Sistem Komunikasi Serat Optik

• SKSO (Sistem Komunikasi Serat Optik )

merupakan sistem komunikasi yang dalam
pengiriman dan penerimaan sinyal
informasinya menggunakan media optik.
Secara umum blok komunikasi

Information

Carrier Signal Modulator Media Detector

Information
Sistem Komunikasi Serat Optik

Sumber Cahaya Detektor Cahaya

Informasi
Sumber

Medium Cahaya User

Optical TX Optical Rx
 Information

Carrier Signal Modulator Media Detector

A fiber optic data link performs 3 functions: Information

1. Electric signal is converted to an optical signal.
2. The optimal signal is send over an optical fiber.
3. The optical signal is converted again to electrical.
Advantages:
1. Huge bandwidth:
• Ethernet cable: 100 Gbps
• Fiber optics: 400 Gbps
2. Immunity to electrical noise
3. No crosstalk
4. Reduced size and weight cables
5. Resistance to corrosion and temperature variations.
Disadvantages:
1. Expensive in comparison with conventional electrical
cables.
2. Expensive and difficult installation.
 Transparent Translucent Opaque

Almost all light Some light rates can No light rates can
rays pass through pass pass

Always, an amount of light rays is absorbed by the material and the rest is
reflected (which defines its color and makes them visible) or / and refracted, if
it is not opaque.
Reflected rays: Rays that are not
absorbed nor refracted. (e.g. in a
mirror).
2 rays:
• The incident (falling on the
reflecting surface)
• The reflected ray.

The angle of incident and the

angle of reflection are the equal.
(Law of reflection).

Refraction of light: When the light

passes through a medium, the
direction of rays changes.
This is called Refraction.
Index of refraction (or refractive index) shows
how light propagates through a medium.
n = refractive index.
c = speed light in vacuum (3x108 m/sec).
v = speed of light in the material.
Critical angle

λ is the wavelength of light in

the medium and λ0 in the
vacuum.

V is the frequency of light

multiplied with λ.
Jacket:
• Determines the mechanical robustness
of the cable.
• Usually plastic, PVC etc.
Buffer (or coating):
• Protects the fiber optic from physical
damage.
• Fiber identification
Cladding:
• Dielectric material, with index of
refraction less than the core material.
• Made of glass or plastic.
Core:
• Light propagation medium. Dielectric
material (usually glass).
• Conducts no electricity.
2 ways to describe the propagation:
• The ray theory: to get a clear picture of the propagation
of light inside the cable.
• The mode theory: to understand the behavior of the
light inside the cable (comprehending of the properties
of absorption, attenuation and dispersion).
2 types of rays propagate along the optical fiber cable:
• Meridional rays: Rays that pass through the center axis of the core.
• Bound: Rays that propagate through the fiber by total internal reflection.
• Unbound: Rays that are refracted from the core
• Skew rays: Rays that travel through the fiber without passing through the
center axis of the core.

• Cladding imperfections
prevent total internal
reflection.
• Part of the bound rays are
refracted inside the
cladding. (unbound rays).
• Unbound rays eventually
escape from the cable
Ø The acceptance angle of skew
rates is larger than the
acceptance angle of meridional
rays.
Ø Most rays entering the core are
skew rays. The contribute to the
amount of light capacity of the
fiber optic (especially in case of
high NA).
Ø However, they contribute also • A large portion of the number of
the amount of light losses of the skew rays becomes leaky rays.
fiber optic. • Leaky rays, although they are
Ø A large portion of the number of. predicted to be totally reflected,
they are partially refracted due the
curved shape of the fiber boundary.
• For avoiding making the rays unbound, the rays must enter the core with
incident angle equal or greater than the critical angle.
• The range of angles which make the rays bounded is the cone of
acceptance.
• All rays entering the core with angle less than the half-angle of the core of
acceptance (acceptance angle) become unbounded and finally lost.
• Mode theory considers light to be
electromagnetic waves.
• Describes light propagation in the optical
fiber as a propagation of electromagnetic
waves.
• Different electromagnetic wave patterns can propagate in a fiber
optic. These patterns are called modes.
• The number of maxima of each pattern is the order of the mode
(e.g. TE0 has one maximum, TE2 has 3, etc.).
• Each mode can be realized with different wavelength.
Low order modes have high incident angle, while high order
modes have low incident angle
• Not every mode can propagate in any fiber optic
• Each fiber optic has a specific normalized frequency, for a specific
wavelength.
• Fiber optics with V < 2.405 can support only one mode. They are
called single mode fibers.
• Fiber optics with V > 2.405 can support more modes. They are
called multi- mode fibers.
Single mode fibers:
• The core diameter is small: 8 – 10 μm.
• Only the lowest mode can be propagated (around 1300nm wavelength).
• Normalized frequency less or equal to 2.405.
• Lower signal loss in comparison with multi-mode and higher bandwidth.
Low fiber dispersion.
• They use laser diodes to generate light.
Multi-mode fibers:
• Can propagate up to 4 modes (TE0, TE1, TE2, TE3. Also called OM1,
OM2, OM3, OM4).
• Typical core sizes: 50 – 100 μm.
• The light enters easily the fiber and the connections are easier.
• They use LED to generate light (cheaper, less complex and last longer).
• However, they have higher dispersion than the single mode.
• Specifically they exhibit mode dispersion: Modes arrive at the receiver
at different times.
Performance is affected by:
ØSignal loss
ØBandwidth
• Bandwidth in telecommunications is defined as
the difference between the highest and the
lowest frequency of the signal.
• Bandwidth in data transmission is defined as
bits transmitted per second.
Ø Fiber optics properties that affect
performance are:
Ø Attenuation
Ø Dispersion
Ø Attenuation is a result of:
Ø Light absorption
Ø Light scattering
Ø Bending losses
Ø If the signal strength is reduced
below a specific point, the receiver is
unable to detect it.

Dispersion is the spreading of the signal. The spreading limits how fast data
can be transmitted along the fiber. The receiver is unable to distinguish
between input pulses caused by the spreading of each pulse.
Ø Absorption is the conversion of optical power into another energy
form, such as heat.
Ø Factors contributing to light absorption:
Ø Imperfections in the structure of the fiber material.
Ø The intrinsic material properties.
Ø Photons are absorbed by electrons and excites them to
higher energy levels.
Ø The extrinsic material properties.
Ø Impurities in the atomic structure of the silicon (e.g. iron,
nickel, chromium) results in the absorption of photons by
the electrons of these metal and electrons excitation to
higher energy levels.
Ø Scattering is the result of density fluctuations in the fiber
structure.
Ø During the fabrication process of the fiber, there are areas
where the density of the molecular structure is higher or
lower.
Ø Bending losses:
Ø Macrobends: Too sharp bend.
Ø A part of the mode is converted to a higher order mode,
which is lost inside the cladding.
Ø Microbends: Imperfections in the fiber or external force which
deforms the cable.
2 types of dispersion:
Ø Intramodal dispersion:
Ø Occurs in all kinds of optical fibers, where more than
one wavelenghts are used (e.g in WDM).
Ø Different wavelengths of signals of the same mode
travel at different speeds inside the fiber, so exit the
fiber at different times.
Ø Intermodal dispersion: Occurs only in multi-mode fibers.
Ø Each mode travels at different speed inside the fiber, so,
they do not exit from the fiber at the same time.
Ø Single mode fibers exhibit less dispersion than multi- mode.
Two methods to manufacture optical glass fiber
1. Direct melt methods
• Draw the fiber from molten glasses, which are placed in two
concentric crucibles
• Optical fibers are made directly from the molten state of purified
components of silica glasses.
2. Vapor –phase Oxidation Process
• Draw from a glass rod called preform
• Highly pure vapors of metal halides react with O2 to form white
powder of SiO2 particles.
• The particles are then collected on the surface of a bulk glass and
are sintered to form a glass rod.
• This rod or tube is called a preform.
• Typically 10-25mm dia and 60-120cm long.
Direct Melt Methods
1. Drawing the fibre
2. Double Crucible Method
3. Rod-in-Tube method

Vapor-phase oxidation process

1. Outside vapor phase oxidation
2. Vapor phase axial deposition
3. Modified chemical vapor deposition
Drawing the fibre
• The tip of the preform is heated
to about 2000°C in a furnace.
As the glass softens, a thin
strand of softened glass falls by
gravity and cools down.
• The fibre diameter is constantly
monitored as it is drawn.
• A plastic coating is then applied
to the fibre, before it touches any
components. The coating
protects the fibre from dust and
moisture.
• The fibre is then wrapped around
a spool.
Double Crucible Method
• The molten core glass is placed
in the inner crucible.
• The molten cladding glass is
placed in the outer crucible.
• The two glasses come together
at the base of the outer crucible
and a fibre is drawn.
• Long fibres can be produced
(providing you don't let the
content of the crucibles run
dry!).
• Step-index fibres and graded-
index fibres can be drawn with
this method.
Rod-in-Tube method
• A rod of core glass is placed inside
a tube of cladding glass.
• The end of this assembly is heated;
both glass are softened and a fibre
is drawn.
• Rod and tube are usually 1 m long.
• The core rod has typically a 30 mm
diameter. The core glass and the
cladding glass must have similar
softening temperatures.
• However, one must be very careful
not to introduce impurities between
the core and the cladding.
Outside Vapor Deposition (OVD)
• This process is also called the “soot process”.
• Halogens and O2 react in a hot flame to form hot glass soot, which is deposited
layer by layer on an aluminium oxide or graphite mandrel.
• The central mandrel is removed after deposition.
• In the last step, called sintering, a hollow porous preform is dehydrated and
collapsed in controlled atmosphere, (e. g. helium) to form desired preform. Vapor-
phase oxidation process
Vapor phase axial deposition
• In VAD method, the preform can be
fabricated continuously.
• Starting chemicals are carried from the
bottom into oxygen-hydrogen burner
flame to produce glass soot which is
deposited on the end of a rotating silica
rod.
• A porous preform is then grown in the
axial direction.
• The starting rod is pulled upward and
rotated in the same way as that used to
grow single crystals.
• Finally the preform is dehydrated and
vitrified in ring heaters.
• This process is preferred for the mass
production.
Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD)
• The gaseous mixture of reactants is fed at the end of a rotating silica tube.
• This tube is heated by a traversing oxygen-hydrogen burner.
• As a result of chemical reactions glass particles, called soot, are formed.
• These particles are deposited on internal wall of the tube.
• The soot is then vitrified by the traversing burner to provide a thin glass layer.
• The process is repeated many times as the cladding layers and core layers are formed.
• When the deposition is finished, the temperature of the burner is increased to collapse
the tube into a solid preform.
• The entire process is highly automated and all process parameters are precisely
controlled.
Tugas #1 :

Lakukan analisa standard core fiber optik untuk single-mode

optical fiber (SMF) dan multi-mode optical fiber (MMF)

Analisa mencakup :
• Karakteristik
• Kelebihan dan kelemahannya
• Aplikasi

Laporan tugas berupa small paper dikumpulkan paling lambat

kamis minggu depan