Title: Life Processes - Class 10 CBSE Detailed Report

Page 1: Introduction

 Definition of Life Processes: Life processes are the basic essential activities performed by living organisms to maintain and
sustain life. These include nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion. These processes ensure that organisms can
grow, reproduce, respond to their environment, and carry out metabolic activities.

 Importance in living organisms: Life processes are crucial for the survival, growth, and reproduction of organisms. They
enable organisms to acquire energy, eliminate waste, and respond to environmental stimuli.

 Overview of major life processes: Nutrition, Respiration, Transportation, Excretion

Page 2: Nutrition - Introduction

 Definition of Nutrition: Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain and utilize food for growth, energy, and repair of
tissues. It involves the ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion of food substances.

 Types: Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Nutrition

 Importance of nutrition in living organisms: Nutrition provides the essential nutrients that the body needs to perform cellular
activities and maintain health.

Page 3: Autotrophic Nutrition

 Definition: Autotrophic nutrition is a mode of nutrition in which organisms prepare their own food from simple inorganic
substances like carbon dioxide and water using sunlight. This process is known as photosynthesis.

 Photosynthesis as the process: Photosynthesis is a biochemical process in which green plants synthesize glucose using carbon
dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.

 Raw materials required: CO2 (from air), Water (from soil), Chlorophyll (in chloroplasts), Sunlight (energy source)

 Equation of Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Page 4: Mechanism of Photosynthesis

 Light reaction: Occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; involves photolysis of water and formation of ATP and
NADPH.

 Dark reaction (Calvin Cycle): Occurs in the stroma; uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into glucose.

 Chloroplasts and their role: Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and enzymes essential for capturing light energy and
synthesizing food.

 Factors affecting photosynthesis: Light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature, availability of water, and chlorophyll.

Page 5: Heterotrophic Nutrition

 Definition: Heterotrophic nutrition is a mode of nutrition in which organisms depend directly or indirectly on other organisms
for food.

 Types:

o Holozoic: Involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion (e.g., humans, animals).

o Saprophytic: Organisms feed on dead and decaying organic matter (e.g., fungi, bacteria).

o Parasitic: Organisms live on or inside a host and obtain nutrients at the host's expense (e.g., lice, tapeworm).

Page 6: Human Digestive System - Overview

 Organs involved:

o Mouth: Ingestion and initial digestion with saliva.

o Esophagus: Transports food to stomach.

o Stomach: Protein digestion begins.

o Small Intestine: Major digestion and nutrient absorption.

o Anus: Egestion of undigested waste.

 Accessory organs:

o Liver: Produces bile for fat digestion.

o Pancreas: Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.

Page 7: Human Digestive System - Functions

 Mouth: Salivary glands secrete saliva containing amylase, which breaks down starch.

 Stomach: Gastric glands secrete HCl and pepsin; proteins begin to digest.

 Small Intestine: Bile emulsifies fats, pancreatic juice digests proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; absorption occurs via villi.

Page 8: Absorption and Assimilation

 Villi and their role: Finger-like projections in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption of nutrients into the
bloodstream.

 Transportation of nutrients: Nutrients are carried by blood to different parts of the body.

 Utilization of nutrients in cells: Assimilation involves the incorporation of absorbed nutrients into the cells for growth and
energy.

Page 9: Respiration - Introduction

 Definition and importance: Respiration is the biochemical process through which organisms convert glucose into energy
(ATP), which is used to perform vital life functions.

 Types:

o Aerobic respiration: In the presence of oxygen.

o Anaerobic respiration: In the absence of oxygen.

 Equation for aerobic respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

Page 10: Aerobic Respiration

 Sites: Begins in the cytoplasm and is completed in mitochondria.

 Complete breakdown of glucose produces CO2 and water.

 Energy yield: 36 to 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

Page 11: Anaerobic Respiration

 Occurs in organisms like yeast and in human muscles during oxygen deficiency.

 Incomplete breakdown of glucose.

 Products:

o Yeast: Alcohol + CO2 + Energy

o Muscles: Lactic acid + Energy

Page 12: Human Respiratory System - Overview

 Organs:

o Nose: Filters and moistens air.

o Pharynx: Common pathway for air and food.

o Larynx: Voice box.

o Trachea: Windpipe, supported by cartilage rings.

o Lungs: Contain alveoli for gas exchange.

o Alveoli: Site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

Page 13: Mechanism of Breathing

 Inhalation: Diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity expands, air enters lungs.

 Exhalation: Diaphragm relaxes, thoracic cavity reduces, air is expelled.

 Role of alveoli in gas exchange: Thin walls and rich blood supply allow efficient gas diffusion.

Page 14: Transportation - Introduction

 Need: To distribute nutrients, oxygen, hormones and remove waste.

 Components: Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels, and Lymph

Page 15: Human Circulatory System

 Heart: Four-chambered muscular organ that pumps blood.

 Double circulation: Blood passes twice through heart in one complete cycle - ensures separation of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood.

o Pulmonary circulation: Between heart and lungs.

o Systemic circulation: Between heart and rest of body.

 Importance: Efficient oxygen and nutrient supply.

Page 16: Blood and its Components

 Plasma: Liquid component carrying nutrients, hormones.

 RBCs: Carry oxygen using hemoglobin.

 WBCs: Fight infections.

 Platelets: Help in blood clotting.

Page 17: Blood Vessels

 Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery).

 Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart (except pulmonary vein).

 Capillaries: Thin-walled vessels for exchange of materials.

Page 18: Lymphatic System

 Lymph: A clear fluid derived from blood plasma.

 Functions: Transports fats, drains excess tissue fluid, and plays a role in immunity.

 Difference from blood: Lacks RBCs, moves slowly.

Page 19: Transportation in Plants

 Xylem: Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.

 Phloem: Transports food from leaves to other parts.

 Transpiration pull: Evaporation of water creates suction.

 Root pressure: Pushes water upward.

 Translocation: Movement of food through phloem.

Page 20: Excretion - Introduction

 Definition: Excretion is the biological process of eliminating metabolic waste products and toxic substances from the body.
  Importance: Maintains internal chemical balance and prevents damage from waste accumulation.

 Major waste products: CO2 (lungs), urea (kidneys), excess salts and water (skin and kidneys).

Page 21: Human Excretory System

 Kidneys: Filter blood to produce urine.

 Ureters: Carry urine from kidneys to bladder.

 Bladder: Stores urine.

 Urethra: Passage for urine expulsion.

Page 22: Structure of Nephron

 Nephron: Functional unit of kidney.

 Glomerulus: Capillary knot for filtration.

 Bowman's capsule: Collects filtrate.

 Tubules: Reabsorb needed substances.

 Urine formation: Involves filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

Page 23: Osmoregulation

 Definition: Maintenance of water and salt balance.

 Kidneys regulate by adjusting urine concentration.

 ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone): Increases water reabsorption in kidneys during dehydration.

Page 24: Excretion in Plants

 Methods:

o Guttation: Release of excess water through leaf margins.

o Transpiration: Water vapor loss through stomata.

o Storage: Waste stored in vacuoles, bark, or leaves.

Page 25: Summary and Conclusion

 Recap: All organisms perform essential life processes.

 Interdependence: These processes are interconnected and necessary for homeostasis.

 Importance: Ensure survival, development, and proper functioning of living organisms.