2022 WTW114 Worksheet 7 Selected answers

• Remember that in general it is not enough to simply arrive at the correct answer, you need a solid argument
to support your conclusions. So even if your final answer matches with one here, it does not necessarily mean
that you mastered the problem.
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should you need it.

Selected answers.

g(x) − g(0)
1. You have to use the alternative definition of the derivative: g ′ (0) = lim . Now
x→0 x−0
√
g(x) − g(0) 3
x−0 1 1
= = 2 = √
x−0 x−0 x3
3
x2
and
1
lim √
3
=∞
x→0 x2
√
3
√
3
(because by the Power Law, n-th Root Law and Composition Law, lim x2 = 0, while x2 > 0 for all
x→0
′
x ∈ R \ {0}) hence g (0) does not exist as a real number, i.e. g is not differentiable at 0.
f (x) − f (0)
2. Again use the alternative definition of the derivative: f ′ (0) = lim . Now for x ̸= 0,
x→0 x−0
(
f (x) − f (0) f (x) − 0 f (x) x when x is rational
= = = .
x−0 x−0 x 0 when x is irrational

Observe that for all x ∈ R \ {0},

f (x)
−|x| ⩽ ⩽ |x|.
x
f (x) − f (0) f (x)
Apply the Squeeze Theorem to conclude that f ′ (0) = lim = lim = 0.
x→0 x−0 x→0 x

3. Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c. Thus f ′ (x) = 2ax + b. The information tells us that f ′ (1) = 4, f ′ (−1) = −8 and
f (2) = 15. This gives 2a + b = 4, −2a + b = −8 and 4a + 2b + c = 15. Solving gives a = 3, b = −2 and c = 7.
The parabola hence has equation y = 3x2 − 2x + 7.
4. Let ℓ be any tangent line to the parabola that passes through the origin and suppose that (p, p2 + 4) is the point
of intersection between the parabola and ℓ. Let f (x) = x2 + 4. Then f ′ (x) = 2x so ℓ has slope f ′ (p) = 2p. Since
ℓ passes through the points (0, 0) and (p, p2 + 4), the slope of ℓ can also be computed as

(p2 + 4) − 0 p2 + 4
=
p−0 p

p2 + 4
from which it follows that 2p = . Solving for p gives p = ±2.
p
The equations of the two tangent lines are hence y = 4x and y = −4x.
5.
 
d d 1
(sec x) = (definition of secant function)
dx dx cos x
0(cos x) − 1(− sin x)
= (Quotient Rule)
cos2 x
sin x
=
cos2 x
sin x 1
= ·
cos x cos x
= tan x sec x (definition of tangent and secant functions)

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 dF dF dr dF 2k dr
6. (a) By the Chain Rule, = . Now = − 3 and = −9.8t + 49 so
dt dr dt dr r dt
2k 2k 2k 2t − 10
(F ◦ r)′ (t) = F ′ (r)r′ (t) = − (−9.8t + 49) = − (−9.8t + 49) = − 2 · 3 .
r3 (49t − 4.9t2 )3 4.9 t (t − 10)3

2t − 10 2k −4
(b) Let f (t) = (hence (F ◦ r)′ (t) = − 2 f (t)). By direct calculation, f (3) = 3 3 and
t3 (t − 10)3 4.9 3 7
4 2k 2k
f (7) = 3 3 = −f (3) hence (F ◦ r)′ (3) = − 2 f (3) = f (7) = −(F ◦ r)′ (7).
7 3 4.9 4.92
dA dV 4
7. We wish to compute given that = 200, A = 4πr2 , and V = πr3 . By the Chain Rule,
dt r=5 dt 3

dA dA dr dV
= .
dt dr dV dt
r
dA2 4 3 3 3 1
Now since A = 4πr then = 8πr, and since V = πr then r = V 3 hence
dr 3 4π
r r
dr 1 3 3 −2 13 3
= V 3 = .
dV 3 4π 3 4πV 2
dA
Now = 8πr|r=5 = 40π, and when r = 5 then V = 500
3 π hence
dr r=5
r s
dr dr 13 3 13 3 · 32 1
= = = = .
dV r=5 dV V = 500 π 3 4πV 2 500
3 4π(500π) 2 100π
3 V= 3 π

Hence
       
dA dA dr dV dA dr dV 1
= = = (40π) (200) = 80.
dt r=5 dr dV dt r=5 dr r=5 dV r=5 dt r=5 100π

Hence the surface area of the balloon is increasing at a rate of 80 square centimetres per second when its radius
is 5 centimetres.
2 2
8. (a) y ′ = 2tet sec(4t) + 4et sec(4t) tan(4t)


′ esin t cos t sec t tan t − esin t ((sec t tan t) tan t + sec t(sec2 t)) esin t tan t − esin t (sec t tan2 t + sec3 t)
(b) y = =
sec2 t tan2 t sec2 t tan2 t
2
(c) y ′ = et cos(3t) (2t cos(3t) − 3t2 sin(3t))
√
et + tet (1 + t)et (1 + t) et
(d) y ′ = √ = √ = √
2 tet 2 tet 2 t
2
e7x ex x
9. (a) f (x) = (b) f (x) = (c) f (x) = ee (d) f (x) = 3esec(2x)
7 2
10. Simply compute y ′ and y ′′ , plug these into the left-hand side of the equation, and simplify to get the right-hand
side.
11. Using the chain rule you get F ′ (x) = ex f ′ (ex ) and G′ (x) = ef (x) f ′ (x).

12. First note that f ′ (x) = f ′ (0)bx for all x ∈ R.

(a) Since b > 1 then f ′ (0) > 0 (see p. 7 of Lecture 24). Now for all x, y ∈ R,

x<y =⇒ bx < by (since b > 1)

=⇒ f (0)b < f ′ (0)by
′ x
(since f ′ (0) > 0)
=⇒ f ′ (x) < f ′ (y)

hence f ′ is strictly increasing.

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 (b) Since 0 < b < 1 then f ′ (0) < 0 (see p. 7 of Lecture 24).
The proof that f ′ is strictly increasing is similar to the proof in (a).
Let us check that |f ′ | is strictly decreasing. For all x, y ∈ R,

x<y =⇒ bx > by (since 0 < b < 1)

=⇒ f (0)b < f ′ (0)by
′ x
(since f ′ (0) < 0)
=⇒ |f ′ (0)bx | > |f ′ (0)by | (since f ′ (0)bx < f ′ (0)by < 0)
′ ′
=⇒ |f (x)| > |f (y)|
=⇒ |f ′ |(x) > |f ′ |(y)

hence |f ′ | is strictly decreasing.

13. The acceleration of the particle is given by s′′ (t). Now s′ (t) = Acect − Bce−ct hence

d ′ d
s′′ (t) = Acect − Bce−ct = Ac2 ect + Bc2 e−ct = c2 Aect + Be−ct = c2 s(t)



s (t) =
dt dt
hence the acceleration of the particle s′′ (t) is proportional to the distance from its starting point s(t), with c2
being the constant of proportionality.
sec2 x4
x

14. Here a = π and f (x) = tan . Now f ′ (x) = hence
4 4
√
tan x4 − 1


′ ( 2)2 1
lim = f (π) = = .
x→π x−π 4 2

15. There are several ways to do this.

y = x3 − 1
x = y3 − 1
y3 = x+1
√
3
y = x+1
−1
√
3
∴f (x) = x+1

√
16. Clearly x + 1 ≥ 0 and x + 1 ≤ 1 so the answer is [−1, 0].

17. You must know your differentiation rules!!!

(a) y ′ = √1−x
1
2
1
− √1−x 2
= 0 (Did you know arcsin x + arccos x = π
2 ?)
(b) Chain rule gives y ′ = √ 1 1
. 2√x+1 1
= 2√−x 2 −x
1−(x+1)
−1
(c) y ′ = 2 2
(arctan x) .(1+x ) √
1 −2x. 2
(d) y ′ = √ arcsin x + √1−x = −x √arcsin x + 1
2 1−x2 1−x2 1−x2
√ √
′ x
(e) y = 2+2x + arctan( x). (see page 214)
2
cos x sec x cos x
(f) y ′ = p + 2 = + 1. Of course, we can simplify here further and obtain a piecewise
1 − sin x 2 1 + tan x | cos x|
function, where the cases depend on the sign of cos x... but the answer given here is completely fine.
(g) y ′ = 1+(arcsin(2x+5))
1
2 ×
√ 2 2
1−(2x+5)

18. The answers are not unique! Possible answers are

(a) f (x) = arctan(2x)
2 + 5 (b) f (x) = arcsin(3x)
3 + 45

19. Take f (x) = x. It is not hard to show f −1 (x) = x. Are there more functions with this property?

20. (a) (f −1 )′ (2) = 61 . (b) Note f (−1) = −5, giving f −1 (−5) = −1.

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 f (f −1 (x)) = x
′ −1 −1 ′
f (f (x)).(f (x)) = 1
1
(f −1 (x))′ =
f ′ (f −1 (x))
1
(f −1 (−5))′ =
f ′ (f −1 (−5))
1
(f −1 (−5))′ = ′
f (−1)
1
(f −1 (−5))′ =
7+6+2
1
(f −1 (−5))′ =
15

√
21. (a) False. C/Ex f (x) = x3 (b) False. C/Ex f (x) = 3 x (c) False without further assumptions on f . E.g., if
f (x) = 0 then clearly g will not be invertible. True if we assume that f is bijective. We proved g injective in
ST1. You should be able to prove surjectivity in a similar way. Now g ′ (x) = f ′ (f (x))f ′ (x) ̸= 0 for any x ∈ R
since f ′ (x) ̸= 0 for any x ∈ R. So...
22. Some maths problems have plenty of good solutions. Here we give two.
Solution 1: Take x ∈ R. Suppose f −1 (−x) = y. That is f (y) = −x. Since f is an odd function f (−y) =
−f (y) = −(−x) = x. Therefore f −1 (x) = −y = −f −1 (x). This shows f −1 (−x) = −f −1 (x). Hence f −1 is an
odd function.
Solution 2: For any x ∈ R we have f (f −1 (x)) = x.s Hence −x = −f (f −1 (x)) = f (−f −1 (x)) since f is odd.
Hence f −1 (−x) = −f −1 (x) which proves that f is an odd function.

23. See the notes for what we did for arcsin and arccos. You should get (f −1 )′ (x) = √ 1
1−x2
.

24. (a) Note that m(x) = x and n(x) = ex are both strictly increasing functions. Hence f (x) = m(x) + n(x) is a
strictly increasing function and is therefore injective.
(b) Let y ∈ R. Then −M < y < M for some M > 1. Since of is continuous (why?) we can apply intermediate
value theorem (how?) to get that there exists x ∈ R such that f (x) = y. (c) Now f (0) = 0 + e0 = 1. Hence
f −1 (1) = 0.
(d) First f ′ (x) = 1 + ex . Now the formula gives (f −1 )′ (1) = 1/(f ′ (f −1 (1)) = 1/f ′ (0) = 1/(1 + e0 ) = 1/2.

x(1+ω(x))
25. (a) Dω′ = (0, ∞). (b) Note that f ′ (ω(x)) = eω(x) + ω(x)eω(x) = eω(x) + x = x
ω(x) +x= ω(x)

26. f ′ (x) = 1
1+x2 − sin x. It is clear that f ′ (x) is continuous and exist everywhere.

So f ′ is continuous on the interval [0, π2 ]. Now f ′ (0) = 1 − 0 > 0 and f ′ ( π2 ) < 0. Therefore by the Intermediate
Value Theorem of f ′ on [0, π2 ] there must be at least one c ∈ (0, π2 ) such that f ′ (c) = 0.

27. (a) False. (b) The equation defines several functions of x implicitly. So true in the sense that the equation can
define a function y of x implicitly if we fix a point it goes through. But false in the sense that the equation by
itself does not define a unique function.

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28. (a) Differentiate w.r.t. x.

d 3 d 2 d d
(x ) + (x y) − (xy 3 ) = (2)
dx dx dx dx
3x2 + 2xy + x2 y ′ − (y 3 + 3xy 2 y ′ ) = 0
x2 y ′ − 3xy 2 y ′ = y 3 − 3x2 − 2xy
y ′ (x2 − 3xy 2 ) = y 3 − 3x2 − 2xy
y 3 − 3x2 − 2xy
∴ y′ =
x2 − 3xy 2

(b) Differentiate w.r.t. x.

d 2 y d
(x .e ) = (sin(x − y))
dx dx
d
2x.ey + x2 .ey .y ′ = cos(x − y). (x − y)
dx
x2 .ey .y ′ + y ′ = cos(x − y) − y ′ cos(x − y)
y ′ (x2 .ey + cos(x − y)) = cos(x − y) − 2x.ey
cos(x − y) − 2x.ey
∴ y′ =
x2 .ey + cos(x − y)

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