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 I 12107123
Basics of C
Programming

two or more we
Associatuity Ja
having same
repeatersthen
penitence the
expression will her evaluated
my
using associatively
 both are some precedence the follow
Iftho having
associativity
Expression Result

512 2
5
012 2 S

5.012.0 2 S

215 O
2 0.4
015
2 0 S O 0.4

Note both integer then isthe outputthenwill

are
Jabe integy if willanyone float
the output be float
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int float float
float float bloat

Relational and
Logicaloperators K p stint
All relational
1
0 or
the
I
and
logical operatorsoutcome
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the emperorrien is false then it acetone o
Jg
2 All non zone is considered as true and zero
o is considered as
false
 True Falk
1 OO
10 O
10 10
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OG

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18
a
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Expression Assigned to int designed to float

5 5 5.0

5 2 2 2.0

5.0 2 2 2.5
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 205 0 0.4

2.0 5.0 0 0.4

Modulus operative a

15
1 101 7 1

1 s 7 is 2
2 151 7

3 157 7 I É
4 1St 7 I 771572
g is s t 7 error

6 IS St 7 error g 751512
I E
modally does not work een
float values

7 IS 7
71 7 is
8 71 IS 7

Note 1 Modulus always gives numerator sign

2 medulla doesn't work on float values
it was ke only on the integers
3
Jait the value is small
values at
without sign
output
then
gives same

e Is 0 2 21 7
g
7 5 2 7.7
15.017
 Fermat specified

to d int
i f float
i C when

is string
f a addicts

e inta 2 3 4 2.0 S 8 5
g
print t d a i

2 3 4 2.0 S 8S

I 0 T t 1 2.4

output 2

e
g

0 p
Raj 8

Note Assignment operator assign the valve and

outruns the assigned value
Eg

OP
Hellos

Nate print fl always returns integer

the
in No
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symbols displayed on
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seven
by
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two people integers
and
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O

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515 O

10,20 2

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af proper given according
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format

Ternary operator

condition ilejondition Herodian is

Watt the there should
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ternary elf calorie and
otherwise
question
easier
marks it gives
colon mould match with
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1 a 374 10 877 20 30
Ey
T I
2 9 574 677 10 20 30
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a 0
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a 203
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I
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 WAP to find mammon of 3 no's using
ternary operator
int a b c man

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91 WAP find minimum of two's using

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pre Past Mirement Decrement

Pre Past Pee Past
9 10 9 10 9 10 9 10

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11 12
M 10
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 L 2 13 07 23
Note 1 Program should work based
not based on compiler
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a s a s a s

Catti tittal at Il

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no
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0 Pt
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implement using loop

 switch cures
1 clerk and label should have space
2 Leek label must end with the colon
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4 ease label should not
number
be
floating point
s
Empty switch ease is allowed
one elefant is allowed and it can
6 only
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any
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7
only
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Functions
the function is well
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purpose of
ore utilization
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the purpose of header file is function
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program
Function have the following parameter
1 Declaration
Prototype
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calling
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contains
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return
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e no of arguments in an
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Recursion
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Every
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I The stealth frame allocated to the morrive
fir call is called activation Record
The creation and deletion
2
records actual of activation
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sequence

Bitwise operators

operator meaning
A BitwiseAND
I Bitwise or

Right shift
a Left shift

Eg 4 25 000 1 1 00 1

0000 1I 0 0
D 12
A Ab 0000 1000 8
a b ooo 0 I at
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right by certain number of specified bitt

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212772 I 0000 0000 0011 0101 753

212777 I 0000 0000 0000 0001 1

212078 0000 0000 0000 0000 o

212220 0000 0000 11 07 01 00 7212

Left shift as

Left shift operates shift all the bits towards

left by a certain number of specified bits
Eg 212 0000 0000 1101 0100

212272 I 0000 0001 1010 1008

É 424

2122 4 I 0000 1101 0100 0008 3342

21240 0000 0000 11 07 01 00 212

212

19000000010 o

Of tim
 L 3 14 07 23

NW Write a to store data month

and program
of a person in a single
year
variable Take the input and
integer on the screen
display int dob
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mis Itis Liaryears

int data 213

6B
int month i 213
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100 cure 600 Wen
Byte
Preprocessor Substitution statements
1 Preprocessor will make substitution and it
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calculation
any
2 It will recognize those statements
dey symbol
3
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Memory Segments
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Data segment

love segment

memory
code segment
the code of all the
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change
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this part is called at read
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Editors note pad word pad
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In this all variables and static variables
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stuck segment
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variably and formal parameters will be stored

reap segment
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all the
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dynamic memory
Like memory allocation by using
 a mallock
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N 10
Datasegment
N 30

Y 20
Stack segment

memory

Watt 1 For the

graved variable memory will be
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2 For the local variable allocated
at runtime enecution memory
time Ju it is not
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garbage
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3
to high
variable
precedence
compared global
4 The
purpose of declaring a variable is allocating
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Steerage classes
1 M the
language
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data type scope lifetime
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2
Storage classes mainly deal with the scope
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Scope The
region
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scope of a variable

t Wh segment
Auto Body BodyYama RAM Star
segment

Body Melt
Register Body FML Registers CPLgia
Static Beedy Program 0 RAM Datasegment

Entern Program program 0 RAM Data segment

Auto
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auto int n
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and
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3
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main 7 testa

auto int ne 10
MEET print
att
t d as

y y
 N
10 11 1011 10 11
100 200 300
11 1 1

0 p 10 10,10

Register
syntax register data type variable name
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1 word register is not a command but
Rey
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allocate the
memory in CPV register
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only
3 Register variables are faster us compared to
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hem will be used
in loops and they
functions
4
Byautodefault register variable behave like
variable
only
Static
syntan static variable
datatype name

static int se
Ey
1 The variable persisting the previous
destruction
state
value even though the of
sweat functional wells is called at
static variable
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will allocated once in
memory
data at only
segment compile time
3 it is not initialized enfant it
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has local
scope but lifetime will
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5 Static variable can a local variable nut
allocated at compile time
memory
main 7 testa

t static int ne 10
Mufti print t d as

y Jett Data segment

n WH 12 13
1000

0 p 10 11,12

t
I N 31 2 11 O
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iii
 same prey without static

Termination
with stack
main 1
i
message

output 33 3
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mainitt weep
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3
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of
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1 break Y coming out of the brackets

2 return coming out of the

function call activation record
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a emit co program successful exit

s exit 1
program not informed
 j iiiiiiist
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No will be allocated to intern variable
memory
and they make use of memory outside of
variable global variable

D int u 1820 2 main il 3 main I

main 11
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4 int a s 5 int u s G main l

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enterninta
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multiple declamien
output 5 output o variable
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multipledeclaration of same variable allowed when brain notallowed
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the
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intern invite them
for the variable thatwhy it isallowed it is not allowed
7 mains
intern int a 10 A enter variable
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output error

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output O

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ate 20

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purpose of declaring a variable is allocatingmemory

 DF D
DI available but
refers the variable
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action

91201 301
4 a El

pseudo well p I
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Scope
It is categorized in the 2 types
a Static scoping compile Time
D Dynamic scoping Runtime

scoping Rules are

applicable only for the free
validates
 Fur variable variable wrich is nut
the enclave
in the function but used in
tire function is called as free variable
static seeping Jn static
seeping free variables
gravel variables
are renewed by using
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variables scoping
are evolved
free
from premieres calling function
Watt 1
In the worst dynamicnoscoping
case the
behaves like static if
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parent
function then
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2 C
Language by default fellow
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Fuevarality
static Yuval 0 2
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Painters
1 Pointe is a variable which is used to
store the address
2 The two different operators used in the
pointers
a S address of operator
de indirection operator deference operator
at
value at location
defect location
3
painter variable takes same bytes of memory
irrespective all its data type It can be
integer painter Float
water pointer
pointer
4 Pointer variable can be dereferenced carers
no of
bytes depending on its data type
5 Integer painter won
dereference 2 bytes character
painter can deference 1 byte Float pointer
can deference a light
Pointer variable declared
G can be
wring
Nate I Adders cannot
negative be
2 Address wise will differ from system to
unos
system depending
painter topics
Basics

painter to painter
Painter to
way
Multi dimentional arrays
painter to strings
painter the structures and functions
Army of painters

Baris
10 a
I int a
FI
int bi
bi
b Aai T t
say im we stand in the
pointer only
variable

Pf al 10 Variable name means the Valve stored

inside
Pt Sal 100
I address of the variable a
2 b a variable
int b
integer variable
to painter variable
int b painter variable of integer
type
b is a painter variable where we can
address
3 int a often any integer
int D sa
Do I
int bi
ya y
11Declaring points variable
1 b'is painter variable of so when
a
store aldrin elf type integer
any integer
we can

to
a 10 Pt a
100 Pf Aa 100
100
Pf I b
b 100
200 Pf bl 10
pt Sb 200

4 Id
Pt a b i fleeter
It oil isjustbefore
pointer
b it is treated to

td 100
Pt
44 4
5 10
Pt A a
6 b too
pf
Pf b 10

Pt Sb 200

Pf SbI I 00

Pt AD 10

Pf b error we ten
trying double ptr
on a variable declared a
Pt eisees
single per
Ey
parameter passing techniques
1 call value
tall
by call address
2
by reference we
by
 weaves is passed then the receiver
go
must be being
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actual parameters are
In the above program because tall
getting changed of by reference
C language supports only call by value but
we can achieve call inference by paving
east by
I
M the question if the call
by reference is
given then whenever the parameter is paired
in the function we need to understand
implicitlyaddress is
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is a painter variable and actual parameters
will be changed
 nos
4D lorn 7

y y we 2 712
2
12 6
 a 3
gb

4,4

Painter to Painter
25
100
1 is calledas singlepainter and 100
Jt
we need to store welders 200
and it can of 25
integer aunt
upto 1 level 200
2 It is called as doublepainteras 25
painter to painter and we need 100
of single
the street address 300
painter integerpainter and it 300
new wells uptle 2 levels 400
1 3 is
called as
Jt triplepainter 200
23 painter to painter to painter
in
100
and we need to store address of
double painter integer doublepainter 25
and it can access upto 3 levels It

painter variable when we can store

piotr is a the
address of integerpainter

ppp tr is a painter variable where we can store

address of a integer double painter
 i 25
100

ptv 100
200

pptr 200
300

ppp tr 300
900

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Sa Gah are files theadding

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a t
100 t
surf
D t
b 100
b 10 t I 0
200

Note M sound we meet to provide address of

a variable in which data should her
stored
L 6 17 07 23

Painter to
array
without contain
1
Array
week address
name
the subscript
of alley
2 This base address is constant and it can
not be modified
3 name is considered as constant
peeing

Note I when the

painter variable is incremented
it will increment with respect to
size elf the element to which it is
to
painting
is
2
Unary
Left
operator associativity Right to
 3 Above
example ptr and a bath are
but ptr is a painter
painters to and
unity is a constant
variable a
painter
Assay neem
because it is
it given
the
as painter
source in
constant
the
now onlycontent can be
memory
accessed way

v MP

painter Arithmetic
void mains
int a 53 110,20 30,40 504
int ai
int PI att
p2
print t d p2 p2

9 10 20 30 40 SO
100 102 104 106 108

PI 100 P2 108
 1 We can weld integer constant to a
painter
it meant the elements in the
skipping
direction
forward
P P I Ey at 3
Ey 100 3 2
P 100
HQ so 06
4 SO E
P 102

2 We can subtract
integer constant to the
the
pointer It means
skipping
the backward direction
elements in

Pz 2 P I
Eg Pz Eg p
108 2 207 100 1 2

P2 104 D8
met recommended

3 We can subtract two pointers This is allowed

when both are to the same
only and P2 p pointing
size of element should be
assay same
element
This operation will give no
elf from
Pa before pi
Pz P
108 100 108 100

Ego S E
4 We cannot weld point number
to a
painter floating
because it has no
meaning
Eg PIS Ey PET

5 We cannotperform addition multiplication

and division b w the painted because it has
me
meaning
I X
p P2
pi P2 x

P1 P2 X

1 Dimensional Away
int a 53 10,203307 0,50

0 I 2 3 T
SA 10 20 30 40 SO
110
100 102 104 106 108

Sa
Ma operandishaving
sa higherpenance
I then operator
Fa int DE
Vo
pis painter to the
en
up 5 elements
way element where
is an integer
every
Expression print meaning
value
type
1 Sa 100 Bare address
into
of the entire
IDavay

2 Sd 100 into BA elf zeroth

element the
of
assay
3 A 100 into B A elfzeroth
element of the
away
4 a 10 int value of zeroth
element
s a ernes mchbering
illegal location
6 Sati 110 int B A elf ment
continuous
ID
away
7 at 1 102 Mt B A If 1st
element of
the
1 int allay
1 to
8 a 11 Adding
the value of
Othelement
7 Cat 3 to int value of
3rd element
of the
allay
107 4121 30 int value of the
2nd element
of the array
a 2 9223
Utz Catz
100 4
Eta lot
 2ha 30

11 S a 10 int value of 0th

element

g Sati a
12
subtraction
5
is
elements
the me
continuous
legal aways
i.e better the
ways are
adjacent
g Pf Sati A1 error
Tutin Lumut
army 10 100

passing Assay Function to

In the element
c
language if we want to pass an
to function then it is not
ursay
a idea to pass all the elements
great
Instead by simply passing the way
base address
of way we can access all the
way elements
 Ét i

i
Nate is initialized all will
ga
beaway
remainig
stored at o's if it is not initialized
then it contains value
garbage
D reeidmaine 4 raid main 11 3 reeidmaine
I infay intact L intact 410,204
print t id 9523 print t id acz print t id 9533
Pt t d 9213111120
 Y o p G v y o p O
y

painters
Array of
like we have
1 just mkay of integers we can
also have
way of pointers
int as array of integers

2 int A 5

a is an of s elements while every

array
element is an integerpainter

int D
PLA
D I p OF Sb
a

IIE
a b C 30 40
lo 20 d 1 name meant
100 200 300 400 may
Base Addict
2 Variable name means
inside value
200 300 100 400
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be some work to perform either wire we are
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Tail recursion is unnecessarily waiting a lot of
stack spare and is misusing the concept of excursion
we win easily with equivalent non nectarine
by using for or while loop
program loop
Non Tail Recursion
the
Instatements after the recursive call some
program
to execute then it is called as
non tail recursion
Eg1 A int n

if Cna D return
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Disadvantage is meeting the equivalent
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Indicate Recursion
The twee or more function calling each other
is called as indirect recursion

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if ne 1 return
else geese
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Nested Recursion
recursive
function
A recursive function when is passing
itself as parameter to a recursive call is
called at nested relation
att if M O
A Mon A m 1D if n o

A m 1 ACM n D otherwise

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meant we should memory
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increase the size of
2
Ifway dynamically
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then its not possible

Dynamic allocation
3
By
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allocate the
memory whenever u
we
memory
want at runtime whatever memory
allocated Dynamic
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by will be in the
memory
map
segment
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of dynamically
memory is entire program
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Dynamic Memory Allocation
mallee
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mallee

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Stack segment

syntern
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ptv 350fluent malluefriseofffloat
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print ptu

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it takes one
argument memory
that is in Bytes
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size in Bytes
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its Bare
the memory in the heap
segment Address
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s Because it is B.A receiver
should der returning
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the

Because it's integer painter then

o
respective returning is required
to type
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allocated
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the
memory
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stack segmentmemory
can be accessed
using
variable names and am through
allocated
pointers
in
but whatever memory
be accessed
heap regiment can by
wing pointers
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melted 1 I returns NULL if it's nut able to
allocate when the
is full
the
memory memory
L 14 26 07 23
int per mallee sizeof int

typecasting not enquired

Freel
Heap Segment and it
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takes are
one memoryJe
engument i e Beck Addicts
takes argument Base Address

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Ptr NULL

heapsegment
350 8D
100

Dangling painter

per 100 Danglingpainter A painterpainting

to unknown allocated
location DE
200 called as Dangling
memory is
Star segment painter

Nate after usage dynamicallymustallocated memory

be deallocated
in the heap segment
eettuewise it is called
memory leakage