective regulatory agencies.

ii. Scoping: Identification of the key issues to be addressed in an EIA. This

step involves the identification of major and significant environmental issues among the possible
impacts of the project and available alternatives to minimize the environmental impacts.

iii. Alternative Considerations: The purpose is to ensure that the project proponent has
explored other feasibilities and alternatives. These may be location of project, layouts, operating
condition, techniques etc.

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iv. Project development Plan: This step involves the description of project like its rationale,
stages of development, location, processes, techniques to be used, project cost, development
timeline etc.

v. Environmental baseline data collection: This involves the present state of the environment
(air, water, soil, biodiversity, energy etc.) before implementation of the project. The objective of
baseline data collection are to (i) understand the current environmental conditions of the area and
how the project can be implemented under these conditions (ii) it helps in the prediction and
assessment of possible environmental changes that could occur during or after project
implementation.

Baseline data includes

a. Physical- Geographical and geological characteristics, topography etc.

b. Quality of air, water, noise, soil etc.

c. Biodiversity of the area, types of flora and fauna, ecosystem types

d. Socioeconomic- social structure, economic conditions, demography, migration of locals, etc.

e. Cultural- culture, tradition, religion, customs of locals

vi. Identification and prediction of key impacts: Based on the baseline data and scoping, the
potentially significant impacts (adverse and beneficial) on environment of the area are identified
for project during the development phase and after completion. The magnitude of the identified
impacts is predicted by comparing the environmental conditions of base line data with the
expected conditions after project implementation.

vii. Mitigation and Management of Environmental impacts: This involves the proposal of
different measures to be taken to reduce, manage, remediate or compensate for adverse impacts.

viii. Public hearing/consultation: Public hearing is also part of EIA in some type of projects. The
purpose of public participation is to inform the public about the proposed project and its impacts
on the local area. The public views or objections are integral part of the decision making process.

ix. EIA presentation and Decision-making: The report submitted by the Environment consultant
on behalf of the project proponent is scrutinized for various documents as per EIA manuals/
laws. Any document deficiency is completed before submitting the report to
regulatory/designated authorities for the purpose. The facts of the project starting from the
screening to public hearing are presented before the experts. The experts may suggest additional
measures to minimize the impacts. At this stage decisions are made by the relevant authority to
whether to accept, defer or reject the project.

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x. Post-decision monitoring: This comes into picture after completion of the project. The
outcomes of projects after completion are recorded. These represent the actual impacts of the
project.

xi. Auditing: This involves comparing actual outcomes with predicted outcomes. This can be
used to assess the quality of predictions and the effectiveness of mitigation.

Steps in Preparation of EIA report

 Collection of baseline data from primary and secondary sources;

 Prediction of impacts based on past experience and mathematical modelling;

 Evolution of impacts versus evaluation of net cost benefit;

 Preparation of environmental management plans to reduce the impacts to the minimum;

Quantitative estimation of financial cost of monitoring plan and the mitigation measures.

Composition of the expert committees for EIA

The Committees will consist of experts in the following disciplines:

 Eco-system management

 Air/water pollution control

 Water resource management

 Flora/fauna conservation and management

 Land use planning

 Social Sciences/Rehabilitation

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  Project appraisal

 Ecology

 Environmental Health

 Subject Area Specialists

 Representatives of NGOs/persons concerned with environmental issues

 The Chairman will be an outstanding and experienced ecologist or environmentalist or

technical professional with wide managerial experience in the relevant development.

 The representative of Impact Assessment Agency will act as a Member-Secretary.

 Chairman and members will serve in their individual capacities except those specifically
nominated as representatives.

 The membership of a committee shall not exceed 15 members.

Salient Features of 2006 Amendment to EIA Notification

 Environment Impact Assessment Notification of 2006 has decentralized the
environmental clearance projects by categorizing the developmental projects in two
categories, i.e., Category A (national level appraisal) and Category B (state level
appraisal).

 ‘Category A’ projects are appraised at national level by Impact Assessment Agency

(IAA) and the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) and Category B projects are apprised
at state level.

State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) and State Level Expert
Appraisal Committee (SEAC) are constituted to provide clearance to Category B process

After 2006 Amendment the EIA cycle comprises of four stages

1. Screening

2. Scoping

3. Public hearing

4. Appraisal

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 5. Category A projects require mandatory environmental clearance and thus they do not
undergo the screening process.

6. Category B projects undergoes screening process and they are classified into two types.

7. Category B, projects (Mandatorily requires EIA).

8. Category B2 projects (Do not require EIA).

9. Thus, Category A projects and Category B, projects undergo the complete EIA process
whereas Category B2 projects are excluded from complete EIA process.

Roles in the EIA Process

EIA involves many parties, grouped by their role definition within the process. The following
section outlines the basic responsibilities of various bodies:

 The Project Proponent

 The Environmental Consultants

 The State Pollution Control Board / Pollution Control Committees (PCCs)

 The Public

The Impact Assessment Agency

The Role of the Project Proponent

 The project proponent during the project planning stage decides the type of projects i.e.
new establishment, expansion or modernisation.
 Later the project proponent needs to prepare the Detailed Project Report/Feasibility
Report and submits the Executive Summary, which shall incorporate the project details,
and findings of EIA study, which is to be made available to concerned public.
 The proponent has to approach the concerned SPCB for NOC and holding the public
hearing. After the public hearing the proponent submits application to IAA for
environmental clearance.

Role of Environment Consultant

 Environmental consultant should be conversant with the existing legal and procedural
requirements of obtaining environmental clearance for proposed project.
 The consultant should guide the proponent through initial screening of the project and
establish whether EIA studies are required to be conducted and if so finalise the scope of
such study.

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  The consultant should also be fully equipped with required instruments and infrastructure
for conducting EIA studies.
 The environmental consultant is responsible for supplying all the environment-related
information required by the SPCB and IAA through the proponent.
 The consultant is also required to justify the findings in the EIA and EMP during the
meeting with the expert groups at IAA.

The Role of the State Pollution Control Board (PCB) /Pollution

Control Committee (PCC)
 The State PCBs/PCCs are responsible for assessing the compatibility of a proposed
development with current operational and prescribed standards.
 If the development is in compliance, the PCB will then issue its NOC. They shall also
hold the public hearing as per the provisions of EIA notification. The details of public
hearing shall be forwarded to IAA.

The Role of the Public

 The public also has an important role to play in EIA. The concerned persons will be
invited through press advertisement to review information and provide their views on the
proposed development requiring environmental clearance.

The Role of the Impact Assessment Agency (IAA)

 Where a proponent is required to obtain environmental clearance, the IAA will evaluate
and assess the EIA report. In this process the project proponent will be given a chance to
present his proposal.
 If a project is accepted the IAA will also prepare a set of recommendations and
conditions for its implementation based on this assessment.
 Environmental clearance conditions and recommendations of IAA are made available to
the public on request through SPCB and through web site at http://envfor.nic.in. During
the implementation and operation of the project, the IAA will also be responsible for the
environmental monitoring process.

List of Projects Requiring Environmental Clearance from the

Central Government:
1. Nuclear Power and related projects such as Heavy Water Plants, nuclear fuel complex,
Rare Earths.
2. River Valley projects including hydel power, major Irrigation and their combination
including flood control.

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3. Ports, Harbours, Airports (except minor ports and harbours).
4. Petroleum Refineries including crude and product pipelines.
5. Chemical Fertilizers (Nitrogenous and Phosphatic other than single superphosphate).
6. Pesticides (Technical).
7. Petrochemical complexes (Both Olefinic and Aromatic) and Petrochemical intermediates
such as DMT, Caprolactam, LAB etc. and production of basic plastics such as LLDPE,
HDPE,PP, PVC.
8. Bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals.
9. Exploration for oil and gas and their production, transportation and storage.
10. Synthetic Rubber.
11. Asbestos and Asbestos products.
12. Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives.
13. (a) Primary metallurgical industries (such as production of Iron and Steel,
Aluminium,Copper, Zinc, Lead and Ferro Alloys). (b) Electric arc furnaces (Mini Steel
Plants).
14. Chlor alkali industry.
15. .Integrated paint complex including manufacture of resins and basic raw materials
required in the manufacture of paints.
16. Viscose Staple fibre and filament yarn.
17. Storage batteries integrated with manufacture of oxides of lead and lead antimony alloys.
18. All tourism projects between 200m—500 metres of High-Water Line and at locations
with an elevation of more than 1000 metres with investment of more than Rs.5 crores.
19. Thermal Power Plants.
20. .Mining projects (major minerals) with leases more than 5 hectares.
21. Highway Projects except projects relating to improvement work including widening and
strengthening of roads with marginal land acquisition along the existing alignments
provided it does not pass through ecologically sensitive areas such as National Parks,
Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves, Reserve Forests.
22. Tarred Roads in the Himalayas and or Forest areas.
23. .Distilleries.
24. Raw Skins and Hides
25. .Pulp, paper and newsprint.
26. .Dyes.
27. Cement.
28. Foundries (individual)
29. Electroplating
30. Meta amino phenol

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Application Form:
1. (a) Name and Address of the project proposed:

(b) Location of the project: Name of the Place: District, Tehsil: Latitude/Longitude: Nearest

Airport/Railway Station:

(c) Alternate sites examined and the reasons for selecting the proposed site:

(d) Does the site conform to stipulated land use as per local land use plan:

2. Objectives of the project:

3. (a) Land Requirement: Agriculture Land: Forest land and Density of vegetation. Other

(specify):

(b) (i) Land use in the Catchment within 10 kms radius of the proposed site:

(ii) Topography of the area indicating gradient, aspects and altitude:

(iii) Erodibility classification of the proposed land:

(c) Pollution sources existing in 10 km radius and their impact on quality of air, water and land:

(d) Distance of the nearest National Park/Sanctuary/Biosphere Reserve/Monuments/heritage

site/Reserve Forest:

(e) Rehabilitation plan for quarries/borrow areas:

(f) Green belt plan:

(g) Compensatory afforestation plan:

4. Climate and Air Quality:

(a) Windrose at site:

(b) Max/Min/Mean annual temperature:

(c) Frequency of inversion:

(d) Frequency of cyclones/tornadoes/cloud burst:

(e) Ambient air quality data:

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(f) Nature & concentration of emission of SPM, Gas (CO, CO2, NOx, CHn etc.) from the
project:

5. Water balance:

(a) Water balance at site:

(b) Lean season water availability; Water Requirement:

(c) Source to be tapped with competing users (River, Lake, Ground, Public supply):

(d) Water quality:

(e) Changes observed in quality and quantity of groundwater in the last years and present

charging and extraction details:

(f) (i) Quantum of waste water to be released with treatment details:

(ii) Quantum of quality of water in the receiving body before and after disposal of solid wastes:

(iii) Quantum of waste water to be released on land and type of land:

(g) (i) Details of reservoir water quality with necessary Catchment Treatment Plan:

(ii) Command Area Development Plan:

6. Solid wastes:

(a) Nature and quantity of solid wastes generated

(b) Solid waste disposal method:

7. Noise and Vibrations:

a. Sources of Noise and Vibrations:

b. Ambient noise level:

. Noise and Vibration control measures proposed:

d. Subsidence problem, if any, with control measures:

8. Power requirement indicating source of supply: Complete environmental details to be

furnished separately, if captive power unit proposed:

9. Peak labour force to be deployed giving details of: o Endemic health problems in the area

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due to waste water/air/soil borne diseases: o Health care system existing and proposed:

10. (a) Number of villages and population to be displaced:

(b) Rehabilitation Master Plan:

11. Risk Assessment Report and Disaster Management Plan:

12. (a) Environmental Impact Assessment

(b) Environment Management Plan:

(c) Detailed Feasibility Report:

(d) Duly filled in questionnaire Report prepared as per guidelines issued by the Central
Government in the MOEF from time to time:

13. Details of Environmental Management Cell: I hereby give an undertaking that the data and
information given above are due to the best of my knowledge and belief and I am aware that if
any part of the data/information submitted is found to be false or misleading at any stage, the
project be rejected and the clearance given, if any, to the project is likely to be revoked at our
risk and cost. Signature of the applicant with name and full address.

Given under the seal of Organisation on behalf of Whom the applicant is signing.

Date:

Place:

In respect to item for which data are not required or is not available as per the

declaration of project proponent, the project would be considered on that basis.

Eco-Sensitive Zones
 Eco-Sensitive Zones or Ecologically Fragile Areas are areas within 10 kms around
Protected Areas, National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.
 ESZs are notified by MoEFCC, Government of India under Environment Protection Act
1986.

 In case of places with sensitive corridors, connectivity and ecologically important

patches, crucial for landscape linkage, even area beyond 10 km width can also be
included in the eco-sensitive zone.

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  The basic aim is to regulate certain activities around National Parks and Wildlife
Sanctuaries so as to minimise the negative impacts of such activities on the fragile
ecosystem encompassing the protected areas.

Activities Allowed in ESZs

 Prohibited activities: Commercial mining, saw mills, industries causing pollution (air,
water, soil, noise etc), establishment of major hydroelectric projects (HEP), commercial
use of wood, Tourism activities like hot-air balloons over the National Park, discharge of
effluents or any solid waste or production of hazardous substances.
 Regulated activities: Felling of trees, establishment of hotels and resorts, commercial
use of natural water, erection of electrical cables, drastic change of agriculture system,
e.g. adoption of heavy technology, pesticides etc, widening of roads.
 Permitted activities: Ongoing agricultural or horticultural practices, rainwater
harvesting, organic farming, use of renewable energy sources, adoption of green
technology for all activities.

Significance of ESZs
 To minimise the impact of urbanisation and other developmental activities, areas
adjacent to protected areas have been declared as Eco-Sensitive Zones.
 The purpose of declaring eco-sensitive zones around protected areas is for creating some
kind of a 'Shock Absorber' for the protected area.
 They also act as a transition zone from areas of high protection to areas involving lesser
protection.
 ESZs help in in-situ conservation, which deals with conservation of an endangered
species in its natural habitat, for example the conservation of the One-horned Rhino of
Kaziranga National Park, Assam.
 Eco-Sensitive Zones minimise forest depletion and man-animal conflict. The protected
areas are based on the core and buffer model of management, through which local area
communities are also protected and benefitted.

International Environmental Agreements

 Most environmental problems have a transboundary nature and often a global scope, and
they can only be addressed effectively through international co-operation.
 For this reason, the Lisbon Treaty establishes that one of the key objectives of the EU
policy on the environment is to promote measures at international level to deal with

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 regional or worldwide environmental problems, and in particular combating climate
change.
 The Union takes an active part in the elaboration, ratification and implementation of
multilateral environmental agreements.
Air:
• Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)(1979) and
its protocols
Biotechnology:
• Cartagena Biosafety Protocol (2000) to the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity
(1992) and its Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress (2010)
Chemicals:
• PIC Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (1998)
• POP Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001)
• Minamata Convention on Mercury (2013)
Civil Protection and Environmental Accidents:
• Helsinki Convention on Industrial Accidents (1992)
• Barcelona Convention (1976) as amended and its protocols
• Helsinki Convention on the Baltic Sea (1992)
• OSPAR Convention (1992)
• Bonn Agreement (1983)
• Lisbon Agreement (1990)
• Bucharest Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (1992)
Climate Change and Ozone Depletion:
• UNFCCC Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)
• Kyoto Protocol (1997)
• Paris Agreement (2015)
• Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985)
• Montreal Protocol (1987) as amended
Governance:
• Aarhus Convention (1998) on access to information, public participation in decision-
making and access to justice in environmental matters and its Protocol on Pollutant
Release and Transfer Registers (2009)
• Espoo Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment (1991)
Industry:
• Helsinki Convention on Industrial Accidents (1992)
Land use:
• Alpine Convention (1991) and its protocols
Nature and biodiversity:
• CBD Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
• Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2003)

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• Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of
the Benefits arising from their Utilization (2010)
• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES Convention) (1973)
• Bonn CMS Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (1979)
• Agreement on the conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA-
CMS) (1995)
• Bern Convention on European Wildlife and Habitats (1979)
• Convention for the protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other
Scientific Purposes (1986)
• International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA) (1994)
• Alpine Convention (1991) and its protocols
• Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971)
• Agreement on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Prespa Park Area
(2010)
• CAMLR Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980)
Soil:
• UNCCD Convention to Combat Desertification in Africa (1994)
Waste:
• Basel Convention on hazardous wastes (1989)
Water:
• Helsinki Convention on Watercourses and International Lakes (1992)
• Danube river basin convention (1987)
• Rhine river basin convention (1999)
• Barcelona Convention (1976) as amended and its protocols
• OSPAR Convention (1992)
• Bonn Agreement (1983)
• Helsinki Convention on the Baltic Sea (1992)
• Bucharest Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (1992)

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