ASSESSING THERMAL INSULATION AND TENSILE STRENGTH OF

BAMBOO, COCONUT FIBER, AND RICE HUSK COMPOSITE

FIBERBOARD FOR GREEN BUILDINGS

_______________________

An Undergraduate Research Presented to the Civil Engineering Faculty

St. Mary's College of Tagum, Inc.
Tagum City

_______________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

TRISHIA NOELLE S. TIDOY

LADY HEART S. CAMPION

KEEN STEPHEN L. LIBETARIO

Z-KHRYSS F. DIAPOLET

DAVE O. PIYAL

May 2024
 ii

APPROVAL SHEET

This undergraduate research entitled “ASSESSING THERMAL INSULATION AND

TENSILE STRENGTH OF BAMBOO, COCONUT FIBER, AND RICE HUSK
COMPOSITE FIBERBOARD FOR GREEN BUILDINGS”, is prepared and submitted by
TIDOY, TRISHA NOELLE S., LIBETARIO, KEEN STEPHEN L., CAMPION, LADY
HEART S., DIAPOLET, Z-KHRYSS F., PIYAL, DAVE O., in partial fulfillment of the
course requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering has been
examined, approved and accepted and is hereby endorsed.

RENZO RAY M. OLIVAR, CE

Adviser
______________________________________________________________________

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

CHRISTOPHER QUIM L. BITANG, CE

Chairman

DR. NEIL RYAN ADO, LPT ALBERT B. JUBILO, Ch.E., LPT

Member Member

Daphne M. Legaspino, LPT, Ph. D JOSE MARIE E. OCDENARIA, Ph.D.

Member Member

DR. KLEIN MAMAYABAY

Member

ACCEPTED and APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the course requirements for

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Oral Examination:

CHRISTOPHER QUIM L. BITANG, CE

Program Head, Civil Engineering

DAPHNE M. LEGASPINO, LPT, Ph. D DR. NEIL RYAN ADO, LPT

Research Director Vice-President for Academic Affairs
 iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Numerous individuals have contributed to the successful execution of this

research study. First and foremost, we would like to acknowledge the Almighty Lord for

his blessing and guidance, which grant us strength and knowledge.

To our School President S. Maria Marilou B. Madronero, RVM, whose full

support drove us to finish this paper.

To our VPAA, Dr. Neil Ryan B. Ado, LPT,MAEd, who allows us to implement our

experimental study.

To the Research Director,Prof. Neil Ryan B. Ado, LPT,MAEd who's aided us

researchers to have the direction in our study.

To our Program Head, Engr. Christopher Quim L. Bitang,who molded and

motivated us to create an extraordinary research study.

We also thank Engr. Renzo Ray Olivar, our thesis advisor, for sharing his

extensive experience in research and thesis studies. We appreciate his ongoing

cooperation and constructive criticism in refining the study. This would not have been

feasible without his tremendous time, counsel, experience, and revisions to our thesis.

To Dr. Jose Marie Ocdenaria, LPT, our research professor, who provided

insights and expertise during the course of our research that greatly aided this study, as

well as comments that greatly improved our manuscript, and for his invaluable

assistance and guidance to us while conducting this study.

To our Panelists, Engr. Christopher Quim Bitang, Dr. Albert B. Jubilo , Daphne

M. Legaspino, LPT, Ph. D, Dr. Neil Ryan Ado, LPT and Dr. Jose Marie E. Ocdenaria,

LPT for their critiques and objective judgement that shaped this paper.

To our statistician, Daphne M. Legaspino, LPT, Ph.D., who analyzes and

interprets our data to make this study more comprehensive.

 iv

To the Mapúa Malayan Colleges, Mindanao, we would like to express our

heartfelt gratitude for providing the facilities to do this research especially for tensile

strength.

To our Family, we are beyond thankful, for providing us with unwavering support, both

physically and emotionally, for meeting our financial necessities, and for serving as a

source of inspiration.

To Mr. and Mrs. Campion, we give our sincere appreciation, for permitting us to

conduct the experimental procedure at their residence. We would like to convey our

heartfelt gratitude for their assistance which made it easier for us to collect the data we

needed for our study and to draft our research.

Finally, we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to the individuals who

contributed to this study through their expertise, assistance, and support. The different

contributions of the people play an important role for the researchers to achieve the

success of this study.

TIDOY, TRISHA NOELLE S.

LIBETARIO, KEEN STEPHEN L.

CAMPION, LADY HEART S.

DIAPOLET, Z-KHRYSS F.

PIYAL, DAVE O
 v

ABSTRACT
The research experiment was conducted to determine whether coconut fiber,
bamboo shaving, and rice husk could be a thermally insulated fiberboard utilizing
a quantitative-experimental approach employing true experimental research which
is the post-test-only design neglecting the randomization process. The raw
materials were extracted manually, put in a molder with different design mixtures,
and utilized in this study. This research selected the Universal Testing Machine to
measure the tensile strength of the control and experimental setup and used
Hotbox to determine their thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the mean, t-test, and
ANOVA were applied to treat the data. Based on the tensile strength, the control
setup which was the Marine Plywood, has the highest maximum load capacity
compared to the other design mixtures. Moreover, the design ratio of 50% bamboo
shavings, 25% coconut fiber, and 25% rice husk has improved thermal properties
compared to the other setups. It indicates that having more proportion of bamboo
shavings can improve thermal insulation. From the results, the researchers
concluded that utilizing bamboo shaving, coconut fiber, and rice husk has the
potential as raw materials for commercially composite fiberboard, and this study
will be significant to homeowners as a thermal insulator for their houses.

Keywords: Coconut Fiber, Rice Husk, Bamboo Shavings, Thermal Insulator, Post-test-
only Design, T-test, Mean, ANOVA, Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Philippines
 vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 3

Review of Related Literature and Studies 4

Theoretical Framework 18

Conceptual Framework 19

Significance of the Study 21

Definition of Terms 22

2 METHOD

Research Design 25

Research Subject 27

Research Locale 27

Research Instrument and Materials 29

Data Gathering Procedure 30

Statistical Treatment of Data 33

 vii

Ethical Consideration 34

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Thermal Properties and Tensile Strength

of Marine Plywood as the Control Setup 35

Thermal Properties and Tensile Strength of

Composite Fiberboard in The Experimental

Setup in Terms of The Application of Rice Husk

and Coconut Fiber According to The Following Ratio 36

Control And Experimental Setup Significantly

Different in The Thermal Properties and Tensile Strength 39

4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of findings 44

Conclusion 44

Recommendation 45

References 47

Appendices 55

Curriculum Vitae 63
 viii

LIST OF TABLES

Figure Page

1 Conceptual Framework 15

2 Post-test Only Experimental Research Design 26

3 Map of Brgy. Canocotan, Tagum City 28

4 Map of Mapua Malayan Colleges Mindanao 28

 ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Table Page

1 Ratio Variation Design 26

2 Thermal Properties in Control Setup 35

3 Tensile Strength in Control Setup 36

4 Thermal Properties and Tensile Strength in Experimental Setup: 38

Coconut Husk 20%, Bamboo Shavings 20%, Rice Husk 60%

5 Thermal Properties and Tensile Strength in Experimental Setup: 38

Coconut Husk 60%, Bamboo Shavings 20%, Rice Husk 20%

6 Thermal Properties and Tensile Strength in Experimental Setup: 39

Coconut Husk 25%, Bamboo Shavings 50%, Rice Husk 25%

7 Significant thermal properties difference between control setup and 41

experimental setup

8 Significant tensile strength difference between control setup and 42

experimental setup
x
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study

Global warming has become one of the most essential concerns confronting

humans in contemporary times, producing severe issues such as heat waves and

disease spread. Thermal insulation is considered one of the most effective strategies to

reduce building energy consumption. (Sanchez et al., 2021).

In Morocco, thermal insulation has become vital, first and foremost, to maintain

the thermal comfort of the occupants and, secondly, to conserve energy, which is why

the researchers find an increasing variety of insulators (organic, inorganic, and synthetic)

in the Moroccan market, depending on the necessity when making the proper decision

(Eddib, 2019). On the other hand, thermal insulation materials in India are essential in

building envelopes. However, typical building envelopes consume a lot of energy to

meet the requirements for heating and cooling. Many studies have been conducted on

eco-friendly thermal insulation materials for buildings (Ijjada, 2022). Currently, the

Malaysian construction sector has shifted its focus to innovation. Material use in terms of

sustainability. To succeed, innovation is required. Manufacturing eco-friendly materials

should be prioritized. (Suandi, 2022).

In the Philippines, specifically in the National Capital Region, endures hot and

wet weather yearly. Summer is a torment for those who opt to stay at home. As a result,

Filipinos are forced to turn on their air conditioners, which can cause their power cost to

rise (Manalindo et al., 2023). Meanwhile, in Cagayan de Oro City, buildings and other

similar structures must be provided with insulating materials to shield the occupants from

the entry of so much heat from the outside, given today's meteorological circumstances.
 2

These insulating materials are typically used in roofs beneath the roof sheets. One of

the nations that has a hot climate is the Philippines. Despite living in hot climates their

entire lives, Filipinos are nevertheless susceptible to the harmful effects of heat.

However, roof insulation material, like any other building material today, is too expensive

for the ordinary masses living in low-income families (Flores, 2020).

In Davao del Norte, particularly in Santo Tomas, the temperature influences the

public mortality rate. Thus, insulating the living space might be a way to deal with the

heat issue. Homes with better insulation will use less energy and have more

comfortable and healthy indoor environments (Lugay et al., 2020).

Making insulators with a combination of bamboo shavings, coconut fiber, and rice

husk will be an innovation. Coconut fiber and rice husk enhance thermal insulation and

resistance to environmental degradation (Aramwit et al., 2023). In some investigations

that have been completed, none of them included bamboo shavings, coconut fiber, and

rice husk in composite fiberboards. Furthermore, this study could evaluate thermal

insulation properties, heat resistance, durability, and environmental impact.

The main objective of this study is to invent a thermal-resistant composite

fiberboard using coconut fiber, rice husk, and bamboo shavings. Specifically, it aims to

assess the thermal conductivity of coconut fiber, rice husk, and bamboo shavings in

fiberboards and to investigate their influence in terms of the tensile strength of the

composite fiberboard. Furthermore, the results from this study are beneficial to the

environment as they reduce waste in the surroundings. Thus, using the additives can

reduce energy consumption in buildings, lower utility bills, and increase accessibility to

energy-efficient housing.

This research also benefits society as it promotes the use of alternative materials

for low-cost housing construction. Moreover, this enables the construction industry, likely

boosting the fiberboard demand. This study utilizes coconut fiber, rice husk, and bamboo
 3

shavings as one of the cnents of the fiberboards. Moreover, this mainly focused on

manually processing and testing fiberboards from coconut fiber, rice husk, and bamboo

shavings. The properties of the fiberboards are only limited to their thermal conductivity

and tensile strength.

Statement of the Problem

The objective of the research was to create a composite fiberboard with a high

thermal resistance capacity utilizing rice husk, bamboo shavings, and coconut fiber, as

well as to figure out the tensile strengths.

Specifically, it seeks answers to the following questions:

1. What are the thermal properties and tensile strength of Marine Plywood as the control

setup?

2. What are the thermal properties and tensile strength of composite fiberboard in the

experimental setup in terms of the application of rice husk and coconut fiber according to

the following ratio:

2.1. Bamboo Shavings 20% Coconut Fiber 20% and Rice Husk 60%

2.2. Bamboo Shavings 20% Coconut Fiber 60% and Rice Husk 20%

2.3. Bamboo Shavings 50% Coconut Fiber 25% and Rice Husk 25%

3. Is the control and experimental setup significantly different in the thermal properties

and tensile strength?

Hypothesis

1. There is no significant difference between the control and experimental setup

regarding their thermal properties, compressive, and tensile strength.

 4

Review of Related Literature

This section presents some relevant literature and studies that run similar to this

research in terms of area of attention and type of investigation. This study aimed to

innovate and maximize the thermal properties of rice husk, bamboo shavings, and

coconut fiber as an additive to thermal-resistant commercial composite fiberboard. The

researchers mention various related works of literature to back up their findings.

Thermal Insulator

Buildings that want to improve energy efficiency and minimize heat transmission

must use thermal insulation, which is why more and more of it is made of recycled

materials. According to Nur et al. (2019), the installation of thermal insulation between

structural components lowers energy consumption and the need for excessive cooling

by keeping heat from entering the building. To achieve adequate insulation, it is

essential to comprehend the thermal conductivity of non-structural building materials,

such as wood. Thermal conductivity is an important factor to consider when evaluating

aspects like roughing, cladding, or flooring, as demonstrated by a study conducted in the

Izmir region of Turkey that looked at 31 different wood species (Cavus et al., 2019).

Putting power-saving measures into place is crucial in the modern world, as building

energy use has a substantial impact on overall energy consumption. Countries could

achieve significant progress in their environmental and energy conservation objectives

by giving priority to building thermal insulation (Jdayil et al., 2019).

Also using thermal insulation materials in buildings is one of the most effective

ways to reduce energy consumption (Sánchez et al., 2021). Many technological

applications require either ultrahigh or low thermal conductivity materials, including

thermal management of electronic and photonic devices, heat exchangers, energy

converters, and thermal insulation (Qian et al., 2021). Furthermore, as thermal energy
 5

storage (TES) technologies become more important in the global energy market, there is

a growing need to enhance their energy efficiency and, most importantly, lower their

costs (Villasmil et al., 2019). Design a building envelope using hierarchically hollow

microfibers to create a scalable thermal insulating cooler (TIC) that provides passive

daytime radiative cooling and reduces environmental heat gain (Zhong et al., 2021).

Properties and Applications of Composite Fiberboards

Changes in particle shape, resin levels, board density, and also in production

methods, modify the characteristics of the resulting particleboards. This manufacturing

process therefore involves specific additives aimed at enhancing the quality performance

of particleboards, especially in terms of increased fire retardancy, fire resistance,

dimensional stability, and moisture resistance. Thus, through the transformation of these

various wastes, the important reduction of pollution and the numerous pollution effects

produced by them have been obtained, a reality that highlights the start of possible

sustainability in the use of wood particles for particleboard fabrication (Owodunni et al.,

2020). Moreover, fiberboards are less expensive construction materials that are widely

used in furniture manufacturing, insulation, and sound insulation. The low, medium, and

high-density fiberboard varieties are specifically used in furniture manufacturing, some

semi-structures for indoor and outdoor use, insulation, and sound insulation. To reduce

pollution, fiberboard production around the world is increasingly subjected to individual

testing and research to combine construction characteristics with new environmental

concerns. The gradual tendency to use binding less waste in the production of adhesive

panels has resulted in technological progress that meets the market requirements for

construction elements (Vitrone et al., 2021). Glued wood composites showed positive

results in terms of physical and mechanical properties. And it has become the basis of

future researchers to explore on its thermal aspect (Krivorotova, 2021).

 6

The most popular wood-based composite, which is produced from wood fiber

and adhesive is fiberboard. It is an extensively researched and commercially exploited

process. Fiberboards produced from agricultural residues, however, are not fully

investigated both as bonded and binder-less types due to increasing concern on health

risk and global warming. This review also described the pretreatment of fibers, which

would help to choose the best criteria of fiberboard production. They have suitable

applicability as indoor purpose only since they are free from toxic (Nasir et al., 2019).

Hardboard, Medium density fiberboard (MDF), and Cellulosic fiberboard are the

examples of fiberboard. Comparing fiberboard to particle board, there are several

distinctions between the two, the most critical being the physical construction of the

wood element. Because wood is naturally fibrous, fiberboard takes better advantage of

its inherent strength than particle board. The links between the wood fibers must be

disrupted to create composite fibers. This could be accomplished via various strategies.

Each fiber is equipped with a thickening of the thickening properties of the lignin (Civil

Engineering Materials, n.d.). Fan and Fu (2017) stated that Fiberboard is made up of

wood or non-wood fibers being natural fiber composites. Natural fiber composites with

an array of unique properties are commonly used in many construction works. Several

surface modification methods for the enhancement of surface enhancement properties

of natural fiber composites have been developed, including surface quality and

application area extension.

Rice Husk as a Heat Insulator

The effects of using rice husk as a lightweight aggregate in place of some fine

and coarse aggregates were examined by Sisman et al. (2011). With rice husk additions

ranging from 5% to 30%, respectively, they saw a 16% to 10% drop in heat conductivity.

The usefulness of rice and wheat husk as byproducts for creating sustainable building
 7

materials was emphasized by Buratti et al. (2018), notably in the case of natural

resource-based thermal insulation bio-composites.

The lightweight thermal polyurethane insulations were made using rice husks,

bamboo, and wood fibers. The PU matrix's compressive strength significantly increased

as a result of the addition of natural fibers. The fiber-reinforced polyurethane foams'

thermal conductivity values fell between 0.045 and 0.065 W.m−1K−1, indicating that the

foam's thermal conductive capacity was appropriate for use as improved compressive

strength thermal insulation in buildings (Shao et al., 2020). Mineral admixtures including

fly ash, silica fume, corn cob ash, rice husk ash, and saw dust ash have been shown to

improve the thermal efficiency of concrete and mortar (Raheem et al., 2021).

In their calculation of the thermal conductivity coefficient for a variety of natural

insulators, Lobo-Ramos et al. (2023) found that rice husk had better thermal

characteristics than coffee husk and banana stem. It was discovered that rice husk had

a reduced heat conductivity, indicating its potential as a material for thermal insulation

purposes. The advantages of rice husk incorporation in cement-based composites for

environmental performance were revealed by Marques et al.'s life cycle assessment

(LCA) in 2021. They found that rice husk has good mechanical, acoustic, and durability

qualities, making it useful for coating acoustic barriers and serving as a thermal

insulation layer.

Mechanical Properties of Rice Husk

Bakar et al. (2011) looked at the mechanical strength of composite panels

created by combining urea formaldehyde and rice husk at various densities. As panel

density and resin content grew, they discovered that the modulus of elasticity and

modulus of rupture also increased. Kuri et al. (2023) investigated the characteristics of

composites made of polypropylene resin and rice husk. Rice husk fiber integration
 8

increased in flexural strength and hardness but a loss in tensile strength, indicating the

potential of rice husk in composite materials.

In hygrothermal settings, Wang et al. (2023) examined the mechanical

characteristics of rice husk ash-rubber-fiber concrete (RRFC). When mixed with rubber

particles and PVA fibers, they found that rice husk ash improved the mechanical

characteristics and fatigue resistance, optimized the particle size distribution, and

increased compactness. The application of rice husk as a natural fiber for the creation of

bio-composites was covered by Bisht et al. (2020). They explained the production

procedure and emphasized how rice husk might improve the mechanical qualities of bio-

composite materials.

Saravanan and Kumar (2013) investigated the engineering applications of

reinforced rice husk ash composites' strength. Their research showed that the ultimate

tensile strength, compressive strength, and hardness of the composite material

improved when the percentage of rice husk ash reinforcement increased. The high

tensile strength, elasticity, and water absorption capabilities of rice husk ash-reinforced

plastic composites, studied by Abdullahi et al. (2015), made them appropriate for

engineering uses such as particle board manufacture.

Bamboo as a Heat Insulator

Bamboo is a multipurpose and environmentally friendly material that is becoming

more and more well-known for its exceptional heat-insulating qualities in addition to its

strength. The thermal conductivity and noise reduction coefficient of bamboo waste

panels were found by Gholizadeh et al. (2023) to be 0.01 W/mk and 0.31, respectively.

Lightweight sandwich panels manufactured from bamboo wastes may be a sustainable

replacement for insulation in green buildings, according to these technical and

thermoacoustic properties. Meanwhile, Macabutas & Tongco (2020) tested two samples

of untreated and treated local bamboo species. Because of its low heat conductivity,
 9

Bambusa vulgaris (Patong), one of these species, showed a particularly strong

insulating property when treated with mango polyphenol extract.

Chandra et al. (2019) advocate for the use of bamboo insulation systems to meet

thermal insulation requirements while achieving targeted comfort levels in an

environmentally friendly manner. Their research highlights the effectiveness of a

bamboo-insulated roof slab insulation system, which not only provides structural integrity

but also significantly reduces peak heat gain under tropical conditions. This system

exhibits a decrement factor of 0.61 and a 3-hour time lag, showcasing its ability to

withstand practical loads on the roof. Conversely, Abedom et al. (2021) studied

composite reinforced with bagasse fiber and bamboo charcoal, noting that the 30/70

ratio resulted in higher thermal insulation coefficients and superior impact and flexural

strength compared to other samples. Their findings suggest that these natural fiber-

based composites could serve as viable materials for car interior components, offering

both mechanical and thermal benefits.

Bamboo Shavings’ Mechanical Properties

Zhang et al. (2022) watched a critical increment within the compressive and

flexural quality of geopolymer composites with the expansion of bamboo shavings,

especially with 1mboo shaving (BS) substance yielding the finest advancement. The

examination of mechanical properties adjusts with microstructure examination comes

about, demonstrating that the composites' thick structure and interfacial attachment

contribute to their tall mechanical qualities. This recommends that bamboo shaving

holds guarantee as a fortifying component in geopolymers. In the mean time, Iswanto et

al. (2022) examined the physical parameters and mechanical properties of bamboo,

finding that the expansion of Belangke bamboo strands as a strengthening fabric in

particleboards significantly improved their modulus of versatility (MOE) and bowing

quality (MOR) values, making them reasonable for different applications.

 10

Maier et al. (2020) conducted an inquire about on bamboo fiber-reinforced mortar

blend, highlighting its strain-softening behavior and prevalent crack-bridging impacts with

higher fiber amounts. The ponder concluded that this maintainable development fabric

shows made strides mechanical properties and break durability, making it a promising

alternative for auxiliary applications, especially in creating nations. Besides, Yin & Li

(2023) explored the impacts of diverse pretreatment strategies on the qualities of

bamboo Portland cement molecule sheets. Their inquire about uncovered that sheets

made from bamboo shavings pretreated with a 3% NaOH arrangement surpassed built

up guidelines, recommending the potential for far reaching utilize in development

ventures. Chin et al. (2020) investigated the malleable and flexural characteristics of

bamboo fiber-reinforced composites (BFRCs), finding a coordinate proportionality

between fiber volume divisions and mechanical properties. Among these composites,

BFRC with a 40% fiber volume division shown the most elevated pliable and flexural

quality compared to polyester and vinyl ester composites. This approach to planning

bamboo fiber composites seem serve as a direct for creating solid BFRCs for outside

fortifying of buildings and structures.

Epoxy Resin as Composite Material Binder

Investigating the use of epoxy resins in improving traditional pavement materials

while adhering to environmental regulations is significant. Researchers synthesized an

epoxy-resin binder with a glass transition temperature of -10°C, which was used to

design epoxy-resin pavement mixtures (ERPMs), demonstrating good workability and

mechanical properties (Wang et al., 2021). The composite's thermophysical properties

were optimized by incorporating polyester resin, resulting in a composite with increased

Martens thermal resistance to 352 K and decreased linear shrinkage to 0.06%, and

confirmed nonlinear dependence of TCL on temperature (Buketov et al., 2018).

 11

Exploring the use of epoxy resin in advanced building materials, specifically in

high-performance concrete and masonry mortar technology is vital. It also discusses its

use as a protective coating on mild steel bars for concrete reinforcement. The study

reveals that the concentration of epoxy resin in polymer-modified concrete (PMC)

significantly improves concrete properties, making it versatile in various applications

(Rahman et al., 2021).

Coconut fiber as a Heat Insulator

Many developing countries with tropical climates often neglect the advantages of

insulating exterior masonry walls. More action is necessary to decrease energy usage.

In addition to comfort issues, there is worry about the growing energy consumption

caused by higher air temperatures and air conditioning demands in buildings (Iwaro et

al., 2019). Coir is a type of natural fiber made from the husk of coconuts, which are

found all over the world. This fiber is unique in resisting damage from seawater,

microbes, and high impacts. Its high thermal insulating properties make it ideal for use

as an insulator in civil engineering projects (Mahmud et al., 2023).

The researchers examine using coconut fiber composites in affordable housing

projects in Malaysia to tackle thermal comfort concerns. Roof thermal insulation is a

practical method for conserving cooling energy in regions with equatorial climates, such

as Malaysia (Omar et al., 2020). Coconut fiber insulation is considered an "exotic"

insulating material, which leads to skepticism about its thermo-hygrometric behavior,

primarily when used in covering technology like green roofs. Green roofs are a popular

sustainable solution for nearly zero-energy buildings (Fabbri et al., 2020).

 12

Coconut natural products, developed in tropical districts, are progressively

utilized within the generation of coir fiber-reinforced bio composites to meet the rising

request for economical, renewable, biodegradable, and recyclable materials. Coir

strands are characterized by their robustness and unbending nature, conferring

predominant mechanical, warm, and physical properties compared to manufactured

fiber-reinforced composites. Surface pretreatment of coir filaments is recognized as a

implies to improve their mechanical execution. Hasan et al. (2021) offer a

comprehensive survey on coir fiber and its creation strategies. In the interim, Ahmad et

al. (2022) propose the joining of coconut strands to progress concrete's flowability,

mechanical properties, and toughness, emphasizing the reliance of the ideal fiber dose

on components such as length, breadth, and angle proportion. The ponder moreover

advocates for the expansion of pozzolanic materials like fly fiery debris and silica

smolder to encourage upgrade the compressive capacity of fiber-reinforced concrete.

In another think about, Bazan et al. (2020) examined the utilize of characteristic

strands in bio polyethylene composites as cross breed fortifications. Mechanical testing

consolidating wood flour, basalt filaments, and coconut filaments illustrated fortified

characteristics and collaboration inside the composites. Moreover, the think about

inspected the aqueous and quickened warm maturing impacts on the mechanical

behavior of these composites. Moreover, Kimura et al. (2018) created a warm cover

fabric utilizing coconut fiber to decrease vitality utilization and repurpose mechanical

squander. Their experimentation, utilizing a microcomputer board, an Arduino UNO, and

a Raspberry Pi 3, brought about in ideal warm conductivity of 0.104 Wm-1K-1 when

blended with custard starch and water. A noncontact thermos camera-based measuring

framework was utilized, yielding warm conductivity estimations with less than 15%

blunder. Future investigate points to upgrade cover execution by coordination cleaning

agents to anticipate form development and utilizing an eco-friendly PVA folio. Coconut
 13

fiber, sourced as a byproduct from Trinidad's copra industry, has been assessed for its

warm conductivity, uncovering promising potential as a cost-effective warm separator

fabric for buildings in tropical climates, bragging a least conductivity of 0.058 W/mK

(Kochhar & Manohar, 2009).

Mechanical Properties of Coconut Fiber

The study of (T.T.H. Bui et al., 2019) explores using natural coconut fibers in

mortar to reduce environmental impact. It investigates how varying fiber mass affects the

mechanical properties of mortar. Testing was done following EN standards at different

curing times and with other fiber volumes. Findings in hardened mortar show that adding

fibers decreases compressive strength but increases flexural strength, with the best

results seen at 2% fiber content and 1.5 cm average fiber length. Water absorption also

increases with higher fiber content. However, workability decreases with more fibers.

Higher fiber content reduces heat emission during mortar formation. One of the primary

duties of the building industry is to identify new eco-friendly resources to partially replace

conventional materials to lessen the dependence on traditional materials and adverse

environmental effects. Due to their advantages, natural fibers were considered promising

options for reinforcing structures in civil engineering. Coconut fiber, one of the many

varieties of vegetable fibers, has recently seen limited use. This study analyzes the

additional characteristics of Vietnamese coconut fibers. Numerous laboratory studies

offer geometrical, physical, mechanical, and durability features that can be compared to

research findings from similar natural threads. The studied local coconut fibers showed

qualities suited for reinforced mortars. If their preparation is adequately managed, they

may be used again to make mortar in the construction (Bui et al., 2020). The behavior of

mud concrete containing coconut fiber is examined. Based on the findings, it is possible

to conclude that adding coconut fiber to mud concrete increases its compressive

strength. However, the length of the fiber affects compressive strength, and the best size
 14

observed is 60mm. Enhancing the interfacial bond characteristics of coconut fiber

through appropriate treatment may result in increased compressive strength. It causes

the amount of cement used in mud concrete to be reduced. The compressive strength of

fiber-reinforced concrete diminishes as the water content increases (Galabada et al.,

2020).

Coconut fiber could be a normal fiber made from coconut coir, a byproduct of a

coconut item. It could be a promising fabric for fiberboard due to its tall cellulose and

lignin substance, comparable to wood. Binderless medium-density fiberboard (MDF)

composed of coconut fiber was made to diminish the utilization of stumble and the

emanations of manufactured cement such as urea-formaldehyde. Lignin was the

common cover (Puspaningrum et al., 2020). In India, normal fiber, particularly coconut

fiber, is exceptionally inexhaustible. In any case, it has however to be utilized to its full

potential. Analysts pointed to examining the impact of drenching coco filaments in

limestone water as a support for composite materials. Limestone water was utilized as

an alkalizing medium to clean the fiber's surface and reinforce it. The hand lay-up

strategy was utilized, where the primary coconut coir was without treatment, and the

others were treated for 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 hours of drenching, with a settled variety of

5% limestone and a consistent variety of 20% coconut coir fiber. Each treated example

was molded into a composite agreeing to the ASTM D638 pliable test standard. The

comes about appeared that the composite strengthened with coconut fiber doused for 8

hours had a stronger malleable quality than the others, which was 98.46 MPa. The

composites with 0, 4, 12, 16, and 20 hours of inundation had malleable qualities of 90.34

MPa, 95.76 MPa, 97.356 MPa, 96.87 MPa, and 94.151 MPa. This demonstrates that the

fiber with 8 hours of submersion is more strong and includes a way better bond with the

network (Sutrisno et al., 2023).

Benefits of Using Waste Materials

 15

Plastic squander contamination presents a worldwide natural challenge, with

noteworthy suggestions counting sea contamination and expanded nursery gas (GHG)

emanations. Despite its inconvenient impacts, the verifiable worldwide plastic squander

exchange (GPWT) raises questions about its commitment to natural benefits inside the

circular economy (CE). Liu et al. (2021) inspected the GPWT between China and other

exchanging nations from 1992 to 2017, uncovering an expanding drift in GHG outflows

lessening, with a net diminishment of 8.27 million metric tons of carbon dioxide

comparable (CO2e) watched in 2012. The ponder emphasizes the requirement for

feasible approaches to GPWT taking after China boycotted imports in 2017. In the

interim, Yang et al. (2020) centered on e-waste administration, especially reusing, in

China, assessing outflow lessening benefits and proficiency. Their examination

illustrated that from 2013 to 2017, e-waste reusing in China yielded critical emanation

diminishment benefits over different poisons, showing tremendous potential for

encouraging decrease. Joining viable e-waste administration and feasible approaches to

plastic squander exchange is basic in tending to worldwide natural challenges and

progressing the circular economy. Both ponders emphasize the significance of approach

mediations and worldwide participation to advance naturally feasible hones in squander

administration and exchange.

The Natural Security Organization (EPA) and over 200 organizations have joined

together beneath the America Reuses Promise since 2018 to improve the U.S. reusing

framework. This amalgamation, comprising businesses, nonprofits, government

substances, and instructive education, has collaborated to set up a "virtual

clearinghouse." This online stage, set to dispatch in early 2024, points to solidifying

basic reusing assets for regions and neighborhood governments in one open location.

The clearinghouse is balanced to supply an assorted cluster of instruments and assets,

encouraging endeavors to reinforce reusing programs (Waste Advantage, 2020).

 16

Reusing plays a crucial part in our state's strong squander administration methodology,

advertising various natural benefits. By occupying millions of tons of materials from

landfills and other transfer offices, reusing preserves normal assets, spares vitality, and

diminishes outflows of water and discusses toxins, counting nursery gasses. It serves as

a substantial way for people to illustrate their commitment to natural stewardship,

yielding decreases in nursery gas emanations through vitality preservation and improved

timberland carbon sequestration. In addition, reusing reduces the requirement for

unused landfills and incinerators by decreasing squandering burial and combustion, with

the vitality spared from reusing aluminum refreshment cans alone able to fuel over a

million cars for a year. Generally, reusing stands as a basic hone in relieving natural

effects and cultivating maintainability (NJDEP-Recycling Data, 2020).

Recycling plays a crucial role in both the American economy and global

sustainable development efforts. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has long

championed recycling as a means to implement the Resource Conservation and

Recovery Act (RCRA) and advance Sustainable Materials Management (SMM)

principles, providing tools, data, and technical assistance to promote resource

conservation, waste reduction, and recycling (Recycling Economic Information (REI)

Report | US EPA, 2023). Similarly, waste management has emerged as a pressing issue

worldwide, particularly in developing countries experiencing rapid economic growth and

increased waste production. The challenges include inadequate disposal sites, rising

waste management costs, and governance issues, highlighting the need for knowledge-

based solutions and effective waste infrastructure planning (Tsydenova et al., 2018).

Sustainable development is imperative to address these issues, as it entails building

communities that meet human needs while minimizing resource consumption and

environmental impacts. With growing demands and consumption, sustainable waste

management practices, including waste reduction, recycling, and safe disposal, are
 17

essential to mitigate environmental degradation, conserve resources, and create new

economic opportunities (Karim et al., 2011). Both contexts underscore the importance of

recycling and sustainable waste management as integral components of broader efforts

to achieve economic prosperity, environmental protection, and societal well-being.

Energy Efficiency of Insulation Materials

Numerous scholarly investigations underscore the importance of insulation in

mitigating energy consumption and ecological issues. According to Dickson et al. (2021),

cellulose fiber exhibits the best overall performance when it comes to insulation's

thermal performance. In their discussion of TES system insulation methods, Villasmil et

al. (2019) highlight the importance of cost- and energy-effectiveness. The environmental

effects of conventional insulation materials like polystyrene and polyurethane foam are

highlighted by Abu-Jdayil et al. (2019).

Rabbat et al. (2021) draw attention to the significance of sustainable alternatives

such as insulation materials derived from biomass and the role that thermal insulation

plays in France's attempts to decarbonize its building sector. Pavel et al. (2018) talk

about how initiatives to increase building energy efficiency have fueled the expansion of

the European insulation materials market. Noor et al. (2019) promote innovation in

environmentally friendly materials, particularly thermal insulation made on recycled

cellulose fiber. Schiavoni et al. (2016) highlight the significance of insulation type,

thickness, and position about the influence of building envelope thermal efficiency on

energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Aditya et al. (2017) stresses the

importance of thermal insulation for energy efficiency and thermal comfort in household

air conditioning systems.

Coconut Fiber as an Additive

Rahman et al.'s (2020) investigation of asphalt mixtures using fibers and

aggregates from coconut shells for pavement applications showed promise for
 18

environmentally friendly road-building techniques. Local coconut fibers are a viable

substitute for traditional reinforcement materials in constructing reinforced mortars,

according to research by Bui et al. (2020). By examining the use of coconut fibers in

polymeric composites to improve mechanical qualities and adhesion, Mallette et al.

(2022) made a significant contribution to the creation of long-lasting and ecologically

friendly composite materials.

In order to solve the issue of waste management in the construction sector,

Pelita et al. (2019) developed composite wall panels using coconut fibers, polypropylene

plastic waste, and paper mill waste for the construction of sustainable buildings. In order

to improve flowability and reinforcing bonding, Ahmad et al. (2021) looked at self-

compacting concrete containing coconut fibers. This could result in more effectively and

economically placing concrete. With the use of coconut fiber reinforcement, Haque et al.

(2019) improved the compressive and split tensile characteristics of concrete, potentially

providing solutions for structural engineering applications.

By lowering density and crack propagation, coconut fibers in cementitious

composites have been shown to have positive environmental effects (Martinelli et al.,

2023). This encourages the adoption of low-impact and renewable building materials. In

an effort to progress the development of sustainable building materials, Pisanus et al.

(2019) looked into coupling agents to enhance the mechanical properties of composites

using coconut fibers that are appropriate for structural components. Researchers Kumar

& Kesavan (2019) investigated the use of coconut fibers and ash in concrete matrices.

They found that these additions improved structural properties and increased strength,

suggesting that concrete constructions may function better while having a less negative

environmental impact.
 19

Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored on the Fourier Law of Heat Conduction by Joseph

Fourier (Vachnina et al., 2019). The heat transmission rate through a medium is directly

proportional to the negative temperature gradient and cross-sectional area and inversely

proportional to the distance over which the heat is transported, according to Fourier's

heat conduction equation (Taghiyari et al., 2020).

The coefficient of heat conductivity was calculated using samples with

dimensions of 100x100xh mm and heights of 20–30 mm. The tests were performed on

five samples for each composite. The samples were maintained in the laboratory for 24

hours before testing. The temperature in the laboratory will be 201 degrees Celsius. The

specimen will be placed in the installation for heating, and the specimen's height will be

entered into the electronic unit's keyboard. The sample will be heated in the installation

for 80–120 minutes. Statistical indicators will be generated based on the experimental

assessment of the coefficient of thermal conductivity for several batches of composites

constructed from fillers—waste flax and cotton—and synthetic and inorganic binders

(Vachnina et al., 2019).

The Fourier law of heat conduction is essential in estimating the thermal

conductivity of a composite fiberboard because it provides a fundamental framework for

understanding how heat moves through materials. Composite fiberboards are made up

of bamboo shavings, rice husks, and coconut fibers with various thermal properties, and

the Fourier law can assist in forecasting how these components will interact regarding

heat transport. Using this rule, the researchers can compute the composite fiberboard's

overall thermal conductivity by considering its constituent materials' individual

conductivities and spatial layout.

 20

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework depicts how the subject will be explored. The

provided Figure 1 explains the entire method of this investigation. The diagram is

presented from top to bottom starting from the first two boxes which are the control set-

up of commercial fiberboard and the experimental set-ups of modified composite

fiberboard made out of bamboo shavings, coconut fiber, and rice husk with different

ratios. Results and data analysis were gathered by the use of the parameters, thermal

conductivity, and tensile strength.

CONTROL Set-up EXPERIMENTAL Set-up

Extracting the Coconut Fiber

Marine Plywood
Grinding the Rice Husk
Making Bamboo Shavings
Preparing the Epoxy Resin as a Binder

Coconut Coconut Coconut

Fiber 25% Fiber 20% Fiber 60%

Rice Husk Rice Husk Rice Husk

25% 60% 20%

Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo

Shavings Shavings Shavings
50% 20% 20%

Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy

Resin Resin Resin

Producing 3 samples per ratio for each testing

 21

Parameters
Tensile Strength
Thermal Properties

Data Analysis

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

Significance of the study

This study provides information on rice husk, bamboo shavings, and coconut

fibers as additives for Heat-Resistant Composite Fiberboard. The following are the

beneficiaries of this research:

Homeowners. This research shows that homeowners benefit from thermal

insulation by reducing their energy bills and experiencing enhanced indoor comfort. Also,

it reduces environmental impact and efficient living.

Manufacturers. The result of the study will be beneficiary to them to gain

development for this product and to improve composite fiberboard to be heat resistant

with the help of this study. Improvement in processing this product includes finding ways

to increase efficiency, reduce waste, and lower production costs.

Investors. At the end of this study, Investors can benefit by investing this product

in industrial manufacturing and construction. And may experience cost savings and

improve profitability, by investing in these materials.

 22

National and Local Government. Both local and national governments

contribute to energy efficiency and cost savings. Composite fiberboard thermal

insulators help reduce heat transfer, lower energy consumption, and contribute to

environmental conservation efforts. This helps create jobs, meet building code

standards, and enhance indoor comfort.

Architects and designers. To develop sustainable and energy-efficient

buildings, designers might incorporate composite fiberboard with thermal insulation into

their building designs. Builders and contractors: They can include it in construction

projects to meet thermal insulation code requirements while also improving structural

performance.

Civil Engineers. This study's findings would help engineers study and develop

new insulation additives to improve the thermal performance of materials continually.

Students. The results of this study increase students' understanding of the

possibility of recycling waste materials into valuable and environmentally necessary

components, which emphasizes the importance of sustainability and waste reduction in

today's world.

Future Researchers and Investigators. This study may provide information for

likely studies using additives such as composite fiber boards as thermal insulators using

coconut fiber boards and rice husk. It may also give ideas and knowledge about using

this waste for reuse in any materials.

Definition of Terms

To have a more transparent and accessible understanding of the study, the

words listed below are defined according to how they were used operationally and

conceptually.
 23

Bamboo. It is a tall plant with strong hollow stems that are used for construction

and the manufacture of furniture, tools, and other items (Bamboo Definition & Meaning |

Britannica Dictionary, n.d.). In this study, it is one of the additives to create a thermal-

resistant composite fiberboard.

Coconut Fiber. According to (Ahmad et al., 2022), coconut fiber, sometimes

called coir, is made from the coconut plant's fiber husk and used to make a porous

material. This is the coconut's thick fibrous middle layer or middle layer of thick fibrous

material. In this study, it is one of the additives to create a thermal-resistant composite

fiberboard.

Commercial Fiberboard. Medium-density fiberboard is an engineered wood

product made by breaking down softwood into wood fibers, generally in a defibrillator,

mixing it with wax and a resin binder, and producing panels under high temperature and

pressure (Differences Between Fiberboard and Particleboard | Commercial Site

Furnishings, n.d.). In this study, it is the researchers’ control setup.

Composite Fiberboard. As stated by Yuan et al. (2021), hardboard, MDF, and

cellulosic fiberboard are all referred to as fiberboard. The physical arrangement of the

wood component is one of the characteristics that set fiberboard apart from

particleboard. In this study, it is a composite material and will be subjected to various

tests.

Epoxy Resin. It is a general term for a thermosetting polymer with two or more

epoxy groups in the molecule and excellent overall performance. Because of the varied

compositions of the base resin, curing agent, and toughening agent, the properties of the

resin system vary substantially (Jin et al., 2020). In this study, it will act as a binder of the

composite fiberboard.
 24

Compression Strength. It is a mechanical procedure to determine the maximum

compressive load a material can withstand before experiencing a fracture. The

specimen, often taking the shape of a cube, prism, or cylinder, undergoes compression

inside a compression-testing apparatus while a force is incrementally placed between

the platens. (Britannica, 2023). In this study, it will be the capacity of the composite

fiberboard to resist loads.

Rice Husk. Rice husk is a significant byproduct of the milling of paddy rice, with

a large volume produced globally each year. The amorphous form of silica is common in

rice husks (Zou & Yang, 2019). In this study, it is one of the additives to create a

thermal-resistant composite fiberboard.

Temperature. It is the degree to which a thing is hot or cold (National

Geographic, 2023). In this study, each sample will be tested by their temperature.

Tensile Strength. It is the most significant stress a material can withstand

without breaking when stretched and diverged by its initial cross-sectional area. Tensile

strength is measured in terms of force per unit area and is generally stated in pounds

per square inch, sometimes shortened as psi (Britannica, 2023). In this study, it is the

opposite of compression strength.

Thermal Conductivity. The substance's capacity to conduct heat or transmit

heat from one spot to another without moving the material carrying the heat. W/mK is the

unit of measurement for thermal conductivity (Britannica, 2023). In this study, each

sample of the composite fiberboard will be tested by its heat conductivity.

Thermal Insulation. It is an element or mixture of materials that slows the

movement of heat by conduction, convection, and radiation (Goh, 2019). In this study,
 25

the researchers will create a sustainable thermal insulated composite fiberboard out of

sawdust with rice husk, bamboo shavings, and coconut fiber as additives.
 Chapter 2

METHOD

This chapter details the research design, research subject, and research locale,

as well as data gathering procedures, research instrument, pre- and post-experimental

procedure, reliability, statistical treatment of the data, and ethical considerations,

establishing a robust foundation for the paper's credible findings.

Research Design

This study utilized a quantitative-experimental approach employing true

experimental research which is the post-test-only design neglecting the randomization

process (see Figure 2). For evident reasons, quantitative-experimental investigations are

often known as longitudinal or repeated-measures studies. It is a process blueprint that

allows researchers to test their hypothesis by getting valid findings regarding the

relationships between independent and dependent variables. It is the conceptual

framework within which the experiment is carried out (Amorado et al., 2017).

CBR1
25% Coconut fibers, 50% Bamboo shavings, and 25% Rice husks

Control Setup
x CBR2
Marine Plywood 20% Coconut fibers, 20% Bamboo shavings, and 60% Rice husks

CBR3
60% Coconut fibers, 20% Bamboo shavings, and 20% Rice husks

Control Setup Experimental Setup

Figure 2. Post-test Only Experimental Research Design

A post-test-only method without randomization can significantly remove potential

biases from pre-existing disparities between groups. Because natural materials and their
 26

compositions vary, randomization may not effectively control for these inherent

differences, potentially distorting the results. Using a post-test alone design enables the

evaluation of the thermal insulation capabilities and mechanical properties of the

fiberboards without the confusing aspects of initial differences, providing a clearer

evaluation of the effectiveness of various compositions in isolation.

Table 1

Ratio Variation Design

(Experimental Setup)

Weight (grams)

Design Ratio (%) Coconut Bamboo Rice Epoxy

Fibers Shavings Husks Resin
Control Setup
- - - -
(Marine Plywood)

CBR1 (25%,50%,25%) 25% 50% 25% 100%

CBR2 (20%,20%,60%) 20% 20% 60% 100%

CBR3 (60%,20%,20%) 60% 20% 20% 100%

The control set-up, which is the commercially bought Marine Plywood has three

(3) samples each for thermal properties and tensile strength tests. On the other hand,

the experimental set-up consists of three different ratios (See Table 1). Each ratio has 3

samples for thermal properties and tensile strength tests. The first ratio (CBR1)

comprises 25% Coconut fibers, 50% Bamboo shavings, and 25% Rice husks. Next, the
 27

second ratio (CBR2) consists of 20% Coconut fibers, 20% Bamboo shavings, and 60%

Rice husks. The third ratio (CBR3) comprises 60% Coconut fibers, 20% Bamboo

shavings, and 20% Rice husks. All of the experimental setups have 100ml of epoxy resin

as its binder. To sum up, the study has twenty-four (24) replications of fiberboard.

Research Subject

This study focuses on developing a thermally insulated fiberboard with bamboo

shavings, coconut fiber, and rice husk.

Research Locale

The researchers created the modified composite fiberboard in the vicinity of

Tagum City along Purok 1A Rizal, Tiongko Village, Brgy. Canocotan (shown in Figure

3). Both the coconut fiber and the bamboo shavings came from there. The rice husk

originated from Prk. 8 Maasin Veruela Agusan Del Sur. After the fabrication of the

fiberboard, the control group and experimental group were taken to Mapua Malayan

Colleges Mindanao for tensile strength test.

 28

Figure 3. Map of Brgy. Canocotan, Tagum City

Figure 4. Map of Mapua Malayan Colleges Mindanao

 29

Research Instruments and Materials

In this research, the following materials were used for experimentation and

instrumentation:

For the Modified Composite Fiberboard:

Epoxy Resin. The researchers used this product as a binder for the

experimental setups.

Molder. The researchers used a 25 cm by 25 cm by 2 cm molder and use to

make the thickness of the thermal board insulator. A separate molder having dimensions

of 15 cm by 26 cm by 2.5 cm was used for samples that underwent tensile strength

tests.

Spatula. The researchers used this instrument to mix all the designated ratios of

the experimental setups.

Basin. The researchers used this equipment as a container for the mixture of the

raw materials.

Protective Gloves. The researchers used this protective gear to avoid skin

irritation caused by mixing the raw ingredients and epoxy resin.

Digital Weighing Scale. The researchers used this apparatus to weigh the

shredded materials of each design ratio.

For Compression Test and Flexural Test:

Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The researchers utilized UTM to test the

tensile strength of the experimental and control setup.

For Thermal Properties:

Thermometer. The researchers used a thermometer to determine the

temperature.
 30

Hot Box. The researchers used a hot box to perform the different types of

insulators to be observed in the experiment at the same time.

Bulb. The researchers used bulbs to produce the required heat for the

experiment.

Measuring cup. The researchers used a measuring cup to measure the exact

amount of epoxy resin.

Saw. The researchers used a saw for cutting the wood and plywood in size.

Nails. The researchers used a nail to fasten pieces of wood and plywood

together.

Hammer. The researchers used a hammer with a nail to fasten pieces of wood

and plywood together.

For Documentations:

Camera. The researchers used the camera to take a picture as proof of the

experimentation.

Data Gathering Procedure

The study was conducted using the following procedure:

1. The researchers obtained permission from the owner to conduct the

experimental study in Purok 1A Rizal, Tiongko Village, Brgy. Canocotan, Tagum

City, where air, water, and sunlight reach the set-ups.

2. The researchers consulted with their adviser before undergoing the

experimentation.

3. The mixed additives were taken to a specific location to be compacted manually.

4. Laboratory tests were conducted to assess the tensile strength of fiberboard

samples at Mapua Malayan Colleges of Davao.

 31

5. The tensile strength of the control and experimental setups was compared by

organizing and interpreting the data.

Pre-Experimental Procedure

This method entailed submerging the raw materials, drying, and shaving.

1. Preparation of materials: The materials that were used for the pre-experimental

acquired in Purok 1A Rizal, Tiongko Village, Brgy. Canocotan, Tagum City,

Davao del Norte for coconut fiber and bamboo, and Prk. 8 Maasin Veruela

Agusan Del Sur for rice husk.

- After the preparation of the materials, first, the coconut fiber was

submerged in water for 24 hours before it was sun-dried for 2-3 days.

- The rice husk was put in the grinder and grinding the rice husk for 2

minutes,

- And used hands while wearing gloves after submerging the bamboo for

shredding.

2. After ensuring the materials were completely dried, they were sorted and secured

in their respective closed containers.

3. Epoxy resin was used for binding the composite fiberboard.

4. Plywood and wood to set up and prepare the molder, using a hammer, saw, and

nails.

5. The coconut fiber, rice husk ash, bamboo shavings, and epoxy resin were

brought to Purok 1A Rizal, Tiongko Village, Brgy. Canocotan, Tagum City.

Experimental Procedure

A. Making the Experimental Composite Fiberboard. The following was the

procedure for making the composite fiberboard:

 32

1. Prepare the following materials for the mixture: weighing scale, spatula,

basin, gloves, plastic cellophane bag, foil, measuring cup, and molder.

2. The commercial medium-density fiberboard, which served as the foundation

for bamboo shaving, coconut fiber, and rice husk, tested their thermal

performance and tensile strength.

3. All the measured dry components were mixed into the basin according to the

percentage of the mixture.

4. The 100mL epoxy resin was poured using a measuring cup into the basin in

different ratios.

5. The foil was laid in the molder and the mixed components were placed above

it using a spatula.

6. The mixture in the molder was then compressed to reach the desired

thickness of the composite fiberboard.

7. The samples were sun-dried for 24 hours.

8. After the components were removed from the molder and left on a flat

surface.

9. Repeating steps three (3) to eight (8) until the number of samples was

complete.

Post-Experimental Procedure

The researchers used the following steps for the post-experimental procedure.

1. The setups were taken place in a room with a regulated atmosphere.

2. After the data was gathered, the experiment ran for 30 minutes for each sample.

3. The data were collected and the difference in temperature for each replicate

insulator was calculated.

A. Procedure for the Set-up (Hotbox Apparatus)

 33

The researchers will be using the concept of the hot box apparatus (ASTM

C1363-11). To solve for the thermal conductivity, the formula below was used:

k= (Q x L) / (A x ∆T)

where: Q = heat flow (W)

k = coefficient of thermal conductivity (Wm‾¹·K‾¹)

A = cross-sectional area (mm²)

L = plane thickness (m)

1. Using plywood with a thickness of 0.5 cm to create a rectangular wooden

box. The box was 25 cm by 25 cm by 50 cm in size.

2. The box was split in half, with the thermal insulator dividing the left and right

halves. Providing a slot to insert the sample insulator.

3. On top of the box was a removable glass cover.

4. To increase the heat, a 100-watt lightbulb was inserted into one side of the

hotbox.

5. In the setup, two thermometers were used, one on the upper side and one on

the bottom side.

6. One hot box was available.

Statistical Treatment of the Data

The following statistical treatments will be used to analyze and interpret the

gathered data from the tests.

 34

Statistical Mean. This statistical treatment will be utilized to determine the

average results of the tensile strength and thermal properties for 10 replications per

ratio. This will answer the statement of the problem number one (1) and two (2).

T-test. This will be used to determine if the control and experimental setup are

significantly different. This will answer the statement of problem number three (3) about

their significant difference in tensile strength and thermal properties.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). This will be used to determine the significant

relationship and difference between tensile strength and thermal properties in the control

set-up and experimental set-up parameters. This will answer statement of the problem

number three (3).

Ethical Considerations

This experimental study aims to enhance the heat insulation of composite

fiberboard. The researcher will ensure that the experiment is carried out in a safe and

open space in the house. Before experimenting, the research team will verify the

meteorological conditions. Their home will also serve as a storage facility for all the

samples, supplies, and tools required for the experiment, making it easier for the

researchers to carry out the experiment and collect the necessary data.

To ensure the safety of all researchers involved, the researchers will be following

established safety guidelines, including the use of appropriate personal protective

equipment and familiarization with the materials being used. The researchers will also

take extra precautions when working with bamboo, coconut fiber, and rice husk, as they

may produce harmful dust and particles when cut or shaped. All experiments will be

conducted in a well-ventilated area, and we will be adhering to all local safety regulations

and guidelines.

Finally, to uphold the integrity of the study, the researchers must adhere to ethical

norms and refrain from plagiarism, as it is a significant concern in academic publications.

 35

Moreover, the study is distinctive, and the researchers are committed to ensuring that

the experiment will yield benefits for society.

 Chapter 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this chapter, the researchers provide the findings and analyses of the data

collected after experimentation and developing the thermally insulated fiberboard made

out of bamboo shavings, coconut fiber, and rice husks. The tensile and thermal test was

carried out, and the outcomes were analyzed. The results were presented in tabular

format. Each table provides a discussion based on the descriptive interpretations derived

from the experiments.

Thermal Properties and Tensile Strength of Marine Plywood as the Control Setup

Table 2 presents the thermal properties including initial temperature, the

temperature after 30 minutes, and the value of thermal conductivity of the three samples

of the control setups during the experimentation. As presented in Table 2, the control

setup has a mean value of thermal conductivity of 0.99.

Thermal modification of wood has been shown to improve its physical and

mechanical qualities, prompting more investigation into the impact of this method on the

properties of glued wood composites (Krivorotova, 2021).

Thermal Properties

Control Setup (Marine Plywood)

Sample Initial Temperature after Value of Thermal

30 mins Conductivity (k)
Temperature

1 32.4°C 34.9°C 0.99

2 32.5°C 34.7°C 1.00

3 32.5°C 34.6°C 0.98

 36

Mean 0.99

Table 2: Thermal Properties in Control Setup

Table 3 presents the tensile strength providing the maximum loads of the three

samples of control setups. As presented in Table 3, the mean value of the maximum

load is 34.32 kN.

Tensile Strength

Control Setup (Marine Plywood)

Sample Maximum Load (kN)

1 32.41

2 35.58

3 34.96

Mean 34.32

Table 3: Tensile Strength in Control Setup

Thermal Properties and Tensile Strength of Composite Fiberboard in The

Experimental Setup in Terms of The Application of Rice Husk and Coconut Fiber

According to The Following Ratio:

Tables 4, 5, and 6 present the thermal properties including the initial

temperature, the temperature after 30 minutes, and the value of thermal conductivity of

the experimental setup which is CBR 1 (Coconut Husk 20%, Bamboo Shavings 20%,

and Rice Husk 60%), CBR 2 (Coconut Husk 60%, Bamboo Shavings 20%, Rice Husk

20%), and CBR 3 (Coconut Husk 25%, Bamboo Shavings 50%, Rice Husk 25%). It also

presents their tensile strength providing the maximum loads. As presented in Tables 4,
 37

5, and 6, the mean values of thermal conductivity are 1.00, 1.03, and 0.93, respectively.

Moreover, the mean values of the maximum loads are 20.45 kN, 9.05 kN, and 12.32 kN

respectively.

Rice husk had a reduced thermal conductivity, indicating its potential as an

additive for thermal insulation purposes, based on the results (Lobo-Ramos et.al., 2023).

In addition, Bakar et al. (2011) found out that rice husk has low tension strength but has

high flexural strength.

Coconut fiber is unique in resisting damage from seawater, microbes, and high

impacts. It is ideal for use as an insulator in civil engineering projects because of its

astonishing thermal insulating properties (Mahmud et al., 2023). On the other hand,

Bamboo is an environmentally friendly material that is well-known for its high heat-

insulating qualities in addition to its tensile strength (Gholizadeh et al. 2023).

Experimental Set-Up

Coconut Husk 20%, Bamboo Shavings 20%, Rice Husk 60%

Thermal Properties
Sample Initial Temperature Temperature after Value of Thermal
30 mins Conductivity (k)
1 32.3°C 34.8°C 1.01

2 32.5°C 34.5°C 1.01

3 32.1°C 34.1°C 1.01

Mean 1.00

Tensile Strength

Sample Maximum Load (kN)

1 21.78

2 20.4
 38

3 19.17

Mean 20.45

Table 4: Thermal Properties and Tensile Strength in Experimental Setup: Coconut Husk

20%, Bamboo Shavings 20%, Rice Husk 60%

Experimental Set-Up

Coconut Husk 60%, Bamboo Shavings 20%, Rice Husk 20%

Thermal Properties
Sample Initial Temperature Temperature after Value of Thermal
30 mins Conductivity (k)
1 32.4°C 35.6 1.04

2 32.5°C 35.1 1.03

3 32.3°C 35.8 1.04

Mean 1.03

Tensile Strength

Sample Maximum Load (kN)

1 6.044

2 13.22

3 7.880

Mean 9.05

Table 5: Thermal Properties and Tensile Strength in Experimental Setup: Coconut Husk

60%, Bamboo Shavings 20%, Rice Husk 20%

Experimental Setup

Coconut Husk 25%, Bamboo Shavings 50%, Rice Husk 25%

 39

Thermal Properties
Sample Initial Temperature Temperature after Value of Thermal
30 mins Conductivity (k)
1 32.3°C 36°C 0.94

2 32.2°C 36.5°C 0.92

3 32.1°C 36.2°C 0.92

Mean 0.93

Tensile Strength

Sample Maximum Load (kN)

1 6.660

2 17.592

3 12.72

Mean 12.32

Table 6: Thermal Properties and Tensile Strength in Experimental Setup: Coconut Husk

25%, Bamboo Shavings 50%, Rice Husk 25%

Control And Experimental Setup Significantly Different in The Thermal Properties

and Tensile Strength

Table 7 presents the result of the Post Hoc Test which shows the multiple

comparisons between the control setup (Marine Plywood) and the experimental setup

with different proportions in terms of their thermal properties.

There was a significant difference in the mean of thermal conductivity between

the control setup (Marine Plywood) and the three experimental setups since their p-

values are less than the mean significant difference at 0.05 level. The experimental

setup that has Coconut Husk 25%, Bamboo Shavings 50%, and Rice Husk 25% also
 40

has a significant difference since the p-values of the control setup and the two other

experimental setups are lesser than 0.05. The table below also shows that the

experimental setup that has Coconut Husk 20%, Bamboo Shavings 20%, and Rice Husk

60% has a significant difference since the p-values of the control setup and the two other

experimental setups are lesser than 0.05. Lastly, the experimental setup that has

Coconut Husk 60%, Bamboo Shavings 20%, and Rice Husk 20% has a significant

difference since the p-values of the control setup and the two other experimental setups

are lesser than 0.05.

Thermal Properties

Mean Comparison p-value Decision on Decision on

Ho Relationship
Coconut Husk 25%,
Bamboo Shavings .000 Rejected Significant
50%, Rice Husk 25%
Coconut Husk 20%,
Control Setup Bamboo Shavings .031 Rejected Significant

20%, Rice Husk 60%

Coconut Husk 60%,
Bamboo Shavings .000 Rejected Significant

20%, Rice Husk 20%

Control Setup .000 Rejected Significant

Coconut Husk
25%, Coconut Husk 20%,
Bamboo Bamboo Shavings .000 Rejected Significant
Shavings 50%, 20%, Rice Husk 60%
Rice Husk 25%

Coconut Husk 60%,

Bamboo Shavings .000 Rejected Significant

20%, Rice Husk 20%

Control Setup .031 Rejected Significant

 41

Coconut Husk Coconut Husk 25%,

20%, Bamboo Bamboo Shavings .000 Rejected Significant

Shavings 20%, 50%, Rice Husk 25%

Rice Husk 60%
Coconut Husk 60%,
Bamboo Shavings .011 Rejected Significant

20%, Rice Husk 20%

Control Setup
.000 Rejected Significant

Coconut Husk Coconut Husk 25%,

60%, Bamboo Bamboo Shavings .000 Rejected Significant

Shavings 20%, 50%, Rice Husk 25%

Rice Husk 20%
Coconut Husk 20%,
Bamboo Shavings .011 Rejected Significant

20%, Rice Husk 60%

*Mean difference is significant at 0.05 level of significance

Table 7: Significant thermal properties difference between control setup and

experimental setup

Table 8 presents the result of the Post Hoc Test which shows the multiple

comparisons between the control setup (Marine Plywood) and the experimental setup

with different proportions in terms of their tensile strength.

The table below shows that there was a significant difference in the mean of

maximum loads between the control setup (Marine Plywood) and the three experimental

setups since their p-values are less than the mean significant difference at 0.05 level.

The experimental setup that has Coconut Husk 25%, Bamboo Shavings 50%, and Rice

Husk 25% also has a significant difference since the p-value of the control setup is

lesser than 0.05, but it does not have a significant difference on the two other
 42

experimental setups since their p-values are greater than 0.05. The table below also

shows that the experimental setup that has Coconut Husk 20%, Bamboo Shavings 20%,

and Rice Husk 60% has a significant difference since the p-values of the control setup

and the experimental setups that have Coconut Husk 60%, Bamboo Shavings 20%,

Rice Husk 20% are lesser than 0.05. Moreover, the experimental setup that has Coconut

Husk 60%, Bamboo Shavings 20%, and Rice Husk 20% and has Coconut Husk 25%,

Bamboo Shavings 50%, and Rice Husk 25% does not have a significant difference its p-

value is greater than 0.05. Additionally, compared to the control setup and the

experimental setup that has Coconut Husk 20%, Bamboo Shavings 20%, and Rice Husk

60% have a significant difference since their p-values are lesser than 0.05

Tensile Strength

Mean Comparison p-value Decision Decision on

on Ho Relationship
Coconut Husk 25%,
Bamboo Shavings .000 Rejected Significant
50%, Rice Husk 25%
Coconut Husk 20%,
Control Setup Bamboo Shavings .005 Rejected Significant

20%, Rice Husk 60%

Coconut Husk 60%,
Bamboo Shavings .000 Rejected Significant

20%, Rice Husk 20%

Control Setup .000 Rejected Significant

.081
Coconut Husk
25%, Coconut Husk 20%,
Bamboo Bamboo Shavings Accepted Not Significant
Shavings 50%, 20%, Rice Husk 60%
Rice Husk 25%
 43

Coconut Husk 60%, .670

Bamboo Shavings Accepted Not Significant

20%, Rice Husk 20%

Control Setup .005 Rejected Significant

.081
Coconut Husk Coconut Husk 25%,
20%, Bamboo Bamboo Shavings Accepted Not Significant

Shavings 20%, 50%, Rice Husk 25%

Rice Husk 60%
Coconut Husk 60%, .016
Bamboo Shavings Rejected Significant

20%, Rice Husk 20%

Control Setup .000
Rejected Significant

.670
Coconut Husk Coconut Husk 25%,
60%, Bamboo Bamboo Shavings Accepted Not Significant

Shavings 20%, 50%, Rice Husk 25%

Rice Husk 20%
Coconut Husk 20%, .016
Bamboo Shavings Rejected Significant

20%, Rice Husk 60%

*Mean difference is significant at 0.05 level of significance

Table 8: Significant tensile strength difference between control setup and experimental

setup
 Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter discusses the summary of findings, conclusions, and

recommendations of this experimental research study.

Summary of Findings:

The following are the summarized important results of this study:

1. The mean values of the thermal conductivity and tensile strength of the control setup

were 0.99 and 34.32 kN, respectively.

2. The mean values of the thermal conductivity of the experimental setups were 1.00,

1.03, and 0.93, respectively. Meanwhile, the mean values of the tensile strength of the

experimental setups were 20.45 kN, 9.05 kN, and 12.32 kN, respectively.

3. In terms of thermal properties, the mean comparison between the control setup and

the other experimental setups has a significant difference since their p-values were

lesser than 0.05, thus, the hypothesis was rejected. On the other hand, in terms of

tensile strength, the mean comparison between the control setup and the other

experimental setups also has a significant relationship, since their p-values were less

than 0.05, thus, the hypothesis was rejected.

Conclusion:

Based on the results, the researchers arrived at the following conclusions:

1. The tensile strength of the control setup is higher among the three experimental

setups.
 45

2. The experimental setup that has Coconut Husk 20%, Bamboo Shavings 20%, and

Rice Husk 60% has the highest maximum tensile capacity among the two experimental

setups. Therefore, the researchers conclude that having more proportion of rice husk

can improve the fiberboards’ mechanical properties. On the other hand, the experimental

setup that has Coconut Husk 25%, Bamboo Shavings 50%, and Rice Husk 25% has the

lowest thermal conductivity among the control setup and the two other experimental

setups. It implies that having more proportion of bamboo shavings can enhance the

thermal properties of the fiberboard.

3. As shown in ANOVA, there is a significant relationship in the mean comparison of

thermal properties and tensile strength between the control setup and the other three

different proportions of experimental setups. However, there is no significant difference

in tensile strength between the experimental setup that has Coconut Husk 60%, Bamboo

Shavings 20%, Rice Husk 20%, and the other two experimental setups that has Coconut

Husk 20%, Bamboo Shavings 20%, Rice Husk 60% and Coconut Husk 25%, Bamboo

Shavings 50%, Rice Husk 25%. The researchers conclude that having more proportion

of coconut husk weakens the fiberboards’ mechanical properties.

Recommendation:

Based on the findings and conclusion of this study, the researchers suggest the

following recommendations:

1. To the homeowners, the researchers recommend to use a composite fiberboard that

has natural materials such as bamboo shavings it has low thermal conductivity and it is

good for heat insulation.

2. To the manufacturers, the researchers recommend to find a substitute for epoxy resin

to enhance the composite fiberboard's mechanical characteristics and recommending

 46

compacting composite fiberboard using a heat press machine to ensure consistent

pressure.

3. To the investors, the researchers recommend to use the materials, such as, bamboo

shavings, rice husk, and coconut fiber because these materials are cheap and

affordable.

4. To the National and Local Government, the researchers recommend to have more

programs about sustainable building design that focuses on thermal insulation.

5. To the architects and designers, the researchers recommend to utilize bamboo

shavings, coconut fibers and rice husks in choosing a thermal insulated materials in their

structures.

6. To the civil engineers, the researchers recommend to explore on using thermally

insulated fiberboard that is made out of bamboo shavings, coconut fiber, and rice husk.

7. To the students/future researchers, the researchers recommend to give more

importance about bamboo shavings, rice husk, coconut fiber to reuse these materials.

They should also conduct additional research and gather data to improve the thermal

and tensile strengths of composite fiberboard.

 47

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eBooks (pp. 207–246). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812828-2.00009-3

Appendix A

PHOTO DOCUMENTATION
 56

A.1 Preparation of Materials

Collecting of Composite Materials

 57

Preparing the molder

A.2 Fabrication of Composite Fiberboard

Mixing the Composite Materials

 58

Manual Molding of Composite Fiberboard Samples

Fabricated Test Samples

A.3 Laboratory Testing

Tensile Strength Test

 59

Thermal Conductivity Test

 60

Appendix B

CERTIFICATE OF APPEARANCE
61
 62

CURRICULUM VITAE

TRISHIA NOELLE S. TIDOY

Date of Birth : August 26, 2002

Age : 21 years old

Gender : Female

Height : 5’5’’

Weight : 54 kg.

Birthplace : Tagum City

Religion : Roman Catholic

Civil Status : Single

City Address : Blk 1, Lot 6 RTU Apokon Tagum City, Davao del Norte,
Philippines, 8100

Parents

Father : Noelito G. Tidoy

Mother : Shiela S. Tidoy

 63

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

School Level School Year

St. Mary’s College of Tagum College Student S.Y. 2021 - present

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

St. Mary’s College of Tagum Senior High School S.Y. 2020-2021

Tagum National Trade School Junior High School S.Y. 2015-2020

Magugpo Pilot Central Elementary School Grade School S.Y. 2010-2015

Don Ricardo Briz Central Elementary School Kindergarten S.Y. 2009-2010

 64

LADY HEART S. CAMPION

Date of Birth : October 22, 2002

Age : 21 years old

Gender : Female

Height : 4’11.5’’

Weight : 46 kg.

Birthplace : Tagum City

Religion : Roman Catholic

Civil Status : Single

City Address : Prk. 1-A Rizal, Canocotan Tionko Village Tagum City, Davao del
Norte, Philippines, 8100

Parents

Father : Juan B. Campion

Mother : Michelle S. Campion

 65

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

School Level School Year

St. Mary’s College of Tagum College Student S.Y. 2021 - present

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

North Davo College Tagum Senior High School S.Y. 2019-2021

North Davo College Tagum Junior High School S.Y. 2014-

2019

San Rafael Day Care Center Grade School S.Y. 2009-2010

Magugpo Pilot Imelda Elementary School Sped Center Kindergarten S.Y. 2009-2010
 66

KEEN STEPHEN A. LIBETARIO

Date of Birth : August 31, 2000

Age : 23 years old

Gender : Male

Height : 5’6’’

Weight : 70 kg.

Birthplace : Davao City

Religion : Born Again Christian

Civil Status : Single

City Address : Prk. 15, Brgy. San Vicente Panabo, Davao Del Norte, 8105

Parents

Father : Anito A. Libetario

Mother : Esmeralda L. Libetario

 67

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

School Level School Year

St. Mary’s College of Tagum College Student S.Y. 2021 - present

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

University of Mindanao Panabo College Senior High School S.Y. 2017-2019

Panabo National High School Junior High School S.Y. 2014-

2017

Rizal Elementary School Grade School S.Y. 2007-2013

Wesleyan Church Primary School Kindergarten S.Y. 2006-2007

CLUBS/ORGANIZATIONS

Club Position School Year

PICE Ways And Means Officer 2023-2024

 68

Z-KHRYSS F. DIAPOLET

Date of Birth : September 28, 2002

Age : 21 years old

Gender : Male

Height : 5’4’’

Weight : 49 kg.

Birthplace : Andili, Mawab, Compostela Valley

Religion : Roman Catholic

Civil Status : Single

City Address : Prk. 1 Brgy. Andili, Mawab Davao De Oro, 8802

Parents

Father : Ronald D. Diapolet

Mother : Amelia F. Diapolet

 69

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

School Level School Year

St. Mary’s College of Tagum College Student S.Y. 2021 - present

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Andili National High School Senior High School S.Y. 2020-2021

Andili National High School Junior High School S.Y. 2018-

2019

Andili National High School Grade School S.Y. 2014-2015

Trento West Central Elementary School Kindergarten S.Y. 2008-2009

 70

DAVE O. PIYAL

Date of Birth : September 16, 2002

Age : 21 years old

Gender : Male

Height : 5’7’’

Weight : 75 kg.

Birthplace : Kapatagan Laak, Davao Del Norte

Religion : Grace

Civil Status : Single

City Address : Prk. 8 Kapatagan Laak, Davao De Oro, 8810

Parents

Father : Ernesto P. Piyal Sr.

Mother : Nenita O. Piyal

 71

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

School Level School Year

St. Mary’s College of Tagum College Student S.Y. 2021 - present

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Tagum City College of Science

and Technology Foundation Inc. Senior High School S.Y. 2020-2021

Kapatagan National High Schoo Junior High School S.Y. 2018-2019

Kapatagan Elementary School Grade School S.Y. 2014-2015

Kapatagan Elementary School Kindergarten S.Y. 2008-2009