QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR BUSINESS DICESION

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this course is to enable students to acquire basic knowledge of analysis and
interpretation of data for use in the decision making process in a business entity.

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 08 HOURS

Introduction, Meaning, Definitions, Features, Objectives, Functions, Importance and Limitations of
Statistics -Important terminologies in Statistics – Data, Raw Data, Primary Data, Secondary Data,
Population, Census, Survey, Sample Survey, Sampling, Parameter, Unit, Variable, Attribute, Frequency,
Seriation,.- Individual, discrete and continuous. Classification of Data.-Requisites of Good Classification of
Data.-Types of Classification – Quantitative and Qualitative Classification (simple illustrations)

UNIT 2: TABULATION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA 12 HOURS Types

of Presentation of Data – Textual Presentation, Tabular Presentation, One-way Table, Two-way Table,.-
Important terminologies – Variable, Quantitative Variable, Qualitative Variable, Discrete Variable,
Continuous Variable, Dependent Variable, Independent Variable, Frequency, Class Interval, Tally Bar.
Diagrammatic and Graphical Presentation, Rules for Construction of Diagrams and Graphs. Types of
Diagrams – One Dimensional Simple Bar Diagram, Sub-divided Bar Diagram, Multiple Bar Diagram,
Percentage Bar Diagram – Two Dimensional Diagram – Pie Chart, Graphs – Histogram, Frequency Polygon,
Ogives, curve– simple Problems on tabulation, diagrams and Histogram Only

UNIT-3: MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 12 HOURS

Meaning and Objectives of Measures of Tendency-Requisites of an Ideal Average, -Types of Averages -
Arithmetic Mean, Median and Mode- Problems on Calculation of Arithmetic Mean, Median and Mode
direct method only (including problems involving empirical relationship between Mean, Median and
Mode)

UNIT 4: MEASURES OF DISPERSION & SKEWNESS 12 HOURS

Meaning and Objectives of Measures of Dispersion-Requisites of Good Measure of Dispersion-Types of
Measures of Dispersion –Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation- and their Co-
efficient problems on direct method only. Measures of Skewness – Meaning, Absolute and Relative
Measures – Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness and Bowley’s Coefficient of Skewness – Problems

UNIT 5: CORRELATION, REGRESSION & TIME SERIES ANALYSIS 12 HOURS

Meaning and Types of Correlation -Karl Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation, Spearman's Rank Correlation
Coefficient, -Correlation Coefficient through Regression Coefficient 27 Meaning of Regression, Regression
Lines, Regression Coefficients, Regression Equations – Problems-Meaning and Components of Time
Series, Analysis of time series by Moving Averages and Least Squares Method

BUSINESS LAB ACTIVITIES

1. Collect data from at least 5 friends about their monthly expenditure on Mobile Recharge, Cosmetics,
Chats and Other Expenses and present the same in a Tabular Form
 2. Collect data from at least 5 friends about the percentage of marks obtained in SSLC and PUC and
present the same in a Bar Diagram Form

3. Collect data from at least 10 friends about the pocket money they receive in a month and present the
same in the form of a frequency distribution with class interval of Rs. 25, 50 etc

4. Collect data about marks scored in English subject in PUC from at least 30 students of your class and
calculate Arithmetic Mean

5. Collect the data about the age of at least 10 married couples and compute correlation coefficient.
Chapter 1

Introduction to statistics
For common man statistics means diagrams, charts and tables that we in
newspapers and mass Medias. But mere these we can’t say statistics. Statistics is a
very broad subject, with applications in a vast number of different fields. In
generally one can say that statistics is the methodology for collecting, analyzing,
interpreting and drawing conclusions from information. Putting it in other words,
statistics is the methodology which scientists and mathematicians have developed
for interpreting and drawing conclusions from collected data. Everything that deals
even remotely with the collection, processing, interpretation and presentation of
data belongs to the domain of statistics, and so does the detailed planning of that
precedes all these activities.

Statistics is a quantitative analysis and dealing with quantitative analysis.

Origen of statistics:

The word ‘Statistics’ is derived from a Latin word ‘Status’, Italian word

‘ Statista’, German word’ Statistik’ and French word ’Statistique’ which all means
‘Political Status’.

In India, an efficient system of collecting and administrative statistics existed

even 2000 years ago. At the reign of Chandragupta Mourya (324-300BC), historical
evidence is mentioned in Kautilya’s Arthashastra says they were using records of
lands, agriculture and wealth statistics. In 17 th century witnessed the origin of
virtual statistics. Captain John Graunt of land (1620-1670), father of Virtual
Statistics, first man to a systematic study of the birth of Statistics.

The application was very limited but the rulers and kings needed the
information about lands, agriculture, commerce, population of their state to assess
their military potential, their wealth, taxation and other aspects of government.
 The backbone of so called modern theory of statistics is the ‘Theory of
probability’ or ‘Theory of Games and Chances’ was developed in the mid of 7 th
century. It is the outcome of gambling among the nobles of France and England.
Shakespeare used the word Statistics in his book ‘Hamlet’(1602). In the past, the
statistics was used by rulers.

Francis Galton (1822-1921) pioneered the study of ‘Regression Analysis’ in

Biometry. Karl Pearson (1857-1936) invented ‘correlation Analysis’ later so many
inventions in statistics took place like Chi-Square test, Fishers Ideal Index theory,
etc.

Later statistics was used in all the fields like defense, administration, inventions,
research and development etc.
Meaning and Definition:

Statistics refers to data and method of collecting data. In simple we can say
statistics means ‘figures and facts’. Statistics is used in to distinctive senses.

 Plural sense
 Singular sense

In Plural sense: In Plural sense it refers to set of numerical data which can
be classified into quantitative and qualitative data.

“Statistics are numerical of facts in any department of enquiry placed in relation to

each other”- A L Bowley.

“The classification of facts representing the condition of the people in the state-
especially those facts which can be stated in numbers or in tables of numbers or in
tabular or classification arrangements”. Webster.

The above definitions are too narrow as they do not indicate various aspects
of practical applications. Many experts try to define Statistics, but could not get
success to give full meaning of Statistics.

The definition given by Prof. Horace Secrist gives the comprehensive meaning of
Statistics. He defines it as” By Statistics we aggregative of facts, affecting to the
marked extent by multiplicity of causes, numerically expressed enumerated or
estimated according to the reasonable standard of accuracy, Collected in a
systematic manner for a predetermined purpose and placed in relation to each
other”.

The above definition details the characteristics of statistics as follows:

a. Statistics is aggregate of facts:

Single and isolate figures have no meaning in statistics. It need mass of data
which can be compared each other. For example if we say Mr. A has got 600 marks
in first semester it has no meaning in statistics because it cannot be predicted
properly.

b. Statistics is affected by multiplicity of causes:

When we consider mass data it may have many differences between each other.
The differences may be affected by many causes. For example grow of paddy in
one acre of land may differ from one year to another year. For this difference there
may be any causes like rain fall, quality of manure, quality of seeds, etc., but
statistics considers only such causes which can be expressed in numbers.

c. Statistics is numerical expression:

Statistics considers only numerical expression. The collection, presentation,

analysis and interpretation of data which can be expressed in numbers like age,
height, weight, salary, marks etc.

d. Statistics is enumerated or estimated according to reasonable standard of

accuracy:

Statistics considers only accurate data, it is impossible to give accurate

figures; we can give estimated figures which are near to the accurate figures. For
example: when we are collecting the strength of the class we have collect exact
number of students, we cannot say around 90 students and in some cases it is not
possible to accurate figures like number of people in the strike, at such situation
we can give approximate figures like around 5000 people participated in the strike.
But this approximation should be nearer to the accuracy that is if we say 5000
people, the strength should be nearer to that figures. It should not either 4000 or
6000 people.

e. Statistical data should collected in systematic manner:

The statistical data should collect in a systematic manner that is the data should
collect from a right person at right time in the right manner. For example if we
need to collect the strength of students in a college, first we need to seek the
permission of the authoritative person and follow their instructions.

f. Statistics collect the data for a predetermined purpose:

Before collection of statistical data the purpose behind the collection of data
should be considered to collect required data.

g. Statistics can be placed in relation to each other:

The statistical data we collect for the analysis should be in such a way that
can be compared with each other. For example we can compare the results of a B
Com student with a BBA student and not a B Com students result with a high
school student.

In the absence of the above characteristics we cannot say numerical

statements as statistics. Therefore it is said that ‘All Statistics are numerical
statement of facts, but all numerical statement of facts are not Statistics’.

 Singular sense

In singular sense as statistical methods it refers to science of collection,

organizing analysis and presentation of numerical data.

Prof. A.L. Bowley gives three definitions on statistics.

1. “Statistics may be called the science of counting.”

2. “Statistics may be called as Science of averages”.

3. “Statistics is the science of the measurement of social organism, regarded

as a whole on all its manifestation”.
 Prof. Lovitt. “Statistics deals with the collection, classification and tabulation
of numerical facts as the basis for explanation, description and comparison
of phenomena.”

The definition given by Prof A S Bowley are not satisfied by himself, at last he
himself says that we cannot compare statistics with anyone manifestation .
the definition given by professor Levitt he is also not satisfied.

“Statistics or statistical methods may be defined as the collection

presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data.” Croxton and
Cowden

The definition given by croxton and cowden tells as about the stage in statistical
investigation.
The stages in statistical investigation are:
 Collection of data
 Classification of data
 Presentation of data
 Analysis of data
 Interpretation of data

FUNCTIONS OF STATISTICS

Important functions of statistics are given below:

1. Statistics simplifies complexity: Statistic consists of aggregate of

numerical facts. Huge facts and figures are difficult to remember. The function of
statistics is to reduce the complexity of the huge mass of figures to a simpler form
 2. Statistics presents fact in a definite form: One of the important functions
of statistics is to present the general statements in a precise and definite form.

3. Statistics facilities comparison: The science of statistics does not mean

only counting but also comparison. Unless the figures are compared with other
figures with the same kind, they are meaningless.

4. To help in formulation of policies: Statistics helps in formulating the

policies in different fields mainly in economics, business etc. The government
policies are also framed on the basis of statistics.

5. Statistics helps in forecasting: While preparing suitable policies and

plans, it is necessary to have the knowledge of future tendency. This is mostly in
case of industry, commerce and so on. Statistical methods provide helpful means
in forecasting the future by studying and analyzing the tendencies based on passed
records.

6. Statistics helps in formulating and testing hypothesis: Statistical

methods are helpful not only in estimating the present forecasting the future but
also helpful in formulating and testing the hypothesis for the development of new
theories.

IMPORTANCE AND SCOPE OF STATISTICS

1. Statistics and planning: Statistics in indispensable into planning in the

modern age which is termed as “the age of planning”. Almost all over the world
the govt. are re-storing to planning for economic development.

2. Statistics and Economics: Statistics are the straw out of which I, like every
other Economist, have to make bricks. This proves the significance of statistics in
economics. Statistical data and techniques of statistical analysis have to immensely
useful involving economical problem. Such as wages, price, time series analysis,
demand analysis.

3. Statistics and State: Since ancient times the ruling kings and chiefs have
relied heavily on statistics in framing suitable military and fiscal policies. In recent
years the functions of the State have increased tremendously. The concept of a
State has changed from that of simply maintaining law and order to that of a
welfare State.

4. Statistics in Business and Management: The use of statistical methods in

the solution of business problems dates almost exclusively to the 20th century.
Applications of statistics pervade virtually every area of activity in business and
industry such as production, financial analysis, distribution analysis, market
research, research and development, manpower planning and accounting etc.

5. Statistics and Physical Sciences: The physical sciences, especially

astronomy, geology and physics were among the fields in which statistical methods
were first developed and applied, but until recently these sciences have not shared
the 20th century developments of statistics to the same extent as the biological
and social sciences.

6. Statistics and Natural Sciences: Statistical techniques have proved to be

extremely useful in the study of all natural sciences like biology, medicine,
meteorology, zoology, botany, etc. For example, in diagnosing the correct disease
the doctor had to rely heavily on factual data like temperature of the body, pulse
rate, blood pressure, etc.

7. Statistics and Research: Statistics is indispensable in research work. Most

of the advancement in knowledge has taken place because of experiments
conducted with the help of statistical methods.

8. Statistics and industry: In industry statistics is widely used inequality

control. In production engineering to find out whether the product is confirming to
the specifications or not. Statistical tools, such as inspection plan, control chart etc.

LIMITATIONS OF STATISTICS

1. Statistics does not deal with individuals: A part of the definition of

statistics is that it must be the aggregates of facts. That is, it deals only with the
mass phenomena. A single item or the isolated figure cannot be regarded as
statistics.
 2. Statistics does not study qualitative phenomena: The science of statistics
studies only the quantitative aspect of the problem. Statistics cannot directly be
used for the study of qualitative phenomena such as honesty, intelligence, beauty,
poverty etc.

3. Statistics is only a means: Statistical methods provide only a method of

studying problem. There are other methods also. These methods should be used to
supplement the conclusions derived with the help of statistics.

4. Statistics is liable to be misused: Statistics is like clay and they can be

molded in any manner. Statistics can be misused by deliberately twisting or
manipulating data

5. Statistics should be used only by experts: “Statistical methods are most

dangerous tools in the hands of an inexpert.” Only well-trained people having good
knowledge of statistics should use statistics, otherwise the results are liable to be
misleading and dangerous

6. Homogeneity of data: For comparison purpose, data should be

homogeneous and uniform. Quantities measured in different units cannot be
compared. Since food grains and cloths are measured in different units, we can
simply compare their value in rupees but not their quantities.

Important terminologies in Statistics – Data, Raw Data, Primary Data,

Secondary Data, Population, Census, Survey, Sample Survey, Sampling, Parameter,
Unit, Variable, Attribute, Frequency, Seriating,.- Individual, discrete and continuous

Data:

The collection of information in the form of numerical figures, regarding different

aspects of life is called data. The data can be about population, birth, death,
temperature of place during a week, marks scored in the class, runs scored in
different matches, etc. We need to analyze this data.

Raw data:
When some information is collected randomly and presented, it is called a
raw data.

For Example:

Given below are the marks (out of 25) obtained by 20 students of class I BCom A in
Business mathematics in a test.

18, 16, 12, 10, 5, 5, 4, 19, 20, 10, 12, 12, 15, 15, 15, 8, 8, 8, 8, 16

Types of Data

Primary Data

These are the data that are collected for the first time by an investigator for a
specific purpose. Primary data are ‘pure’ in the sense that no statistical operations
have been performed on them and they are original. An example of primary data is
the Census of India.

Secondary Data

They are the data that are sourced from someplace that has originally collected it.
This means that this kind of data has already been collected by some researchers or
investigators in the past and is available either in published or unpublished form. This
information is impure as statistical operations may have been performed on them
already. An example is information available on the Government of India, the
Department of Finance’s website or in other repositories, books, journals, etc.

Discrete and Continuous Data

Discrete Data: These are data that can take only certain specific values rather than a
range of values. For example, data on the blood group of a certain population or on
their genders is termed as discrete data. A usual way to represent this is by using bar
charts.
For example:

Marks (out of Number of

25) students
10 2
12 4
13 6
15 4
16 7
17 3
20 6
25 1

Continuous Data: These are data that can take values between a certain range with
the highest and lowest values. The difference between the highest and lowest value
is called the range of data. For example, the age of persons can take values even in
decimals or so is the case of the height and weights of the students of your school.
These are classified as continuous data. Continuous data can be tabulated in what is
called a frequency distribution. They can be graphically represented
using histograms.

Age NO.Of people

10-20 6
20-30 7
30-40 3
40-50 4
50-60 6
Populations

A population is a group of phenomena that have something in common.

Populations can be the complete set of all similar items that exist. For example, the
population of a country includes all people currently within that country. It’s a
finite but potentially large list of members.

Parameter

A parameter is a value that describes a characteristic of an entire population, such

as the population mean. Because you can almost never measure an entire
population, you usually don’t know the real value of a parameter. In fact,
parameter values are nearly always unknowable. While we don’t know the value, it
definitely exists.

A sample is a smaller group of members of a population selected to represent the

population. In order to use statistics to learn things about the population, the
sample must be random

Census

A census is based upon obtaining information of every member of the population.

However, in order to obtain information about certain characteristic of the
population, we need not always resort to a census. In practice, we get quite
satisfactory results by studying an appropriate sample from the population. The
procedure of obtaining a sample is known as sample survey.

In statistics, sampling refers to selecting a subset of a population. After drawing the

sample, you measure one or more characteristics of all items in the sample, such
as height, income, temperature, opinion, etc.

A statistical unit is a unit of observation or measurement for which data are

collected or derived. An important feature of the statistical unit is the fact that it
concerns the "results" side of the statistical process

A variable having discrete values that differ through random causes and when
arranged in order form a statistical distribution or array
Attribute: A piece of information which determines the properties of a field or tag
in a database or a string of characters in a display.

The ratio of the actual number of favorable events to the total possible number
of events; often taken as an estimate of probability. b. the proportion of the range
of a random variable taking a given value or lying in a given interval.

Seriating: formation, arrangement, succession, or position in a series or orderly

sequence.

Classification of data:
Classification can be explained as the process where the data are being judged
based on their characteristics and behavior which is later organized in different
groups and subgroups.

Classification helps remove any details from the data which are not important and
after the data has undergone the classification process it makes it easier to analyze
it.

“Classification is the process of arranging the data in the sequence and groups
according to their common characteristics or separating them in different but
related parts” –Secrist.
Classification is the process of arranging the collected data into classes and to
subclasses according to their common characteristics. Classification is the grouping
of related facts into classes. E.g. sorting of letters in post office.
Objectives of Data Classification
The primary objectives of data classification are:

 To consolidate the volume of data in such a way that similarities and

differences can be quickly understood. Figures can consequently be ordered
in sections with common traits.
 To aid comparison.
 To point out the important characteristics of the data at a flash.
 To give importance to the prominent data collected while separating the
optional elements.
 To allow a statistical method of the materials gathered.

Rules of classification:

I. It should be unambiguous.
II. The data should belong to the same classes.
III. It should be stable.(same pattern of classification)
IV. It should be suitable for the purpose.
 V. It should adjustable to new and changes situations and conditions.

There are four types of classification:

1. Qualitative Classification: It is also known as ordinal classification. Here, the

data are categorized under characteristics that are qualitative such as
beauty, honesty, etc.
2. Quantitative Classification: As per the name suggests this is based on
characteristics that are quantifiable such as income, profit, height, etc.
3. Geographical Classification: In geographical classification, the data are
categorized based on geographical characteristics such as countries, cities,
districts, etc.
4. Chronological Classification: In chronological classification, the data are
categorized based on chronological characteristics such as time, population,
sales, etc
There are three types of quantitative classification of data. They are:
I. Individual series
II. Discrete series
III. Continuous series
In this type of classification there are two elements (i) variable (ii) frequency
Variable
Variable refers to the characteristic that varies in magnitude or quantity. E.g.
weight of the students. A variable may be individual, discrete or continuous.
Discrete variable
A discrete variable can take only certain specific values that are whole numbers
(integers). E.g. Number of children in a family or Number of class rooms in a
school.
Continuous variable
A Continuous variable can take any numerical value within a specific interval.
Example: the average weight of a particular class student is between 60 and 80
kgs.
Frequency
Frequency refers to the number of times each variable gets repeated.
For example there are 50 students having weight of 60 kgs. Here 50 students is the
frequency.
Frequency distribution Frequency distribution refers to data classified on the basis
of some variable that can be measured such as prices, weight, height, wages etc.
The following are the two examples of discrete and continuous frequency
distribution
The following technical terms are important when a continuous frequency
distribution is formed
Class limits: Class limits are the lowest and highest values that can be included in a
class. For example take the class 40-50. The lowest value of the class is 40 and the
highest value is 50. In this class there can be no value lesser than 40 or more than
50. 40 is the lower class limit and 50 is the upper class limit.
Class interval: The difference between the upper and lower limit of a class is
known as class interval of that class. Example in the class 40-50 the class interval is
10 (i.e. 50 minus 40). It should be fixed that each class has convenient mid –point
about which all the observations in the class cluster.
Class frequency: The number of observations corresponding to a particular class is
known as the frequency of that class
Example
Income (Rs) No. of persons

1000 - 2000 50

In the above example, 50 is the class frequency. This means that 50 persons
earn an income between Rs.1, 000 and Rs.2, 000.
(iv) Class mid-point: Midpoint of a class is formed out as follows.
lower limit +upper limit
Mid point=
2

Lower limit: first numbers of the classes

Upper limit: last numbers of the classes

Open end classes: the classification in termed as' open end classification' if the
lower limit of first class or the upper limit of last class not specified and search
classes in which one of the limit is missing is called open end classes
As far as possible open end should be avoided, since in such classes the mid
value or class mark cannot be accurately obtained and this creates problem in
applying statistical tools.

Types of class intervals

Inclusive type classes (inclusive series): the classes of 30-39, 40-49 , 50-59
etc ., in which both the upper and lower limits are included in the class are called
inclusive classes for instance the class interval 40-49 includes all the values from
40 to 49. For example
Variable frequency
(Marks) (No.of students)
10-19 23
20-29 12
30-39 32
40-49 10
Upper limit of the class is included in the same class.
Inclusive series are not suitable to apply statistical tools.
Therefore inclusive series can be converted though correction factor.
lower limit of next class−upper limit of the previous class
Correction factor=
2

20−19
Correction facor= =0.5
2
Variable frequency Variable
(Marks) (No.of students) (marks)
(-) 10-19 (+) 23 9.5-19.5
20-29 12 19.5-29.5
30-39 32 29.5-39.5
40-49 10
Exclusive type classes: the classes of the type 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50ec.,
in which the upper limit of one class will become lower limit of another class,
where the upper limit of the class is not included in that class that is if we take
20-30, 30 is not included in that class. It is included in the next class where it is
the lower limit.
For example:
Variable frequency
10-20 5
20-30 6
30-40 12
40-50 2
Upper of the class is not included in the class, it is included in the next
class where it is the lower limit.

Frequency table: A frequency table is constructed by arranging collected data

values in ascending order of magnitude with their corresponding frequencies.
Problems on frequency table:
 1. Prepare a frequency table for the following data of the marks scored by I B
Com students in English test of 25 marks.
Marks:
10,12,23,12,15,14,25,24,22,16,14,17,10,13,15,22,23,17,14,15,15,13,23,22,17
,12,13,15,16,17,15,22,15,14,14,12,13,15,22,25,23,15,16,17,15,13,18,13,15,1
6,18,22,23,25,23,25,15,12,14,17.

TABLE SHOWUNG MARKS OF I BCOM STUDENTS IN ENGLISH TEST (discrete series)

Marks (out Tally Bars No. of students
of 25)
10 II 2
12 IIII 5
13 IIII I 6
14 IIII I 6
15 IIII IIII II 12
16 IIII 4
17 IIII I 6
18 II 2
22 IIII I 6
23 IIII I 6
24 I 1
25 IIII 4

TOTAL 60

2. Form a frequency distribution from the following data by inclusive method,

taking 4 as the magnitude of the class interval:
10 , 17, 15, 22,11, 16, 19, 24, 29, 18, 25, 26, 32, 14, 17, 20, 23, 27, 30, 12, 15,
18, 24 ,36, 18, 15, 21, 28, 33, 38, 34, 13, 10, 16, 20, 22, 29, 19, 23, 31.
Least number=10
Highest =38
Frequency Table
Variable (X) Tally Bars Frequency
10-14 IIII I 6
15-19 IIII IIII II 12
20-24 IIII IIII 9
25-29 IIII I 6
30-34 IIII 5
35-39 II 2

40

3. following figures relate to the weekly wages of workers in a factory:

Wages ( in'00)
100,100, 101, 102,106, 86, 82, 87,109,104 75, 89, 99, 96, 94, 93, 92,
90, 86, 78
79, 84, 83, 87, 88, 89, 75, 76, 76, 79 80, 81, 89,
99,104,100,103,104,107,110
93, 96 , 97, 98, 99, 90, 93, 72, 76 78
Prepare a frequency table by taking a class interval of 5.
Least number=72
Highest=110
Table showing wages of workers in a factory
Wages (Rs Tally Bars No. of workers
in'00)

70-75 I 1
75-80 IIII IIII 9
80-85 IIII 5
85-90 IIII III 8
90-95 IIII II 7
95-100 IIII II 7
100-105 IIII IIII 9
105-110 III 3
110-115 I 1

50

4. College management wanted to give scholarship to B Com students

securing 60% and above marks in the following manner.
The marks of 25 students who were eligible for scholarship for given below:
74, 62, 84, 72, 61, 83, 72, 81, 64, 71, 63, 61, 60, 67, 74, 66, 64, 79, 73, 75,
76, 69, 68, 78 and 67
Frame a frequency table using exclusive series with proper class interval.
 Least value=60
Highest value=84
Table showing marks of B com students
Marks Tally Bars No. of
students
60-65 IIII II 7
65-70 IIII 5
70-75 IIII I 6
75-80 IIII 4
80-85 III 3
25

5. Prepare a suitable frequency table taking the class width as 7 by inclusive

method:
24 26 28 32 37 5 1 7 9 11 15 13 14 18 29 31 32 6 4 2 9 18
27 36 3 9 15 21 27 33 4 8 12 16 20 5 10 3 8 1 6 4 9 2
7 12 18 27 23 21 29 22 15 17 28.
Smallest number: 1
Highest number: 37
Frequency table
Variable Tally bars Frequency
0-7 IIII IIII IIII 15
8-15 IIII IIII IIII I 16
16-23 IIII IIII 9
24-31 IIII IIII 10
32-39 IIII 5
55

6. Prepare a frequency distribution from the following figures related to the

bonus paid to factory workers:
Bonus paid in RS:
86 62 58 73 101 90 84 90 76 61 84 63 56 72 102 56 83 92 87 60
83 69 57 71 103 57 87 93 88 59 76 70 54 70 104 58 88 94 89 59
74 86 55 60 105 59 89 84 90 74 67 84 82 70 60 60 90 81 91 76
60 83 78 80 65 61 96 82 93 102
Take class interval of 5.

7. The marks obtained by 100 students of a class in Economics.

72 61 63 65 62 68 69 64 65 67 69 (56) 60 66 62 57 72 67 65 70 64
66 71 (73) 67 65 64 63 61 58 64 62 69 66 65 63 63 59 61 64 65 57
66 71 68 70 67 66 60 62 65 58 63 68 64 61 62 65 66 59 62 65 65
60 64 61 64 69 62 64 62 63 68 67 65 62 65 68 61 63 62 72 62 66
66 65 63 67 66 63 63 66 65 63 62 62 66 64 62 62.
Present the data in a suitable form under inclusive series taking a magnitude of 4.