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Rotating Crystal Method

The Rotating Crystal Method is an X-ray diffraction technique used to analyze the atomic arrangement in single crystals by rotating the crystal in a fixed X-ray beam. This method relies on Bragg's Law to determine the distance between atomic layers and involves a setup where X-rays are filtered, collimated, and directed onto the crystal, which produces a diffraction pattern on photographic film. The resulting layer lines on the film allow for the calculation of interplanar spacing and unit cell dimensions, providing insights into the crystal's structure.

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3K views10 pages

Rotating Crystal Method

The Rotating Crystal Method is an X-ray diffraction technique used to analyze the atomic arrangement in single crystals by rotating the crystal in a fixed X-ray beam. This method relies on Bragg's Law to determine the distance between atomic layers and involves a setup where X-rays are filtered, collimated, and directed onto the crystal, which produces a diffraction pattern on photographic film. The resulting layer lines on the film allow for the calculation of interplanar spacing and unit cell dimensions, providing insights into the crystal's structure.

Uploaded by

k53051522
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ROTATING CRYSTAL

METHOD
Varsha.P
23D1205
WHAT IS THE ROTATING CRYSTAL METHOD?
WHY IS IT USED?
It is an X-ray diffraction technique where a single
crystal is slowly rotated in a fixed X-ray beam to
produce a diffraction pattern
Rotating Crystal Method is used to study how
atoms are arranged in a single crystal using X-ray
diffraction. It helps find the distance between
atomic layers based on Bragg’s Law.

01
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
X-ray tube produces X-rays.

A filter selects a monochromatic X-ray beam.

The beam passes through a collimator to make it narrow and parallel.

The beam strikes a single crystal mounted on a rotating shaft.

The crystal is placed inside a cylindrical camera.

Inside the camera, there is a photographic film along the inner wall.

As the crystal rotates, diffracted X-rays hit the film and form
patterns.

02
03
10
THEORY OF ROTATIONAL CRYSTAL
PHOTOGRAPH
1. Atoms in a crystal are arranged
like steps or layers – very neat and
regular.

2. We shine a thin X-ray beam on


the crystal.

3. Inside the crystal, the X-ray hits


one atom (called B) and gets
reflected to another atom (called
E).

4. When this happens, it’s called

04
diffraction
5. To find when this diffraction will happen,
we use a formula.
🔹 c(cosδ + cosφ) = nλ

6. Where:
c = distance between the layers of atoms

φ (phi) = angle at which X-ray comes in

δ (delta) = angle at which it leaves

λ = X-ray wavelength

n = 1st, 2nd, 3rd diffraction (order)

7. Sometimes φ = 90°, then it becomes simpler:


🔹 c cosδ = nλ

8. We rotate the crystal slowly so different


layers come in the right angle. That’s why it’s
called the rotating crystal method.

9. From the reflected X-rays, we get a pattern.


That pattern tells us how far the atoms are
from each other.
05
FORMATION OF LAYER LINES ON A
CYLINDRICAL FILMS
A rotating crystal at the center.

X-rays hitting the crystal and getting diffracted as


cones.

These cones hit the inner wall of a cylindrical


camera (where the film is).

The cones form circular rings on the cylindrical


film.

When you unroll the film → they appear as


horizontal layer lines.
07
LAYER LINE ANALYSIS
The middle horizontal line on the film is
the zero layer line (n = 0).

Lines above and below are called first,


second, third... layer lines (n = ±1, ±2...).

The position of each line depends on the


angle of diffraction and atomic spacing.

By measuring the distances between


these lines, we can calculate:

Interplanar spacing (distance between


atomic layers)

Unit cell dimensions (a, b, c)


08
CONCLUSION

So, by rotating the crystal and analyzing the X-ray


pattern, we can understand the full structure of the
crystal.

09

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