Part A
[Link] SAMA.
Spread Aloha Multiple Access is a combination of CDMA and
TDMA. The CDMA better suits for connection oriented services only and
not for connection less bursty data traffic because it requires to program
both sender and receiver to access different users with different codes.
[Link] CDMA.
Code Division Multiple Access systems use codes with certain
characteristics to separate different users. To enable access to the shared
medium without interference. The users use the same frequency and time to
transmit data. The main problem is to find good codes and to separate this
signal from noise. The good code can be found the following 2
characteristic
[Link].
[Link].
3..What are the several versions in CSMA?
There are several versions in CSMA, they are as follows
a) non-persistent CSMA
b) p-persistent CSMA
c) 1-persistent CSMA
[Link] is meant by non-persistent CSMA?
In, non-persistent CSMA, stations sense the carrier and start sending
immediately if the medium is idle., if the medium is busy, the station
pauses a random amount of time before sensing the medium again and
repeating this pattern.
[Link] is meant by p-persistent CSMA?
In p-persistent CSMA system nodes also sense the medium, but only
transmit with a probability of p. With the station deferring to the next slot
with the probability 1-p,
i.e. access is slotted in addition.
6. What is SDMA?
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) is used for allocating
separated spaces to users in wireless networks. The basis for the SDMA
algorithm is formed by cells and sectorized antennas which constitute the
infrastructure implementing space division
multiplexing (SDM)
7. What is FDD?
In FDMA, the base station and the mobile station establish a
duplex channel. The two directions, mobile station to base station and vice
versa are separated using different frequencies. This Scheme is called
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
[Link] are the 2 sub layers in DLC?
Logical Link Control(LLC)
Media Access Control(MAC)
9) What is EY-NMPA?
Elimination yield –Non Pre-emptive Multiple Access (EY-
NMPA) is a scheme which uses several phases to sense the medium. access
the medium and for contention resolution.. Priority schemes can also be
included. This is actually used in HIPERLAN1 specification.
10) What do you mean by Polling?
Polling is a strictly centralized scheme with one master and
several slave stations. The master can collect the list of stations during the
contention phase and can poll these slaves according to many schemes like
round robin, random access, reservation scheme etc.
11) What are the four types of handover available in GSM?
[Link] cell Handover
[Link] cell Intra BSC Handover
[Link] BSC Intra MSC handover
[Link] MSC Handover
12) What is TETRA?
TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) systems use different radio
carrier frequencies, but they assign a specific carrier frequencies for a short
period of time according to demand.
TETRA’s are highly reliable and extremely cheap.
13) what are the categories of Mobile services?
• Bearer services
• Tele services
• Supplementary services
14)What are the services provided by supplementary services?
• User identification
• Call redirection
• Call forwarding
• Closed user groups
• Multiparty Communication
15) What are types of Handover?
Intra-cell handover
Inter-cell ,intra- BSC handover
Inter-BSC, intra-MSC handover
Inter MSC handover
[Link] is meant by GPRS?
The General Packet Radio Service provides packet mode transfer for
applications that exhibit traffic patterns such as frequent transmission of
small volumes.
17)What are subsystems in GSM system?
• Radio subsystem(RSS)
• Network & Switching subsystem(NSS)
• Operation subsystem(OSS)
18)What are the information in SIM?
• card type, serial no, list of subscribed services
• Personal Identity Number(PIN)
• Pin Unlocking Key(PUK)
• An Authentication Key(KI)
19)Define Normal Burst?
The frame used for normal data transmission within a time slot is
called Normal Burst.
20)What are the logical channels in GSM?
• Traffic channel(TCH)
• Control channel(CCH)
23) What is the function of Medium Access Control Layer?
The functions of Medium Access Control Layer is responsible for
establishes,maintains, and releases channels for higher layers by activating
and deactivating physical channels.
24) What is meant by GEO?
GEO means Geostationary or Geosynchronous earth orbit. GEO
satellites have adistance of almost 36000 km to the earth. Examples are
almost all TV and radio broadcast satellites, many weather satellites and
satellites operating as backbone for the
telephone network.
25) what are the advantages of GEO?
Three GEO satellites are enough for a complete coverage of almost
any spot on earth, senders and receivers can use fixed antennas positions,
no adjusting is needed.
Therefore GEO’s are ideal for T.V and radio broadcasting
26)What is Handover?
The satellite is the base station in satellite communication systems
and that it self is moving. So, additional instance of handover are necessary
due to the movement
of the satellite
[Link] Satellite handover:
[Link] Satellite handover.
[Link] handover.
[Link] System handover.
27) What are the registers maintained by the gateway of satellite?
[Link] Location Register(HLR).
[Link] Location Register(VLR).
[Link] User Mapping Register(SUMR).
28)Advantages of MEO
Using Orbits around 10,000Km, the system only requires a dozen
satellites which is more than the GEO system, but much less than a LEO
system. Further more these satellites move slower relative to the earth’s
rotation allowing a simpler system design. Depending on the inclination a
MEO can cover larger populations, thus requiring less handovers.
29) Applications of Satellite ?
Satellites can be used in the Following Areas
• Weather Forecasting
• Radio and TV broadcast Satellites
• Military Satellites
• Satellites for Navigation
30)What are the applications in satellites?
• Weather forecasting satellites
• Radio & TV broadcast satellites
• Military satellites
• Satellites for navigation
• Mobile communication
31) What are the advantages of LEO?
• Data rate is 2400 bit/s
• Packet delay is relatively low
• Smaller footprints of LEO allows frequency reuse
• Provide high elevations
32) Define the inclination angle and perigee.
The inclination angle is defined as the angle between the
equatorial plane and the plane described by the satellite orbit. An
inclination angle of 0 degrees means that the satellite is exactly above the
equator. If the satellite does not have a circular orbit, the closest point tothe
earth is called the perigee.
33) Define the elevation angle and footprint.
The elevation angle is defined as the angle between the centre of
satellite beam and the plane tangential to the earth’s surface. The foot-print
can be defined as the area on earth where the signals of the satellite can be
received.
34) Define Header core.
Seven bytes field contains the sizes of the header and the body, the
content type of the object. Depending on this header information, the
receiver may decide if it has enough resources(memory, cpu, power,
display etc) available to decode and further process the object.
35) What is MSC?
Main Service Channel(MSC) carries all user data.
eg. audio, multimedia data.
36) What is FIC?
The Fast Information Channel(FIC) contains Fast Information
Block(FIB) with 256bits each(16 bit checksum). An FIC carries all control
information which is required for interpreting the configuration and content
of the MSC.
37) What are the different types of disk?
• A flat disks
• Skewed disks
• Multi disks
38) What are the goals of DVB?
The goal of DVB is to introduce digital TV broadcasting using
satellite transmission (DVB-5) cable technology (DVB-c) and terrestrial
transmission (DVB-7).
39) Name some of the formats supported by MOT?.
♦Multimedia and Hypermedia information coding experts
group(MHEG)
♦Join photograph’s experts group(JPEG)
♦American standard code for information interchange(ASCII)
♦Moving pictures expert group(MPEG)
♦Hypertext markup language(HTML)
♦Hypertext transfer protocol(HTTP)
♦Bitmap(BMP)
♦Graphics interchange format(GIF)
40) Give structure MOT object.
7bytes
variable size
variable size
Header core
Header Extension Body
Header core : contain the size of the header and body and the content type
of the object. Header Extension : contains additional object handling data
such as repetition distance to support caching, segmentation information
and priority of the data.
Body : contains arbitrary data to be transmitted.
41)What are different interleaving and repetition schemes applied by
DAB to objects and segments?
[Link] Repetition.
[Link] Objects.
[Link] repetition.
[Link] repetition.
42) What are the advantages of DAB?
[Link] can offer sound in CD like quality.
[Link] can use single frequency network where all senders
transmitting the same radio program can operate at the same frequency.
[Link] use VHF and UHF frequency bands.
[Link] uses DQPSK modulation scheme.
[Link] user COFDM and FEC.
[Link] can transmit up to six stereo audio programmes with a data
rate of 192kbit/s each.
43) What is object repetition?
DAB can repeat objects several times. If an object A consists of four
segments(A1,A2,A3,A4) a single repetition pattern would be
A1A2A3A4A1A2A3A4A1A2A3A4……..
44)What is EIT?
Event Information Table(EIT) contains status information about the
current transmission and some additional information for set-top boxes.
45) What are the service information sent by DVB?
Digital Video Broadcast Containers are basically MPEG-2 frames. DVB
sends service information. These information are,
[Link] information table(NIT).
[Link] Description Table(SDT).
[Link] Information Table(EIT).
[Link] and Date Table(TDT)
46) What are the advantages of DVB?
[Link] rates planned for users are 6-38mbit/s for the downlink and
33-100kbit/s for the uplink.
[Link] along with TV programmes and doesn’t require
additional lines or hardware per customer.
[Link] be used in remote areas and developing countries where there
is no high band width wired network.
47) what is meant by beacon?
A beacon contains a timestamp and other management information
used for power management and roaming. e.g., identification of the base
station subsystem(BSS)
48) What is Active scanning?
Active scanning comprises sending a probe on each channel and
waiting for response. Beacon and Probe response contain the information
necessary to join the new BSS.
49) What is Passive Scanning?
Passive Scanning Simply means listening into the medium to find
other networks,i.e. receiving the beacon of another network issued by the
synchronization function within an access point
50) what is the primary goal of IEE 802.11?
The primary goal of the standard was the specification of a simple,
robust, WLAN which offers time bounded and asynchronous services also
it should be able to operate with multiple physical layers.
51) what is meant by SIFS?
SIFS means Short Inter Frame Spacing. The shortest waiting time
defined for short control message such as acknowledgements or polling
response.
52) What are Advantages of wireless LAN?
Flexibility, Planning, Design, Robustness, Quality Service, Cost,
Proprietary Solution, Restriction, Safety and Security
53) What are Design Goals of Wireless LAN?
Global Operation
Low Power
License-free Operation
Robust transmission technology
Simplified spontaneous co-operation
Easy to use
protection of investment
Safety and Security
Transparency for application
54)What are the three Low Power States provided by Bluetooth?
PARK state
HOLD state
SNIFF state
55)What is SCO?
SCO-stands for Synchronous Connection Oriented Link
Standard telephone (voice) connection require symmetrical, circuit-
switched, point-to-point [Link] this type of link, the master
reserves two consecutive slots at fixed intervals.
56)What are the three phases in EY-NPMA?
i. Prioritization: Determine the highest priority of a data packet ready
to be sent on competing nodes.
ii. Contention: Eliminate all but one of the contenders, if more than
one sender hasthe highest current priority.
iii. Transmission: Finally, transmit the packet of the remaining node.
57)What are Advantages and Disadvantages of Infrared?
Advantages:
i. Simple and extremely cheap senders and receivers which integrated in
almost all mobile devices
ii. No licenses are needed for infrared technology and shielding is very
simple.
iii. Electrical devices do not interfere with infrared transmission.
Disadvantages:
i. Low bandwidth
ii. Quite easily shielded
iii. Cannot Penetrate
58) What are the system integration functions of MAC management?
• Synchronization
• Power management
• Roaming
• Management information base (MIB)
59) What do you meant by roaming?.
Moving between access point is called roaming. Even wireless
networks may require more than one access point to cover all rooms. In
order to provide uninterrupted service,we require roaming when the user
moves from one access point to another.
60) What is mobile routing?
Even if the location of a terminal is known to the system, it still has
to route the traffic through the network to the access point currently
responsible for the wireless terminal.
Each time a user moves to a new access point, the system must
reroute traffic. This is known as mobile routing.
61) What are the functions which support service and connection
control?
>Access point control function
>Call control and connection control function
>Network security agent
>Service control function
>Mobility management function
62) What are the examples for service scenarios identified in WATM ?
>Office environments
>Universities, schools, training, centres
>Industry
>Hospitals
>Home
>Networked vehicles
63) What is BRAN?
The broadband radio access networks(BRAN) which have been
standardized by European Telecommunications Standard Institute(ETSI)
are a possible choice for an RAL for WATM. Although BRAN has been
standardized independently from WATM, there is co-operation between the
two to concentrate the common efforts on one goal. The main motivation
behind BRAN is the deregulation and privatization of the
telecommunication sector in Europe.
64) What are the different network types of BRAN?
>Hyperlan1 >Hyperlan2
>Hyper access
>Hyperlink
65) What is the main problem for WATM during handover?
The main problem for WATM during the handover is rerouting of all
connections and maintaining connection quality.
66) What are the different segments in ATM end-to-end connection?
An ATM end-to-end connection is separated into different segments.
>A fixed segment is a part of the connection that is not affected by the
handover
>Handover segment is affected by the handover and is located completely
within a handover domain.
67) What is anchor point? .
The Anchor point is the boundary between a handover segment and
a fixed segment.
68) What are different types of handover?
>Hard handover
>Terminal initiated
>Network initiated
>Network initiated, terminal assisted
>Network controlled
>Backward handover
>Forward handover
69) What is mobile terminal and wireless terminal?.
Mobile terminal is a standard ATM terminal with the additional
capability of reconnecting after access point change. the terminal can be
moved between different access point within a certain domain.
Wireless terminal is accessed via a wireless link, but the terminal itself is
fixed,
i.e., the terminal keeps its access point to the network.
70) What is generic routing encapsulation?
Generic routing encapsulation (GRE) is an encapsulation scheme
which supports other network protocols in addition to IP. It allows the
encapsulation of packets of one protocol suite into the payload portion of a
packet of another protocol suite.
71) Define COA.
The COA (care of address) defines the current location of the MN
from an IP point of view. All IP packets sent to the MN are delivered to the
COA, not directly to the IP address of the MN. Packet delivery toward the
MN is done using the tunnel.
72) What is meant by Transparency?
Mobility should remain invisible for many higher layer Protocols
and applications. The only affects of mobility should be a higher delay and
lower bandwidth which are natural in the case of mobile networks.
73) What is Generic Routing encapsulation?
Generic Routing encapsulation (GRE) allows the encapsulation of
packets of one protocol suite into the payload portion of a packet of another
protocol suit.
74)What is Binding Request?
Any node that wants to know the current location of an MN can send
a binding request to the HA. The HA can check if the MN has allowed
dissemination of its current location.
75) What are the possibilities for the location of care-of-address
(COA)?
The two possibilities for the location of care-of-address are:
[Link] agent COA [Link]-related COA
76) What are the requirements for the development of mobile IP
standard?
The requirements are:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] and efficiency
[Link]
77) What is COA?
Care Of Address (COA) define the current location of the MN
(Mobile Node) from an IP point of view. DHCP is a good candidate for
supporting the acquisition of Care Of Addresses.
78) What is Dynamic source Routing?
Dynamic Source Routing eliminates all periodic routing updates. If a
node needs to discover a route, it broadcast a route request with a unique
identifier and the destination address as parameters. Any node that receivers
a route request gives a list of addresses representing a possible path on its
way toward the destination.
79) Why is need of routing?
Routing is to find the path between source and destination and to
forward the packets appropriately.
80) Define Mobile node:
A mobile node is an end-system or router that can change its point of
attachment to the Internet using mobile IP. The MN keeps its IP address
and can continuously with any other system in the Internet as long as link
layer connectivity is given.
81) What is Encapsulation and Decapsulation?
Encapsulation is the mechanism of taking a packet consisting of
packet header and data and putting it into the data part of a new packet.
The reverse operation, taking a packet out of the data part of another
packet,is called decapsulation.
82) what are the two functions of the transport layer in the internet?
The two functions of the transport layer in the internet are check
summing over user data and multiplexing/ demultiplexing of data from
applications.
83) what is called the exponential growth of the congestion window?
The sendor always calculate congestion window for a window start
size of the congestion window is one segment. Sender sends one packet and
waits for acknowledgement. If acknowledgement arise it raises the level of
congestion window by one. If sender sends two packet if acknowledgement
arrises it raises the level of congestion window by two. This scheme raises
the level of congestion window every time the acknowledges come back,
which takes roundtrip time(RTT).This is called the exponential growth of
the congestion window
84) Advantages of I-TCP:
•I-TCP does not require any changes in the TCP protocol as used by
the hosts in the fixed network or other hosts in a wireless network that do
not use this optimization.
•Without partitioning retransmission of lost packets would take place
between mobile host and correspondent host across the whole network.
•Optimization of new mechanisms is quite simple to be done in I-
TCP as they only cover a single hop.
•The short delay between the mobile host and foreign agent can be
determined and is independent of other traffic streams. Therefore an
optimized TCP can use precise time-outs to guarantee retransmission as fast
as possible.
•Partitioning into two connections also allows the use of a different
transport layer protocol between the foreign agent and the mobile host or
the use of compressed headers etc. The foreign agent can act as a gateway
to translate between different protocols.
.85) Disadvantages of I-TCP:
• The loss of the end to end semantics of TCP cause problems if the
foreign agent portioning the TCP connection crashes.
• An increased handover latency is more problematic in practical use
• The foreign agent must be a trusted entity because the TCP
connections end at this point.
86) Define Slow Start?
TCP’s reaction to a missing acknowledgement is quite drastic, but
necessary to get rid of congestion. The behaviour TCP shows after the
detection of congestion is called Slow start.
87) How does data transmission takes place?
Data transmission takes place using network adapters, fibre optics,
copper wires,special hardware for routers etc.
88) What is mean by Slow Start?
TCP’s reaction to a missing acknowledgement is quite drastic, but
necessary to get rid of congestion fast enough. The behaviour TCP shows
after the detection of cogestion is called slowstart.
89) What is mean by SCPS-TP?
The set of protocols developed for space communication is known as
space communications protocol standards(SCPS), the extended TCP is
called SCPS-transport protocols.(SCPS-TP).
90) What are Advantage and Disadvantage of MobileTCP?
Advantage:
i. M-TCP maintains the TCP end-to-end semantice. The SH does not send
any ACK itself but forwards the ACKs from the MH.
[Link] the MH is disconnected, M_TCP avoids useless retransmissions, slow
starts or breaking connections by simply shrinking the sender’s window to
0;
iii. Since M-TCP does not buffer data in the SH as I-TCP does, it is not
necessary to forward buffers to a new SH.
Lost packets will be automatically retransmitted to the new SH.
Disvantage:
i. As the SH does not act as proxy as in I-TCP, packet loss on the wireless
link due to
bit errors is propagated to the sender.
M-TCP assumes low bit error rates, which is not always a valid assumption.
ii. A modified TCP on the wireless link not only requires modification to
the MH
protocol software but also new network elements like the bandwidth
manager.
92) What is fast retransmit?
The gap in the packet stream is not due to severe congestion, but a
simple packet loss due to a transmission error. The sender can now
retransmit the missing packet before the timer expires. This behavior is
called fast retransmit.
93) What is fast recovery?
The receipt of acknowledgement shows that there is no congestion
justifying a slow start. The sender can continue with the current congestion
window. The sender performs a fast recovery from the packet loss. This
mechanism can improve the efficiency of TCP dramatically.
94)What is HTTP?
The Hypertext transfer protocol is a stateless, lightweight,
application levelprotocol for data transfer between servers and clients. An
HTTP transaction consists of an HTTP request issued by a client and an
HTTP response from the server. Stateless means that all HTTP transactions
independent of each other.
95)What is image scaling?
If a page contains a true color, high-resolution picture, this picture
can be scaled down to fewer colors, lower resolution, or finally to only the
title of the picture. The user can decide to download the picture separately.
Further one can offer clipping, zooming,or detail studies to users if they are
interested in a part of the picture.
96) What is WAP?
Wireless application protocol(WAP) is a common effort of many
companies and organizations to set up a framework for wireless and mobile
web access using many different transport systems. Eg. GSM, GPRS,
UMTS.
97) What is WMLBrowser?
WMLBrowser is a library that provides several functions typical for
a browser,such as prev to go back one card or refresh to update the context
of the user interface.
98) Define Damping
Transient changes in topology that are short duration should not
distablize the routing [Link] containing changes in
topology currently stored are therefore not disseminated further.A node
waits with dissemination if these changes aremost likely not yet
[Link] time depends on the time between the first and the best
announcement.
99) Define Dynamic source routing.
In an adhoc networks where nodes exchanges packets from time to
time. Dynamic Source routing divides the task of routing into two separate
problem
i)Routing Recovery:A node only tries to discover a route to destination if
it has to send something to this destination and there is currently no known
route
ii).Route Maintenance:If a nodeis continuously sending packets via
route,it has to make sure that the route is held [Link] soon as a node
detects pbm with the current route it has ti find an alternative node.
100) Define WAP
WAP is Wireless Application [Link] is the basic Objetive of the
WAP forum are to bring diverse Internet content and others data service to
digital cellular phones and other wireless,mobile [Link] a
protocol suite should enable global wirless communication across different
wireless network [Link] WAP forum solution must
be:interoperable,scaleable,efficient,reliable.
Part - B
1. Explain different TDMA schemes in detail.
Fixed TDMA, Classical TDMA, Slotted TDMA, Carrier sense
multiple access, Demand assigned multiple access, PRMA Packet
reservation multiple access, Reservation multiple access, Reservation
TDMA, Multiple access with collision avoidance, Polling, Inhibit sense
multiple access.
2. Write notes on DECT and TETRA
System architecture, Protocol Architecture
3. Write notes on UMTS and IMT – 2000
UMTS basic architecture, UTRA FDD mode, UTRA TDD mode
4. Account on CDMA Scheme.
Good code, Orthogonal, Autocorrelation, Spread aloha multiple access.
5. Explain broadcast systems in detail.
Overview – Cyclical repetition of data – Digital audio broadcasting –
Multimedia object transfer protocol – Digital video broadcasting.
6. Explain satellite systems in detail.
History – Applications – Basics – GEO – LEO – MEO – Routing –
Localization – Handover – Examples.
7. Explain GSM systems in detail.
Mobile services- System Architecture – Radio interface – Protocols –
Localization and calling – Handover – Security - New data services –
HSCSD –GPRS.
8. Explain IEEE802.11 standard for WLANS in detail.
System architecture – Protocol architecture – Physical layer – Frequency
hopping spread spectrum, Direct spectrum spread spectrum, Infrared –
Medium access control layer- Basic DFWMAC-DCF using CSMA/CA,
DFWMAC-DCF with RTS/CTS extension, DFWMAC-PCF with polling,
MC frames – MAC management –Synchronization, Power management,
Roaming – 802.11b.
9. Write notes on WATM services and Functions.
Wireless mobile terminal side functions and mobility supporting network
sidefunctions.
10. Write notes on WATM handover.
Handover reference model, handover requirements, types of handover, hand
over scenarios, backward handover, and forward handover.
11. Write notes on location management, addressing and access point
control protocol.
Requirements for location management , procedures and entities
12. Explain mobile IP in detail.
Goals, assumptions and requirements – Entities and terminology – IP
packet delivery – Agent discovery – Agent advertisement, Agent
solicitation –Registration – Tunneling and encapsulation- IP-in-IP
encapsulation, minimal encapsulation, generic routing encapsulation –
optimizations – Reverse tunneling –IPv6.
13. Give a detailed account of mobile ad-hoc networks.
Instant infrastructure, Disaster relief Remote areas Effectiveness – Routing
– Asymmetric links, redundant links, interference, dynamic topology –
Destination sequence distance vector – sequence numbers, damping -
Dynamic source routing – route discovery, route maintenance - Alternative
metrics – least interference routing.
14. Give a detail note on HYPERLAN.
Reference model and configurations- Physical layer –Data link control
layer – broadcast phase, downlink phase, uplink phase, random access
phase-broascast channel, frame channel, access feedback channel, long
transport channel, short transport channel, random channel – Convergence
layer – Ethernet,IEEE 1394 (Firewire), ATM.
15. Account on BLUETOOTH in detail.
User scenarios- Connection of peripheral devices, support of ad-hoc
networking, bridging of networks – Architecture – networking, protocol
stack-radio layer – Baseband layer- physical links- synchronous
connection-oriented link, Asynchronous connectionless link – link manager
protocol –L2CAP –Security –SDP – Profiles –IEEE802.15 .
16. Write notes on traditional TCP.
Congestion control, slow start, fast retransmit/ fast recovery, implications
on mobility.
17. Write notes on wireless TCP.
Indirect TCP, snooping TCP, Mobile TCP, Fast retransmit/fast recovery,
transmission/time-out freezing, selective retransmission, transaction
oriented TCP.
18. Write notes on WDP and WTLS.
Figure and explanation about WDP and WTLS.
19. Write notes on wireless transaction protocol..
Figure and explanation about WTP class 0, class 1 and class 2.
20. Write notes on wireless sessions protocol.
WSP/B over WTP and WSP/ B as connectionless session service
[Link] the various applications of mobile computing:
Various applications and explanation
[Link] notes on UMTS and IMT 2000
Architecture-Frame formats and explanation
[Link] the various satellite orbit and the parameters associated
Parameters of satellites and explanations-Three orbits and explanation
