LINEAR EQUATIONS AND

FUNCTIONS
2.1 Represent Relations and Functions
 Relation is mapping (pairing) of input values to output values
 Input  Domain  often x
 Output  Range  often y

(-4, 3)
(-2, 1)
(0, 3)
(1, -2)
(-2, 4)
2.1 Represent Relations and Functions
 Function
 Relation where each input has exactly one output

 Same x does not go to more than one y

 Tell whether the relation is a function.

2.1 Represent Relations and Functions
 Vertical line test
 The relation is a function if no vertical line touches the graph at
more than one point
 Is it a function?

Not a
Function

Function
2.1 Represent Relations and Functions
 Equation in two variables
 Input  usually x  independent variable
 Output  usually y  dependent variable
 Solution  ordered pair (x, y) that gives a true
statement
 To graph
 Make a table of values by choosing x and calculating y
 Plot enough points to see the pattern
 Connect the points with a line or curve
2.1 Represent Relations and Functions
 Graph the equation y = 3x – 2

x y
-3 -11
-2 -8
-1 -5
0 -2
1 1
2 4
3 7
2.1 Represent Relations and Functions
 Linear function
 Can be written in form y = mx + b
 Graphs a line
 y = 2x – 3
 Functional notation
 Replace the y with f(x)

 Name
 Variable value
2.1 Represent Relations and Functions
 Tell whether the function is linear. Then evaluate the function when x = –2.
 f(x) = x – 1 – x3

 Not Linear (has an exponent on x);

3
 𝑓 −2 = −2 − 1 − −2 =𝟓

 g(x) = –4 – 2x
 Linear;
 𝑓 −2 = −4 − 2 −2 = 𝟎
Activity
2.2 Find Slope and Rate of Change

𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = (x2, y2)
𝑟𝑢𝑛
rise
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚= (x1, y1) run
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Slope is the rate of change

2.2 Find Slope and Rate of Change
 Positive Slope
 Rises

 Zero Slope
 Horizontal 0
+ –
 Negative Slope
 Falls
No
 No Slope (Undefined) There’s No Slope
 Vertical
to stand on.
2.2 Find Slope and Rate of Change
 Find the slope of the line passing through the given points.
Classify as rises, falls, horizontal, or vertical.
 (0, 3), (4, 8)
𝑦 −𝑦 8−3 𝟓
 𝑚 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1 = 4−0 = 𝟒; rises
2 1

 (7, 3), (–1, 7)

𝑦2 −𝑦1 7−3 4 𝟏
 𝑚= = = = − ; falls
𝑥2 −𝑥1 −1−7 −8 𝟐
 (7, 1), (7, -1)
𝑦2 −𝑦1 −1 – 1 2
 𝑚= = = − = undefined; vertical
𝑥2 −𝑥1 7–7 0
2.2 Find Slope and Rate of Change
 Parallel Lines
 In the same plane and do not intersect
 Go the same direction
 Slopes are the same

 Perpendicular Lines
 Intersect to form a right angle
 Slopes are negative reciprocals
 OR Product of slopes is -1
2 3

3
and −2
2.2 Find Slope and Rate of Change
 Tell whether the lines are parallel, perpendicular, or neither.
 Line 1: through (–2, 8) and (2, –4)
 Line 2: through (–5, 1) and (–2, 2)

𝑦2 −𝑦1 −4 – 8 12
 Line 1: 𝑚= = =− = −3
𝑥2 −𝑥1 2 – −2 4
𝑦2 −𝑦1 2–1 1
 Line 2: 𝑚= = =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 −2 – −5 3
 Perpendicular
2.2 Find Slope and Rate of Change
 Tell whether the lines are parallel, perpendicular, or neither.
 Line 1: through (–4, –2) and (1, 7)
 Line 2: through (–1, –4) and (3, 5)

𝑦2 −𝑦1 7– −2 9
 Line 1: 𝑚= = =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 1– −4 5
𝑦2 −𝑦1 5– −4 9
 Line 2: 𝑚= = =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 3– −1 4
 Neither
2.2 Find Slope and Rate of Change
 In 1983, 87% of New Hampshire was forested. By 2001, that percent had fallen
to 81.1%. What is the average rate of change of forested land? Then predict
what percentage will be forested in 2005.

 x = time in years
 y = percent
 Points are (1983, 87) and (2001, 81.1)
𝑦 −𝑦 81.1 – 87 5.9
 𝑚 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1 = 2001 – 1983 = − 18 = −0.3278
2 1

 To get the percent for 2005, take the amount from 2001 and add 4 times
the slope to get four more years.
 81.1 + 4 −0.3278 = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟖%
Activity
2.3 Graph Equations of Lines
 Slope-intercept form  To graph
 y = mx + b  Solve equation for y
 m is slope  Plot the y-intercept
 b is y-intercept
 From there move up and
over the slope to find
another couple of points
 Draw a line neatly through
the points
2.3 Graph Equations of Lines
 Graph
 y = -2x

 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 0
2
 𝑚 = −2 = − ; 𝑏 = 0
1
 y=x–3
 𝑦=𝑥−3
1
 𝑚 = 1 = ; 𝑏 = −3
1
 f(x) = 2 – x
 𝑓 𝑥 =2−𝑥
 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 + 2
1
 𝑚 = −1 = − ; 𝑏 = 2
1
2.3 Graph Equations of Lines
 Standard Form  x-intercept:
 Ax + By = C  Ax + B(0) = C
 A, B, and C are integers  Ax = C
𝐶
 𝑥=𝐴
 To graph
 Find the x- and y-intercepts by
letting the other variable = 0  y-intercept:
 Plot the two points  A(0) + By = C
 Draw a line through the two  By = C
points 𝐶
 𝑦=𝐵
2.3 Graph Equations of Lines
 Horizontal Lines
y=c

 Vertical Lines
x=c
2.3 Graph Equations of Lines
 Graph
 2x + 5y = 10
 x-int: 2𝑥 + 5 0 = 10 → 2𝑥 = 10 → 𝑥 = 5;
(5, 0)
 y-int: 2 0 + 5𝑦 = 10 → 5𝑦 = 10 → 𝑦 = 2;
(0, 2)
 x=1
 Vertical line
 x-int: (1, 0)

 y = -4
 Horizontal line
 y-int: (0, -4)
Activity
2.4 Write Equations of Lines
 Given slope and y-intercept
 Use slope-intercept form y = mx + b

 Any other line

 Find the slope (m)

 Find a point the line goes through (x1, y1)

 Use point-slope form y – y1 = m(x – x1)

2.4 Write Equations of Lines
 Write the equation of the line  it passes through (–1, 6)
given… and has a slope of 4.
 m = –2 , b = –4
 Given slope and point
 Given slope and y- 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
intercept  𝑦 − 6 = 4 𝑥 − −1
 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑦 − 6 = 4𝑥 + 4
 𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 4
 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 10
2.4 Write Equations of Lines
 Write the equation of the line given…
 it passes through (-1, 2) and (10, 0)

𝑦2 −𝑦2 0–2 2
 𝑚= = =−
𝑥2 −𝑥1 10 − −1 11
 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
2
 𝑦 − 0 = − 11 𝑥 − 10
2 20
 𝑦 = − 11 𝑥 + 11
2.4 Write Equations of Lines
 Write an equation of the line that passes through (4, –2) and is (a) parallel to, and (b) perpendicular to, the line y = 3x – 1.

a) 𝑚 = 3; Parallel lines have same slope

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑦 − −2 = 3 𝑥 − 4
𝑦 + 2 = 3𝑥 − 12
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 14
1
b) 𝑚 = − ; Perpendicular lines have negative reciprocal slopes
3
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
1
𝑦 − −2 = − 𝑥−4
3
1 4
𝑦+2 =− 𝑥+
3 3
1 2
𝑦=− 𝑥−
3 3
2.4 Write Equations of Lines
 A certain farmer can harvest 44000 bushels of crops in a season.
Corn averages 155 bushels per acre and soybeans average 44
bushels per acre in Michigan in 2013. Write an equation that
models this situation.

 The “per” means this rate

problem.
Rate × amount = total
 155x + 44y = 44000
2.4 Write Equations of Lines
 In a chemistry experiment, you record the temperature to be -5 °F one minute
after you begin. Six minutes after you begin the temperature is 20 °F. Write a
linear equation to model this.
 Two points: (1, -5), (6, 20)

𝑦 −𝑦 20− −5 25
 𝑚 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1 = = =5
2 1 6−1 5

 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
 𝑦 − −5 = 5 𝑥 − 1
 𝑦 + 5 = 5𝑥 − 5
 𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 10
Activity
Linear Equations
 Equation means a statement of equality between two quantities or
expressions.
 Classifications:
 Identical Equation (true for all values of the variables)
 Conditional Equation (true only for some values)
 Examples:
𝑥+4=6

 2𝑥 + 7𝑥 = 9𝑥
Principles of Equations
 Addition Principle:
 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 𝑏 + 𝑐.

 Subtraction Principle:
 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 − 𝑐 = 𝑏 − 𝑐.
 Multiplication Principle:
 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐.

 Division Principle:
𝑎 𝑏
 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = ; 𝑐 ≠ 0.
𝑐 𝑐
Solving Linear Equation
Solve the equation 3𝑥 − 2 = 𝑥 + 4.
Solution:
3𝑥 − 2 = 𝑥 + 4 Given Equation
3𝑥 − 𝑥 = 4 + 2 Adding −𝑥 + 2 to both sides
2𝑥 = 6 Collecting terms
𝑥=3 Dividing both side by 2
Solving Linear Equation
Solve the equation 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡 in terms of 𝑟.

Solution:
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡 Given
𝐼
=𝑟 Dividing both side by 𝑃𝑡
𝑃𝑡
Activity
Symbolic Representation
Word Phrases Algebraic Notation
Six times b 6b
m increased by 2 m+2
x decreased by y x-y
the sum of a and b a+b
two times a diminished by c 2a-c
x is two thirds of y 2
𝑥= 𝑦
3
The sum of a and b is 5 a+b=5
Solving Word Problems
 Principles in Problem Solving (Polya)

1. Understand the Problem

2. Devise a plan
3. Implement the plan
4. Look back
Solving Word Problems
 Number Problem
Find three consecutive even integers whose sum is 42.
Solution:
Let x (first even integer), x+2 (second consecutive even integer) and x+4 (third consecutive even
integer)
𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥 + 4 = 42
3𝑥 + 6 = 42
3𝑥 = 42 − 6
3𝑥 = 36
𝑥 = 12
Thus, the first even integer is x=12; second is x+2=12+2=14; and the third is x+4=12+4=16.
Hence, the numbers are 12, 14 and 16.
Solving Word Problems
 Age Problem
Kevin is 6 years older than Cosme. In ten years, the sum of their
ages will be 50. Find their present ages.
Solution:
Age now Age in 10 years from now
Cosme X X+10
Kevin X+6 (x+6)+10=x+16

𝑥 + 10 + 𝑥 + 16 = 50
2𝑥 = 50 − 26
𝑥 = 12
Hence, Cosme’s present age is 12 and Kevin’s present age is 12 +6=18.
Solving Word Problems
 Work Problem
Andrew can paint the house in 8 days and his brother can paint the same
house in 6 days. How long will it take for both to do the painting together?

Solution:

Let x= the number of days required for them to paint the house together.
Then,
1
= the part of the house they can paint in one day
𝑥
1
= the part of the house Andrew can paint in one day
8
1
= the part of the house Andrew’s brother can paint in one day
8
Solving Word Problems
 Work Problem
Andrew can paint the house in 8 days and his brother can paint the same house in 6 days.
How long will it take for both to do the painting together?
Solution:
1 1 1
+ =
8 6 𝑥
6+8 1
=
48 𝑥
14 1
=
48 𝑥
14𝑥 = 48
3
𝑥=3
7
3
Thus, it will take 3 days for Andrew and his brother to paint the house together.
7
Activity