GRADE 11

SUBJECT: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1ST QUARTER

CONTENT STANDARD

1. Cell Structure and Functions

PERFORMANCE STANDARD

Construct a 3D model of a plant/animal/ bacterial cell using recyclable materials

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES

Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
A. Identify the different cell organelles
B. Discuss and explain cell organelles and its function (both plant and animals)
C. Differentiate plant and animal cell
D. Relate the function of cell organelles and community as they work

INTRODUCTION:

All cells share four

common components: 1. A
plasma membrane, an outer
covering that separates the
cell’s interior from its
surrounding environment; 2.
Cytoplasm, consisting of a
jelly-like cytosol within the
cell in which other cellular
components are found; 3.
DNA, the genetic material of
the cell; and 4. Ribosomes,
which synthesize proteins.
However, prokaryotes differ
from eukaryotic cells in
several ways.

In this lesson, you are to identify the other features of the cells, such as
Cell wall, Cytoplasm, Cilia and Flagella

Prepared by:
JEREMIAH JOHN T. BOMBAY, LPT
SHS Faculty
LESSON PROPER
PLASMA MEMBRANE

The plasma membrane (cell membrane) is the

organelle that encapsulates the contents of the
cell. Apart from encapsulating cell contents, the
plasma membrane also plays a vital role in
regulating the movement of substances in and
out of the cell. As such, it is actively involved in
such both passive and active transportation to
and from the cell. These processes also help maintain balance even when conditions
outside the cell change.

The plasma membrane is made up of two layers of phospholipids (phospholipids

bilayer)

NUCLEUS

Some of the main components of the nucleus include the

chromatic, nucleoplasm/nuclear sap and the nucleolus.

* The nucleus houses DNA (the hereditary material) as well as

various proteins and the nucleolus.

In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is enclosed in a nuclear

membrane. It is the organelle that controls the hereditary traits
of an organism by directing such processes as protein synthesis
and cell division among others.

For prokaryotes, the DNA lacks a nuclear membrane. The genetic material is therefore
bound in the nucleotide region.

* The nucleolus plays an important role in ribosome production.

RIBOSOMES

Ribosomes are tiny organelles that contain RNA and specific

proteins within the cytoplasm. Within the cell, ribosomes are
directly involved in the manufacture of proteins by
using their RNA and amino acids.

This process involves decoding the information

contained in the mRNA and using amino acids to
produce the required proteins.

Prepared by:
JEREMIAH JOHN T. BOMBAY, LPT
SHS Faculty
MITOCHONDRION/ MITOCHONDRIA

Mitochondria are some of the largest organelles within a cell.

Compared to some of the other organelles, mitochondria

contain DNA which makes them semiautonomous.
Mitochondria also contain a double-membrane with the inner
membrane folding to form cristae. Also known as the
powerhouse, mitochondria play an important role in
respiration where they generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
from substrates in the presence of oxygen. Using their DNA,
mitochondria are able to encode for some of the components
they require to perform their functions.

ATP stores energy in the form of chemical bonds and is

released whenever it is needed for various cell functions.

VACUOLES

A vacuole may be described as a space inside the cell

that does not contain cytoplasm. It is surrounded by
a membrane and filled with a fluid. Vacuoles store
various molecules including enzymes, waste products
of the cell, water, and even food material depending
on the type of cell.

In cases were vacuoles contain waste products of the

cell, they are also involved in the exportation of
waste from the cell thus protecting the cell from toxicity.

* Some vacuoles also play a role in maintaining the internal hydrostatic pressure of the
cell as well as regulating pH.

CYTOSKELETON

The cytoskeleton is made up of microtubules and microfilaments. By spreading

throughout the cell (in the cytoplasm), the cytoskeleton helps maintain the shape of the
cell while also ensuring its elasticity.

* The cytoskeleton is also involved in anchoring the nucleus and supporting cell
contents.

PLASMID

Plastids are a type of organelle found in plant cells and algae. Like mitochondria,
plastids are membrane-bound organelles that contain nucleoids. As such, they are also
semi-autonomous organelles.

There are different types of plastids that include chloroplasts, chromoplasts,

gerontoplasts, and leucoplasts.

Prepared by:
JEREMIAH JOHN T. BOMBAY, LPT
SHS Faculty
The following are some functions of the different types of plastids:

• Chloroplast - Chloroplasts contain the

pigment chlorophyll that captures
energy from sunlight for
photosynthesis. Therefore, the
chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis
(the process through which plants
produce food)
• Chromoplasts - Chromoplasts are
present in certain photosynthetic
eukaryotes. They are primarily involved
in the production and storage of pigments (carotenoid pigments). These
pigments are involved in absorbing light energy as well as protecting chlorophyll
in some plants.
• Gerontoplasts - This is a type of plastid that develops from the chloroplast
during senescence in foliage plants. Gerontoplasts play an important role in
salvaging nutrients and other important material as a cell dies.
• Leucoplast - Compared to the other plastids, leucoplasts are unpigmented
organelles. Leucoplast is specialized for such functions as the storage of starch
(amyloplasts), lipids (elaioplasts) and proteins (proteinoplasts).

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Found in eukaryotic cells, Endoplasmic reticulum

(ER) is the organelle that forms an interconnected
network of flattened sacs (cisternae). Like some of
the other organelles found in eukaryotes, ER is
enclosed in a membrane. The ER is divided into two
regions that vary in structure and function.

These include:

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - The smooth ER is

named so because it lacks a ribosome on its surface.
As a result, it is more smooth in appearance as compared to the rough ER. It is
involved in the synthesis of lipids (e.g. phospholipids) and carbohydrates that are used
to build the cell membrane.

Some of the other functions of the smooth ER include:

• Transportation of vesicles
• Enzyme production in the liver
• Contraction of muscle cells in the muscles
• Synthesis of hormones in the brain cells

Rough endoplasmic reticulum- Unlike the smooth ER, rough ER has ribosome attached
to its surface. It's involved in the manufacture of various proteins in the cell. On the

Prepared by:
JEREMIAH JOHN T. BOMBAY, LPT
SHS Faculty
other hand, the rough ER is involved in the production of antibodies, insulin
as well as transportation of proteins into the smooth ER.

CENTRIOLES

Centrioles are cylindrical organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. They contain tube-
shaped molecules known as microtubules that help separate chromosomes and move
them during cell division.

LYSOSOMES

A lysosome is commonly referred to as sacs of enzymes.

They are membranous organelles that contain acidic
enzymes (hydrolase enzymes) that serve to digest various
macromolecules (e.g. lipids and nucleic acids) in the cell.

Conditions inside lysosomes have been shown to be acidic.

These conditions are maintained by the lysosome
membrane thus providing favorable conditions for the
enzymes to perform their functions.

Acidocalcisomes of eukaryotes are considered lysosome-

related organelles.

GOLGI COMPLEX/ APPARATUS

Golgi apparatus are found in eukaryotic and are highly

folded into cisternae (flattened sacs). They are enclosed in a
membrane that varies in thickness from different regions.

In the cell, Golgi apparatus are actively involved in the

manufacturing, storage as well as transportation of
products from the ER.

Other features of a cell include:

CELL WALL - Some books do not consider the cell wall to be an organelle. However,
it's one of the most important components of plant cells. The cell wall surrounds the cell
membrane and serves to strengthen and protect the cell.

For instance, in the cells of plant roots, the cell wall protects the cell as they grow
deeper in the soil. The cell wall also serves as a filter that controls the movement of
molecules in and out of the cell.

Prepared by:
JEREMIAH JOHN T. BOMBAY, LPT
SHS Faculty
CYTOPLASM- is also not considered as an organelle in some books.
However, it is an important component of the cell. Cell cytoplasm is
composed of protoplasm in which all the other cell organelles are
suspended.

Many of the cell processes (protein synthesis, respiration etc) take place in the
cytoplasm. The cytoplasm also plays an important role in the movement of various
materials around the cell.

KEY POINTS:

• All cell share four common components: 1. Plasma membrane; 2.

Cytoplasm; 3. DNA and; 4. ribosomes
• The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins.
It controls the passage of organic molecules, ions, water and oxygen into
and out of the cell.
• The cytoplasm is the entire region of a cell between the plasma
membrane and the nuclear envelope. Even though the cytoplasm consist
of 70% to 80% water, it has a semisolid consistency which comes from
the proteins within it. Many metabolic reactions, including protein
synthesis, take place in cytoplasms.

REFERENCES:

Belardo, G. M. General Biology I. Philippine adaptation©2016 Vibal Group. ISBN: 978-

971-07-3563-1 pp. 46-47
[Link]

Prepared by:
JEREMIAH JOHN T. BOMBAY, LPT
SHS Faculty