Analysis & Design of

Deck Slab & Diaphragm

Analysis & Design of Deck
Slab & End Diaphragm
12.2 Design of Deck Slab(Hogging)

Input Data
Width of member considered, b = 1000 mm
Overall depth of member, D = 250 mm
Cover to concrete = 45 mm
Dia of main reinforcement provided = 16 mm
Spacing of reinforcement provided = 120 mm
Effective depth, d = 197 mm
2
Modulus of elasticity of steel = 200000 N/mm
2
Characteristic yield strength of steel, fyk = 500 N/mm
Partial factor for steel, γs = 1.15
2
Design strength of steel fyd = fyk / γs = 500/1.15 = 435 N/mm
2
Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 32000 N/mm
ξ cu3 = 0.0035
2
Characteristic compressice strength, fck = 35 N/mm
Partial factor for concrete, γm (Ref: Cl 6.4.2.8 of IRC:112-2020) = 1.5
α = 0.67
2
Design comp strength fcd = αfck / γm = 0.67*35/1.5 = 15.63 N/mm

Check for Reinforcement provided

Minimum area of steel required
Astmin (greater of below as per CL 16.5.1.1 of IRC: 112 - 2020)
Astmin=0.26 fctm bt d/fyk = 287 mm2
Astmin=0.0013 bt d = 256 mm2
Maximum area of steel
Astmax = 0.025 Ac = 6250 mm2
2
Area of steel provided, Ast,prov = 287 < 1676 < 6250 mm Hence OK

Load factors
S.no Description Limit Factor
1 DL+SIDL 1.35
2 WC 1.75
3 Live load 1.50
Summary of Forces & Moments (Refer Staad file)
Maximum Hogging
Moment in kNm / m Factored Moment in
S.no Description width kNm / m width

1 DL + SIDL 20.60 27.81

2 WC 1.28 2.23
3 Live load (with impact) 63.27 94.91
Total Moments = 1.35(DL + SIDL)+1.75WC+1.5 Live Load
= 30.04 + 94.91
= 124.95 kNm

Maximum Sagging
Moment in kNm / m Factored Moment in
S.no Description width kNm / m width
1 DL + SIDL 5.10 6.89
2 WC 0.59 1.03

3 Live load (with impact) 47.70 71.55

Total Moments = 1.35(DL + SIDL)+1.75WC+1.5 Live Load
= 7.92 + 71.55
= 79.47 kNm

Shear Force
Shear Force in kN / m Factored Shear Force in
S.no Description width kN / m width
1 DL + SIDL 21.68 29.27
2 WC 2.35 4.12
3 Live load (with impact) 165.54 248.32
Total Moments = 1.35(DL + SIDL)+1.75WC+1.5 Live Load
= 33.39 + 372.5
= 405.86 kN
Calculation for depth of Neutral Axis

For simplicity of design, a rectangular stress block as shown in Figure A2-4of IRC:112-2020 will be used
for calculating section capacity.

where,
η = 1 A2.9 IRC :112-2020 (Eq.A2-35)
λ = 0.8 A2.9 IRC :112-2020 (Eq.A2-33)

Assuming the steel to yield first, from the above assumed stress block the value of lever arm (z) is
calculated as follows

 f yd As 
Lever arm z = d 1  

 2 f cd bd 
Lever arm, z = 197*(1-((435*1676)/(2*1*15.63*1000*197))) = 174 mm

The above calculation will be valid provided the equation below is satisfied (For reinforcement to
yield),

1
x/d ≤ f yk = 1/((500/(1.15*200000*0.0035)+1)) = 0.617
1
 s E s  cu 3

Depth of N.A, xu = (Asfyd)/(lbηfcd) = (1676*435)/(0.8*1000*1*15.63) = 58.31 mm

xu /d = 58.31/197 = 0.296 ≤ 0.617 Hence OK

Design Bending Resistance, MRD = As fyd z = 1676*435*174/10^6 = 127 kNm

Max Design Bending Moment = 124.95 ≤ 127 kNm Hence OK
2
Transverse Reinforcement (20% of Main Reinforcement) = 335.2 mm
Hence provide 10 Dia @ 150 mm
2
Area of transverse reinforcement provided = 524 > 335.2 mm Hence OK

Serviceability Check- Stress Check

Design Bending Moment = 124.95 kNm
4
Moment of Inertia = 1.3E+09 mm
Depth of Extreme Compression Fibre, x = 58.310 mm
Depth of Extreme Fibre Tension Reinforcement = 138.69 mm
Section Modulus ZT = 2.2E+07 mm
Section Modulus ZB = 9388444 mm
λx = 46.648 mm
αe = 200000/32000 = 6.25
2
σ in steel = 124.95*10^6/9388444*6.25 = 83.18 N/mm
2
83.18 ≤ 435 N/mm Hence OK
2
σ in concrete- Tension Side = 124.95*10^6/9388444 = 13.31 N/mm
2
σCTM = 2.8 N/mm
Check Section is Cracked

Crack width calculation

Ecm= Long term Concrete Modulus = 32000 Mpa
Es= Steel Reinforcement Modulus = 200000 Mpa
αe=Es/Ecm = 6.25
P= Axial Force = 0 kN
Mser= Maximum Service Moment (Quasi Permanent combination) = 21 kNm
2
As = Area of Tension Reinforcement = 1676 mm
3
Ac = Area of Compression Reinforcement = 1676 mm
bt= width of section at tensile steel level = 1000 mm
d= dist. from comp.to outer layer of tensile steel = 197 mm
d1=Distance from comp to tensile steel c.g = 197 mm
1
a =Distance from comp face to crack surface = 250 mm
h=Overall depth of the section = 250 mm
c=Required nominal cover to outermost bar = 45 mm
φ=Diameter of bar = 16 mm
kt=Factor dependent on duration of load = 0.50
x = 52.89 mm
hceff = Depth of concrete in tension = 125.00 mm
(Lesser of 2.5(h-d),(h-x/3),h/2
K1 = Coefficient for bond properties = 0.80
K2 = Coefficient for distribution of strain = 0.50
 4
Icr = Moment of inertia of cracked section = 2.92E+08 mm
3/2 2
(bx )+(αAs(d1-x) ) =

fcteff = Mean value of tensile strength of concrete effective at the = 2.8 Mpa
time

Stress at compression face assuming cracked section (σcc) = (Mser = 3.74 Mpa
X/Icr)-(P/A)

Stress in tension reinforcement assuming cracked section(σsc) = 63.65 Mpa

=(ασcc(d1-X)/X
As per IRC 112-2020 Clause 12.3.4 Eq 12.8)
ρρeff=As/Aceff = 0.0134
Sr.max=(3.4c)+(0.17φ)/ρρeff = 355.86 mm
ɛsm-ɛsm =(σsc-kt((fcteff/ρpeff)(1+αeρpeff)))/Es = -2.5E-04
ɛsm-ɛsm =0.6σsc/Es = 1.91E-04
ɛsm-ɛsm = 0.00019
Crack width(wh)= Srmax (ɛsm-ɛsm) = 0.07 mm
0.07 < 0.30 Hence OK
12.2 Design of Deck Slab (sagging)

Input Data
Width of member considered, b = 1000 mm
Overall depth of member, D = 250 mm
Cover to concrete = 45 mm
Dia of main reinforcement provided = 12 mm
Spacing of reinforcement provided = 100 mm
Effective depth, d = 199 mm
2
Modulus of elasticity of steel = 200000 N/mm
2
Characteristic yield strength of steel, fyk = 500 N/mm
Partial factor for steel, γs = 1.15
2
Design strength of steel fyd = fyk / γs = 500/1.15 = 435 N/mm
2
Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 32000 N/mm
ξ cu3 = 0.0035
2
Characteristic compressice strength, fck = 35 N/mm
Partial factor for concrete, γm (Ref: Cl 6.4.2.8 of IRC:112-2020) = 1.5
α = 0.67
2
Design comp strength fcd = αfck / γm = 0.67*35/1.5 = 15.63 N/mm

Check for Reinforcement provided

Minimum area of steel required
Astmin (greater of below as per CL 16.5.1.1 of IRC: 112 - 2020)
Astmin=0.26 fctm bt d/fyk = 290 mm2
Astmin=0.0013 bt d = 259 mm2
Maximum area of steel
Astmax = 0.025 Ac = 6250 mm2
2
Area of steel provided, Ast,prov = 290 < 1131 < 6250 mm Hence OK

Load factors
S.no Description Limit Factor
1 DL+SIDL 1.35
2 WC 1.75
3 Live load 1.50
Summary of Forces & Moments (Refer Staad file)
Maximum Hogging
Moment in kNm / m Factored Moment in
S.no Description width kNm / m width

1 DL + SIDL 20.60 27.81

2 WC 1.28 2.23
3 Live load (with impact) 63.27 94.91
Total Moments = 1.35(DL + SIDL)+1.75WC+1.5 Live Load
= 30.04 + 94.91
= 124.95 kNm

Maximum Sagging
Moment in kNm / m Factored Moment in
S.no Description width kNm / m width
1 DL + SIDL 5.10 6.89
2 WC 0.59 1.03

3 Live load (with impact) 47.82 71.74

Total Moments = 1.35(DL + SIDL)+1.75WC+1.5 Live Load
= 7.92 + 71.74
= 79.65 kNm

Shear Force
Shear Force in kN / m Factored Shear Force in
S.no Description width kN / m width
1 DL + SIDL 21.68 29.27
2 WC 2.35 4.12
3 Live load (with impact) 165.42 248.13
Total Moments = 1.35(DL + SIDL)+1.75WC+1.5 Live Load
= 33.39 + 372.2
= 405.59 kN
Calculation for depth of Neutral Axis

For simplicity of design, a rectangular stress block as shown in Figure A2-4of IRC:112-2020 will be used
for calculating section capacity.

where,
η = 1 A2.9 IRC :112-2020 (Eq.A2-35)
λ = 0.8 A2.9 IRC :112-2020 (Eq.A2-33)

Assuming the steel to yield first, from the above assumed stress block the value of lever arm (z) is
calculated as follows

 f yd As 
Lever arm z = d 1  

 2 f cd bd 
Lever arm, z = 199*(1-((435*1131)/(2*1*15.63*1000*199))) = 183 mm

The above calculation will be valid provided the equation below is satisfied (For reinforcement to
yield),

1
x/d ≤ f yk = 1/((500/(1.15*200000*0.0035)+1)) = 0.617
1
 s E s  cu 3

Depth of N.A, xu = (Asfyd)/(lbηfcd) = (1131*435)/(0.8*1000*1*15.63) = 39.35 mm

xu /d = 39.35/199 = 0.198 ≤ 0.617 Hence OK

Design Bending Resistance, MRD = As fyd z = 1131*435*183/10^6 = 90 kNm

Max Design Bending Moment = 79.65 ≤ 90 kNm Hence OK
2
Transverse Reinforcement (20% of Main Reinforcement) = 226.2 mm
Hence provide 10 Dia @ 200 mm
2
Area of transverse reinforcement provided = 393 > 226.2 mm Hence OK
Serviceability Check- Stress Check
Design Bending Moment = 79.65 kNm
4
Moment of Inertia = 1.3E+09 mm
Depth of Extreme Compression Fibre, x = 39.350 mm
Depth of Extreme Fibre Tension Reinforcement = 159.65 mm
Section Modulus ZT = 3.3E+07 mm
Section Modulus ZB = 8155862 mm
λx = 31.48 mm
αe = 200000/32000 = 6.25
2
σ in steel = 79.65*10^6/8155862*6.25 = 61.04 N/mm
2
61.04 ≤ 435 N/mm Hence OK
2
σ in concrete- Tension Side = 79.65*10^6/8155862 = 9.77 N/mm
2
σCTM = 2.8 N/mm
Check Section is Cracked

Crack width calculation

Ecm= Long term Concrete Modulus = 32000 Mpa
Es= Steel Reinforcement Modulus = 200000 Mpa
αe=Es/Ecm = 6.25
P= Axial Force = 0 kN
Mser= Maximum Service Moment (Quasi Permanent combination) = 21 kNm
2
As = Area of Tension Reinforcement = 1131 mm
3
Ac = Area of Compression Reinforcement = 1131 mm
bt= width of section at tensile steel level = 1000 mm
d= dist. from comp.to outer layer of tensile steel = 199 mm
d1=Distance from comp to tensile steel c.g = 199 mm
1
a =Distance from comp face to crack surface = 250 mm
h=Overall depth of the section = 250 mm
c=Required nominal cover to outermost bar = 45 mm
φ=Diameter of bar = 12 mm
kt=Factor dependent on duration of load = 0.50
x = 46.22 mm
hceff = Depth of concrete in tension = 125.00 mm
(Lesser of 2.5(h-d),(h-x/3),h/2
K1 = Coefficient for bond properties = 0.80
K2 = Coefficient for distribution of strain = 0.50
4
Icr = Moment of inertia of cracked section = 2.14E+08 mm
(bx3/2)+(αAs(d1-x)2) =

fcteff = Mean value of tensile strength of concrete effective at the = 2.8 Mpa
time

Stress at compression face assuming cracked section (σcc) = (Mser = 4.44 Mpa
X/Icr)-(P/A)

Stress in tension reinforcement assuming cracked section(σsc) = 91.76 Mpa

=(ασcc(d1-X)/X
As per IRC 112-2020 Clause 12.3.4 Eq 12.8)
ρρeff=As/Aceff = 0.0090
Sr.max=(3.4c)+(0.17φ)/ρρeff = 378.46 mm
ɛsm-ɛsm =(σsc-kt((fcteff/ρpeff)(1+αeρpeff)))/Es = -3.6E-04
ɛsm-ɛsm =0.6σsc/Es = 2.75E-04
ɛsm-ɛsm = 0.00028
Crack width(wh)= Srmax (ɛsm-ɛsm) = 0.10 mm
0.10 < 0.30 Hence OK
Design of End Diaphragm
13.1 End Diaphragm
Inputs
2
fck = M 35 N/mm
2
fy = Fe 500 N/mm
2
Ec = 32000 N/mm
Es = 200000 Mpa
xu,lim / d = 0.0035/(0.0035+(0.87*500/200000)) = 0.617
j = 1-(0.42*0.617) = 0.741
Q = 0.36*35*0.617*0.741 = 5.760

Summary of Forces & Moments from Staad

Loading Condition Max Hog Mmt (tm) Max Sag Mmt (tm) Max SF (t)
Service conditon 8.7 5.4 19
Jack up condition 40 -14.1 52
Hog Sag
Factored B.M = 60 8 Tm
Factored Shear Force (V) = 78 T
Maximum Torsional moment (T) = 0 Tm
Depth of Diaphragm = 1250 mm
Width of Diaphragm = 350 mm
Clear cover to reinforcement = 45 mm
Effective depth (d') = 1163 mm

Check for Depth provided

Depth required, d = sqrt(M/Qb) = SQRT((59.925*10^7)/(5.76*350)) = 545.20 mm
Hence Safe
Calculation for Area of Steel, Ast,reqd Hog Sag
2 2
Ast = 0.5 fck b d/fyk (1-(sqrt(1-4.6M/fck b d ) = 1239 162 mm
Diameter of bar Provided = 20 20 mm
Area of one bar = 314.16 314.16 mm
Number of bars required = 4 2
Astmin (greater of below as per CL 16.5.1.1 of IRC: 112 - 2011)
Astmin=0.26 fctm bt d/fyk = 593 593 mm2
2
Astmin=0.0013 bt d = 529 529 mm
2
Astmin = 593 593 mm
Effect of Torsion
TEd = 0.0E+00 Nmm
b = 350 mm
D = 1250 mm
A = Total Area of Cross Section = 437500 mm2
u = Outer perimeter of Cross Section = 3200 mm
tef = 137 mm
b1 = 350 mm
D1 = 976 mm
Ak = Area enclosed by centre lines of (1250-137)*(350-137) = 237069 mm2
connecting walls =

Required Longitudinal Reinforcement due to torsion

As1=Tedukcotθ/2Akfyd
uk= Perimeter of area Ak = 2652.00 mm
fyd = 434.78 Mpa
cotθ = 2.50
As1 = 0 mm2
Diameter of bar Provided = 20 mm
Area of one bar = 314.16 mm2
Number of bars required = 0
Ast Provided = 0.00 mm2

Total number of longitudinal bars required = No.of bars due to flexure + = 4 Nos.
No.of Bars due to torsion Hog Sag
No of Layers of reinforcement provided = 2 1 Nos.
Total number of longitudinal bars provided = 6 3 Nos.
Diameter of bar Provided = 20 20 mm
2
Total area of steel provided = 1885 942 mm
Hence Safe
xu = 0.87 . fy . Ast
=0.87*500*1885/(0.36*35*350)= 186 93 mm
0.36 fck b
xu < xu,lim Hence OK
Mmt of Resistance, MR = 0.87 . fy . Ast (d - 0.42 xu) = = 89 46 Tm
> >
Design Ultimate Moment = 60 8 Tm
Hence OK
Side Face Reinforcement
Diameter of Bar Provided = 10 mm
Spacing of bars Provided = 150 mm
Area of Side face Reinforcement = 524 mm2
Minimum area of side face reinforcement = 0.01 Act.ext = 450 mm2
Act.ext = Area of cover portion outside the stirrups = 45000 mm2
Hence Safe

Calculation for Crack width

Max B.M = 39.95 Tm
Mt = 0.00 Tm
Equivalent B.M = 39.95 Tm
fcu= Concrete Cube Strength = 35 Mpa
fy=Yield Strength of Reinforcement = 500 Mpa
Ecm= Long term Concrete Modulus = 32000 Mpa
Es= Steel Reinforcement Modulus = 200000 Mpa
αe=Es/Ecm = 6.25
P= Axial Force = 0.00 kN
Mser= Maximum Service Moment = 400 kNm
As = Area of Tension Reinforcement = 1885 mm2
Ac = Area of Compression Reinforcement = 942.00 mm2
bt = width of section at tensile steel level = 350 mm
d = dist. from comp.to outer layer of tensile steel = 1163 mm
d1 = Distance from comp to tensile steel c.g = 1163 mm
1
a = Distance from comp face to crack surface = 1250 mm
h = Overall depth of the section = 1250 mm
c = Required nominal cover to outermost bar = 45 mm
φ = Diameter of bar = 20 mm
kt = Factor dependent on duration of load = 0.50
x = 226.11 mm
hceff = Depth of concrete in tension = 217.50 mm
(Lesser of 2.5(h-d),(h-x/3),h/2
K1 = Coefficient for bond properties = 0.80
K2 = Coefficient for distribution of strain = 0.50
Icr = Moment of inertia of cracked section = 1.17E+10
 3 2
(bx /3)+(αAs(d1-x) )
fcteff = Mean value of tensile strength of concrete effective at the time = 2.80
Stress at compression face assuming cracked section (σcc) = 7.73E+00 Mpa
Stress in tension reinforcement assuming cracked section(σsc) = 200.11 Mpa
As per IRC 112-2011 Clause 12.3.4 Eq 12.8)
ρρeff = As/Aceff = 0.02
Sr.max = (3.4c)+(0.425K1K2φ)/ρρeff = 290.31 mm
ɛsm-ɛsm = (σsc-kt((fcteff/ρρeff)(1+αeρρeff)))/Es = 0.00067
0.6 σsc/Es = 0.00060
Crack width(wh)= Sr,max (ɛsm-ɛsm) = 0.196 mm
0.196 < 0.3 Hence Safe
Check for Shear & Torsion
The shear stress due to torsion = τt=TEd/2Aktef = 0.00 Mpa
= (0*10^7)/(2*137*237069)
Design Torsional shear force = Vedt = τttefZ
Z= side length defined by the distance between the intersection points = 1113.00 mm
VEdt = 0N
Design Shear force due to flexure (VEdf) = 780600 N
Total Design Shear force (VEd)=VEdf+VEdt = 780600 N
As Per Clause 10.3.2 IRC 112-2020
0.33
VRdc = (0.12K(80ρ1fck) +0.15σcp)bwd)
Where
VRdc = Design shear resisitance of the member without shear reinforcement
K=1+sqrt(200/d) = 1.415
σcp= Concrete Compressive stress at centroidal axis due to axial loading = 0.00 Mpa
bw = Breadth of the section over the depth = 350 mm
d = Effective depth of the section = 1163 mm
ρ1=As/bwd = 0.00695
VRdc = 183994 N > Ved
Hence Shear Reinforcement is required
θ = 43.64 deg = 0.76 rad
Assume, cot θ = 1.00
tan θ = 1.00
Provide 12 mm dia 2 Legged Stirrups
10 mm dia 1 Legged Stirrups
S=AswzFywd cotθ/VEd
Asw = 304.73 mm2
fywd = 378.26 Mpa
S = 164.35 mm
Hence Provide 150 mm Spacing Hence Safe
VRdmax=αcwbwzv1fcd/cotθ+tanθ
αcw = 1.00
Z=Lever Arm =0.9d = 1046.70 mm
2
v1 (For fck=80N/mm ) = 0.60
fcd = 15.63 Mpa
VRdmax = 1718158 N
1718158 > VED Hence Safe
Design Torsional Resisting Moments
TRd.max=2ναcwfcdAktefsinθcosθ = 3.04E+08 Nmm
TEd/TRdmax +VEd/VRdmax <=1 = 0.45
0.45 < 1.00 Hence Safe