VASIREDDY VENKATADRI INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGYNAMBUR-522508.

YEAR: II B. Tech SEMESTER: II

COURSE NAME: ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
COURSE CODE:
BRANCH: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
PREREQUISITE: Signals and Systems, Probability Theory and Stochastic
Processes
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
 To introduce the basic concepts and need for modulation in
communication systems.
 To explain various amplitude modulation techniques and their
demodulation methods.
 To familiarize students with the principles and techniques of angle
modulation.
 To provide understanding of radio transmitter and receiver
components and their operation.
 To discuss noise effects in analog systems and introduce pulse
analog modulation techniques.

COURSE OUTCOMES: Students will be able to:

Cognitive
Levels as
S.N Weightag
OUTCOME per
o e (%)
Bloom’s
Taxonomy
Describe the modulation and demodulation
CO1 L2 20
techniques of standard AM
Compare DSBSC, SSBSC, and VSB
CO2 L4 20
modulation and demodulation techniques.
Analyse the generation and detection of
CO3 L4 20
angle modulated signals.
Outline the sections and functioning of radio
CO4 L2 20
transmitters and receivers.
Illustrate noise performance in analog
CO5 systems and explain pulse analog L2 20
modulation techniques.

WEIGHTAGE OF BLOOM’S LEGENDS & PERCENTAGEOF QUESTIONS IN

EXAMINATIONS:
L1 (Remembering) = 20- 30%, L2 (Understanding) = 30 - 40%,
L3 (Applying) = 20-30 %, L4 (Analysing) = 20 - 30%,
Easy (%) = 15%-20%, Average (%)= 60% - 70%, Difficult(%)= 15% - 20%
TOTAL = L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 = 100% (on an average about 2 minutes per mark)
Note: This specification weightage in above shall be treated as a general
guideline for students, teachers, and paper setters. The actual distribution of
marks in the question paper may vary slightly.

DETAILED SYLLABUS:
UNIT I
Amplitude Modulation: Introduction to Fourier transform, Introduction to
communication system, Need for modulation, Frequency Division Multiplexing,
Amplitude Modulation, Time domain and Frequency domain descriptions, Single
tone modulation, Power relations in AM waves, Generation of AM waves: Square
law Modulator, Switching modulator, Detection of AM Waves: Square law
detector, Envelope detector, Related problems.
UNIT-II:

DSB & SSB Modulation: Double sideband suppressed carrier modulator: Time
domain and frequency domain description, Generation of DSBSC Waves:
Balanced Modulator, Ring Modulator, Detection of DSBSC Waves: Coherent
detection, Quadrature Null Effect, COSTAS Loop, Squaring Loop.
Single sideband suppressed carrier modulator: Time domain and Frequency
domain description, Generation of SSBSC Waves: Frequency discrimination
method, Phase discrimination method, Demodulation of SSB Waves: Coherent
Detection. Vestigial sideband modulation: Time domain description, Frequency
domain description, Generation of VSB Modulated wave, Envelope detection of a
VSB Wave pulse Carrier, Comparison of different AM Techniques, Applications of
different AM Systems, Related problems.

UNIT-III:

Angle Modulation: Introduction, Basic concept of phase modulation,

Frequency Modulation: Single tone frequency modulation, Spectrum Analysis of
Sinusoidal FM Wave, Narrow band FM, Wide band FM, Constant Average Power,
Transmission bandwidth of FM Wave, Generation of FM Waves: Direct Method,
Indirect Method, Detection of FM Waves: Balanced Frequency discriminator,
Zero crossing detector, Phase locked loop, Comparison of FM & AM, Related
problems.

UNIT-IV:

Radio Transmitters: Classification of Transmitters, AM Transmitter, Effect of

feedback on performance of AM Transmitter, FM Transmitter: Variable reactance
type and Phase modulated FM Transmitter, Frequency stability in FM
Transmitter.
Radio Receivers: Receiver Types: Tuned radio frequency receiver, Super
heterodyne receiver, RF section and Characteristics, Frequency changing and
tracking, Intermediate frequency, AGC, FM Receiver, Amplitude limiting,
Comparison of FM & AM Receivers, Communication Receivers, Extension of
super heterodyne principle and additional circuits.

UNIT-V:

Noise: Review of noise and noise sources, Noise figure, Noise in Analog
communication Systems: Noise in DSB & SSB Systems, Noise in AM System and
Noise in Angle Modulation Systems, Threshold effect in Angle Modulation
System, Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis.
Pulse Analog Modulation: Types of Pulse modulation, PAM (Single polarity,
double polarity), PWM: Generation & Detection of PWM, PPM: Generation and
Detection of PPM, Time Division Multiplexing, TDM Vs FDM.
TEXTBOOKS:
1. Communication Systems, Simon Haykin, Michael Moher, Wiley, 5th
Edition, 2009.
2. Principles of Communication Systems, H Taub, D L Schilling, Gautam Sahe,
TMH, 4th Edition, 2017.
3. Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, B.P.Lathi, Zhi Ding,
Hari Mohan Gupta, Oxford University Press, 4th Edition, 2017.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Electronics & Communication Systems, George Kennedy, Bernard Davis,
S R M Prasanna, TMH, 6th Edition, 2017.
2. Communication Systems, R P Singh, S D Sapre, TMH, 3nd Edition, 2017.
3. Communication Systems (Analog and Digital), Dr. Sanjay Sharma, Katson
Books, 7th Reprint Edition, 2018

MICRO-SYLLABUS:

Unit 1 Module Micro content

Elements of communication system,
Introduction & Need
Frequency spectrum, Bandwidth, Necessity
for Modulation
of modulation
Amplitude Modulation Definition, Time-domain representation,
Amplitude
(AM) Frequency-domain representation
Modulation
Mathematical expression, Modulation index,
Single Tone AM
Bandwidth, Power calculations
Generation of AM Square law modulator, Switching modulator
Detection of AM Envelope detector, Square law detector
Spectrum Components of AM Signal,
Additional Topics:
Basics of Frequency Multiplexing
Unit 2 Module Micro content
DSBSC, SSBSC Time domain and frequency domain
DSB-SC Modulation
and VSB description of DSBSC
Modulation Balanced modulator, Ring modulator –
DSBSC Generation
circuit and working
Coherent detection, Quadrature Null Effect,
DSBSC Detection
COSTAS Loop, Squaring Loop
Time domain and frequency domain
SSBSC Modulation
description of SSBSC
Frequency discrimination method, Phase
SSBSC Generation &
discrimination method, Coherent detection
Detection
of SSBSC
VSB Modulation Time and frequency domain descriptions,
Generation of VSB wave, Envelope
detection of VSB modulated wave
 Comparison of AM techniques (AM,
Comparison and
DSBSC, SSBSC, VSB), Applications of
Applications
each AM system
Importance of Carrier Suppression in DSB-
Additional Topics: SC, Role of Coherent Detection in DSB-SC
Systems
Unit 3 Module Micro content
Introduction to Angle Basic concepts of angle modulation,
Modulation difference between FM and PM
Principle and mathematical expression of
Phase Modulation (PM)
phase modulation
Frequency Modulation Single tone frequency modulation, Spectrum
(FM) analysis of sinusoidal FM wave
Narrowband FM (NBFM), Wideband FM
Angle Types of FM
(WBFM), Constant average power in FM
Modulation
Transmission bandwidth of FM wave,
Bandwidth and
Direct method and Indirect method of FM
Generation
generation
FM Detection Balanced frequency discriminator, Zero
Techniques crossing detector, Phase Locked Loop (PLL)
Comparison of AM and FM, Related
Comparison
numerical problems
Mathematical Representation of Frequency
Additional Topics: Modulation, Bandwidth Estimation using
Carson’s Rule
Unit 4 Module Micro content
Classification of Transmitters – AM and FM
Radio Transmitters
Transmitters
Block diagram and working of AM
AM Transmitter Transmitter, Effect of feedback on AM
performance
Variable reactance type FM Transmitter,
FM Transmitter
Phase modulated FM Transmitter
Frequency stability in FM Transmitter –
Frequency Stability
causes and techniques to maintain stability
Types of receivers – Tuned Radio
Radio
Radio Receivers Frequency (TRF), Superheterodyne
Transmitters &
Receiver
Radio Receivers
RF section and its characteristics, Frequency
RF Section & Tuning
changing, Tracking and IF stage
Automatic Gain Control (AGC), Amplitude
Receiver Circuits
limiting in FM receivers
FM Receiver Block diagram and working of FM Receiver
Receiver Comparison Comparison of AM and FM Receivers
Communication receivers, Extension of
Advanced Circuits superheterodyne principle, Additional
circuits
Importance of Intermediate Frequency in
Additional Topics: Receivers, Basic Components of Radio
Receiver
Unit 5 Module Micro content
Noise & Pulse Noise Overview Review of noise and common noise sources
Analog in communication systems
 Noise Figure Definition and importance of noise figure
Noise in Analog Noise in DSB & SSB systems, Noise in AM
Communication system, Noise in Angle Modulation systems
Threshold effect in Angle Modulation
Threshold Effect
system
Pre-emphasis & De- Concept and role of pre-emphasis and de-
emphasis emphasis
Pulse Analog
Types of Pulse Modulation
Modulation Modulation Types
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (single
PAM
polarity, double polarity)
Generation and Detection of Pulse Width
PWM
Modulation
Generation and Detection of Pulse Position
PPM
Modulation
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM),
Multiplexing Comparison between TDM and Frequency
Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Impact of Noise on Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Additional Topics: (SNR), Comparison between TDM and
FDM Techniques

*****
 R23
Code No:
I B. TECH II SEMESTER REGULAR EXAMINATIONS, JULY-2024
ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
(ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks:
70
_________________________________________________________________________________
Note: 1. The question paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B)
2. All the questions in Part-A are Compulsory
3. Answer ONE Question from Each Unit in Part-B
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PART – A (20 Marks)

1. a) Define modulation index in AM [2M]

b) Write the time domain expression for a single tone AM wave. [2M]
c) What is a double sideband suppressed carrier (DSBSC) wave [2M]
d) What is a quadrature null effect? [2M]
e) Define frequency modulation and phase modulation. [2M]
f) What is the difference between narrowband FM and wideband [2M]
FM?
g) What is frequency stability in FM transmitters. [2M]
h) efine Automatic Gain Control (AGC) in radio receivers. [2M]
i) What is pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in angle modulation? [2M]
j) Differentiate between single polarity PAM and double polarity [2M]
PAM.

PART – B (50 Marks)

UNIT-I
2. a) Derive the time domain and frequency domain expressions [5 M]
for a single tone AM wave.
b) A modulating signal of 2cos5000t is amplitude modulated [5 M]
over a carrier signal of 5cos20000t. Find the modulation
index, LSB and USB frequencies, bandwidth and the ratio of
Side Band Power to the Total Power of AM wave.
(OR)
3. a) Explain the working of a square-law detector for AM wave [5 M]
demodulation.
b) A carrier wave of frequency 10 MHz and peak voltage of 10 V [5 M]
is amplitude modulated by a 5 kHz sine wave of amplitude 6
V. Calculate the modulation index and sketch the one-sided
spectrum of the modulated wave.
UNIT-II
4. a) With neat diagram, explain coherent detection of DSB-SC [6M]
wave.
b) Derive an expression for SSB Modulated wave for which [4M]
upper sideband is retained.
(OR)
5. a) Discuss the effect of frequency and phase error in [5 M]
demodulation of DSB-SC wave using synchronous detector.
b) Explain the frequency discrimination method for SSB [5 M]
generation with a neat block diagram.
UNIT-III
6. a) Derive the expression for the frequency modulated signal. [5 M]
b) An FM signal is represented in time domain as s (t) = 10 Cos [5 M]
(2π.106 t + 5 Sin8π.103 t). Calculate the frequency deviation,
modulation index, power and band width.
(OR)
7. a) Derive the expressions for transmission bandwidth of FM [5 M]
signal.
b) Explain the Armstrong method of generating FM signals with [5 M]
neat block diagram.
UNIT-IV
8. a) Draw the block diagram of a superheterodyne receiver and [5 M]
explain the function of each block.
b) Define and explain the concept of "tracking" in [5 M]
superheterodyne receivers.
(OR)
9. a) Explain the operation of a Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) [6M]
receiver and list its drawbacks.
b) Define frequency stability and its importance in FM [4M]
transmission.
UNIT-V
10. a) Explain the working of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) [5 M]
system with suitable diagrams.
b) What is the effect of noise in DSB-SC system? Explain. [5 M]
(OR)
11. a) Draw and explain the generation of Pulse Width Modulation [5 M]
(PWM) with waveforms.
b) Write brief notes on the need for pre-emphasis in FM system. [5 M]

*****

THE ABOVE MODEL PAPER ATTAINMENTS OF BLOOM’S TEXONOMY AS FOLLOWS

L1: 29 Marks (24%)

L2: 42 Marks (35%)

L3: 25 Marks (21%)

L4: 24 Marks (20%)

SIGNATURES OF

COURSE COORDINATER MODULE COORDINATER HOD