7/19/2020 1

Educational Statistics
Unit No. 5.
Measures of Central Tendency

2
 Learning Objectives
Aftercompletion of unit, the students will be able to:
1. Write down the goals of measure of central tendency.
2. Explain the characteristics of central tendency.
3. Determine mean and merits and demerits of mean.
4. Define median, its merits and calculation.
5. Explain Mode, merits, demerits and calculation.
6. Write Measures of Dispersion, merits and demerits.
7. Calculate the Measures of Dispersion.
7/19/2020

3
 Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive
Statistics

Measures of
Measures of
Central
Dispersion
Tendency
4
 Measures of Central tendency
Measures of Central
Tendency

Mode Geometric Harmonic

Mean
Mean Mean

Median
5
 Measures of Central tendency
Introduction
An average is a single value, which represents the set of data as whole.
Since the average tends to lie in the center of distribution they are also
called measure of central tendency. There are three methods of measuring
the center of any data.
Arithmetic mean
The Median
The Mode
Geometric mean
Harmonic mean

7
Measures of Central tendency
The goal of the measure of central tendency is:
i) To condense data in a single value.
ii) To facilitate comparison between data.
Commonly used measures of central tendency are the
mean, the median and the mode.
Each of these indices is used with a different scale of
measurement.

8
 Mean or Average
Arithmetic Mean
It is defined as the sum of all the observations divided by
the number of observations. It is denoted by X.
When to use ArithmeticMean
We use arithmetic mean, when we are required to study
social, economic and commercial problems like
production, price, export and import. It helps in getting
average income, average price, average production etc.
9
 Example of Mean
Theformula for computing the mean is:
(Mean score) X = ƩX/n
Where Ʃ represents “Sum of”, X represents any raw score
value, n represents total number of scores. Example:
5, 10, 12, 16, 8, 42, 25, 15, 10,7
Solution: 5+10+12+16+8+42+25+15+10+7=150/10

 Mean = 15
 Interpretation of Mean
To interpret the as the “balance point or the center value”, we can
use the analogy of a seesaw. Its mean lies right at the center where
the fulcrum keeps the board perfectly balanced. As the mean is
based on every score or value of the dataset so it is influenced by
outliers and skewed distribution.

7/19/2020 10
 Mean or Average
Qualities of GoodAverage
An average that possesses all or most of the following qualities is
considered good average.
It should be rigidly defined.
It should be easy to understand and easy to calculate.
It should be based on all the observations of the data.
It should be unaffected by extreme observations.
It should have sampling stability

11
 Advantages of Mean
Qualities of GoodAverage
An average that possesses all or most of the following qualities is
considered good average.
It should be rigidly defined and easy to understand.
It should be easy to calculate.
It should be based on all the observations of the data.
It should be unaffected by extreme observations.
It should have sampling stability

12
 Disadvantages of Mean
It is highly affected by extreme values.
Itcannot be accurately calculated for open end
frequency distribution.
Itcannot be calculated accurately if any observation is
missing.
It can not be located graphically.

13
 Median
Median is the middle most value of a set of data when the data is
arranged in order of magnitude. If the number of observations is
in odd form, then median is the mid value and if the number of
observations is even form, then median is the average of two
middle values.
When we Apply Median
We apply median to the situations, when the direct measurements
of variables are not possible like poverty, beauty and intelligence
etc.
 Example Median
Median
Example: 12,15, 10, 20, 18, 25, 45, 30, 26
We need to make order of the data

10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 25, 26, 30, 45


So Median = 20
15
 Advantages Median
It is easy to calculate and understand.
It is not affected by extreme values.
It can be computed even in open end frequency
distribution.
It can be used for qualitative data.
It can be located graphically.

16
 Disadvantages Median
Disadvantages of Median
It is not rigorously defined.
It is not based on all the observations.
It is not suitable for further algebraic treatment.

17
 Mode
The most frequent value that occurs in the set of data is called
mode. A set of data may have more than one mode or no mode.
When it has one mode it is called uni-modal. When it has two
or three modes it is called bi-modal or tri-modal respectively.
Example
12, 24, 15, 18, 30, 48, 20, 24
So Mode = 24

7/19/2020 18
 Application of Mode
When to apply Mode
We apply mode when it is required to study the
problems like average size of shoes, average size
of readymade garments, and average size of
agriculture holding. This average is widely used in
Biology and Meteorology.

7/19/2020 19
 Advantages of Mode
It is easy to understand.
It is not affected by extreme values.
It can be computed even in open-end classes.
It can be useful in qualitative data.

7/19/2020 20
 Disadvantages of Mode
It is not clearly defined.
It is not suitable for further algebraic treatment.
It is not based on all the observations.
It may not exist in some cases.

7/19/2020 21
 Assessment
Calculate the following.
1. A list of five test scores was 60, 67, 73, 63and
67. Find the following:
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode

7/19/2020 22
 Measures of Dispersion
Measures of
Dispersion

Interquartile Quartile Variance

Range
Range Deviation
Standard
Deviation
7/19/2020 23
 Measures of Dispersion
The measure of central tendency does not tell us anything
about the spread data because any two sets of data may
have same central tendency with vast difference magnitude
of variability. Consider two types of data sets have same
mean but different reliability.
10, 12, 11, 14, 13
10, 2, 18, 27, 3

7/19/2020 24
 Measures of Dispersion
• These two data have same mean 12, but differ in their
variations. There is more variation in data (b) as compared to
data (a).
• This illustrates the fact that of central tendency is not sufficient.
• We therefore need some additional information concerning with
how the data are dispersed about the average.
• This is measuring the dispersion.
• By dispersion we mean the degree to which data tend to spread
about an average value.
• There are two types of measures of dispersion, absolute and
relative dispersion.
7/19/2020 26
 Types Measures of Dispersion
Measures of Dispersion
Followings are the measure of dispersion.
The Range
The semi Interquartile Range or the Quartile Deviation
The Mean Deviation
The variance and the standard deviation

27
 Range
Itis defined as difference between largest and smallest
observations in a set of data. Range = R = Xm -X0
Where Xm = the largest observation X0 = the smallest
observation. The range is very simple measure of
variability and only concerned with two most extreme
observations. Its relative measure is known as the co-
efficient of dispersion. Xm - Xo

Co-efficient of Range = Xm + Xo 28
 Example of Range
Example:

Calculate Range and Co-efficient of Range from the following

data. 15, 20, 18, 16, 30, 42, 12,25
Solution:

Xm = 42, Xo = 12 R = Xm — Xo =42-12 =30

29
 Standard Deviation
 Standard deviation is the most commonly used and the most
important measure of variation.
 It determines whether the scores are generally near or far from
the mean.
 In simple words, standard deviation tells how tightly all the
scores are clustered around the mean in a data set.
 When the scores are close to the mean, standard deviation is small.
And large standard deviation tells thatthe
scores are spread apart. Standard deviation is simply square
7/19/2020 30

root of variance
 Variance
• Variance (σ2) in statistics is a measurement of the
spread between numbers in a data set.
• That is, it measures how far each number in the set
is from the mean and therefore from every other
number in the set.
• Variance measures how far a data set is spread out.
• Itis mathematically defined as the average of the
squared differences from the mean.
31
 Normal Curve
One way of presenting out how data are distributed is to plot them in a
graph.
 If the data is evenly distributed, our graph will come
across a curve.
 In statistics this curve is called a normal curve and in social
sciences, it is called the bell curve.
Normal or bell curved is distribution of data may
naturally occur in several possible ways, with a number of possibilities
for standard deviation
 Standard Normal Curve


7/19/2020 33
 Skewness
Skewness tells us about the amount and direction of the variation of
the data set.
It is a measure of symmetry. A distribution or data setis
symmetric if it looks the same to the left and right of the central
point.
If bulk of data is at the left i.e. the peak is towards left
and the right tail is longer, we say that the distribution is skewed
right or positively skewed.
7/19/2020 33
Examples of Skewness

7/19/2020 34
 Kurtosis
 Kurtosis is a parameter that describes the shape of variation. It is a
measurement that tells us how the graph of the set of data is
peaked and how high the graph is around the mean.
 In other words we can say that kurtosis measures the shape of
the distribution, .i.e. the fatness of the tails, it focuses on how
returns are arranged around the mean.
 A positive value means that too little data is in the tail and
positive value means that too much data is in the tail.

35
 Types of Kurtosis
Kurtosis has three types, mesokurtic, platykurtic, and
leptokurtic.
If the distribution has kurtosis of zero, then the graph is
nearly normal. This nearly normal distribution is called
mesokurtic.
If the distribution has negative kurtosis, it is called
platykurtic. An example of platykurtic distribution isa
uniform distribution.
 If the distribution has positive kurtosis, it is called
leptokurtic
37
Types of Kurtosis

7/19/2020 37
 Self Assessment Activity
Q. 1. Tell the basic purpose of measure of central tendency?
Q. 2. Define Range and determine range of a given data?
Q. 3. Write down the formulas for determining quartiles?
Q. 4. Define mean or average deviation?
Q. 5. Determine variance and standard deviation?
Q. 6. Define normal curve?
Q. 7. Explain skewness and kurtosis?
Q. 8. Define dispersion, its types, merits, demerits and
Applications.
38
7/19/2020 39
7/18/2020 1
 Unit No. 4.
Descriptive Data Analysis:
Measures of Dispersion

2
 Learning Objectives
After completion of unit, the students will be able
to:
1. Tell the basic purpose of measure of central tendency.
2. Define Range and determine range of a given data.
3. Write down the formulas for determining quartiles.
4. Define mean or average deviation.
5. Determine variance and standard deviation.
6. Define normal curve.
7. Explain skewness and kurtosis.
 Measures of Dispersion
The measure of central tendency does not tell us
anything about the spread data because any two sets of
data may have same central tendency with vast
difference magnitude of variability. Consider two types
of data sets have same mean but different reliability.
10, 12, 11, 14, 13
10, 12, 18, 27, 13

43
 Measures of Dispersion
• These two data have same mean 12, but differ in their variations.
• There is more variation in data (b) as compared to data (a).
• This illustrates the fact that of central tendency is not sufficient.
• We therefore need some additional information concerning with how
the data are dispersed about the average.
• This is measuring the dispersion.
• By dispersion we mean the degree to which data tend to spread about
an average value.
• There are two types of measures of dispersion, absolute and relative
dispersion.
20
Types Measures of Dispersion
Measures of Dispersion
Followings are the measure of dispersion.
• The Range
• The semi Interquartile Range or the Quartile
Deviation
• The Mean Deviation
• The variance and the standard deviation
7/18/2020 21
 Range
 Itis defined as difference between largest and smallest
observations in a set of data. Range = R = Xm -X0
 Where Xm = the largest observation X0 = the smallest
observation. The range is very simple measure of
variability and only concerned with two most extreme
observations. Its relative measure is known as the co-
efficient of dispersion. Xm - Xo
Co-efficient of Range = Xm + Xo 7
22
 Example of Range
Example:
Calculate Range and Co-efficient of Range from the
following data. 15, 20, 18, 16, 30, 42, 12, 25
Solution:
 Xm = 42, Xo = 12 R = Xm — Xo =42-12 =30


 Standard Deviation
 Standard deviation is the most commonly used and the most important
measure of variation.
 It determines whether the scores are generally near or far
from the mean.
 In simple words, standard deviation tells how tightly all the scores are
clustered around the mean in a data set.
 When the scores are close to the mean, standard deviation is
small. And large standard deviation tells that the scores are spread apart.
Standard deviation is simply square root of variance
7/18/2020 24
 Variance
 Variance (σ2) in statistics is a measurement of the
spread between numbers in a data set. That is, it
measures how far each number in the set is from the
mean and therefore from every other number in the set.
 Variance measures how far a data set is spread out. It is
mathematically defined as the average of the squared
differences from the mean.

25
 Normal Curve
• One way of presenting out how data are distributed is to
plot them in a graph.
• If the data is evenly distributed, our graph will come
across a curve.
• In statistics this curve is called a normal curve and in
social sciences, it is called the bell curve.
• Normal or bell curved is distribution of data may naturally
occur in several possible ways, with a number of
possibilities for standard deviation
 Standard Normal Curve


7/18/2020 27
 Skewness
Skewness tells us about the amount and direction of the
variation of the data set.
 I t is a measure of symmetry. A distribution or data setis
symmetric if it looks the same to the left and right of the
central point.
 I f bulk of data is at the left i.e. the peak is towards left
and the right tail is longer, we say that the distribution is
skewed right or positively skewed. 52
Examples of Skewness

7/18/2020 53
 Kurtosis
 Kurtosis is a parameter that describes the shape of variation. Itis a
measurement that tells us how the graph of the set of data is peaked
and how high the graph is around the mean.
 In other words we can say that kurtosis measures the shapeof
the distribution, .i.e. the fatness of the tails, it focuses on how returns
are arranged around the mean.
 A positive value means that too little data is in the tail and
positive value means that too much data is in the tail.
54
 Types of Kurtosis
• Kurtosis has three types, mesokurtic,
platykurtic, and leptokurtic.
• If the distribution has kurtosis of zero, then the graph is
nearly normal. This nearly normal distribution is called
mesokurtic.
• If the distribution has negative kurtosis, it is called
platykurtic. An example of platykurtic distribution is a
uniform distribution.
• If the distribution has positive kurtosis, it is called
leptokurtic 31
Types of Kurtosis

7/18/2020 56
 Skewness vs Kurtosis
• Skewness is a measure of symmetry, or more
precisely, the lack of symmetry.
• Kurtosis is a measure of whether the data
are heavy-tailed or light-tailed relative to a normal
distribution.
• That is, data sets with high kurtosis tend to have
heavy tails, or outliers.
The End