Board game

A board game is a type of tabletop game[2][3] that involves small objects (game pieces) that are
placed and moved in particular ways on a specially designed patterned game board,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
potentially including other components, e.g. dice.[6] The earliest known uses of the term "board
game" are between the 1840s and 1850s.[7][4][9]

The board game Monopoly is licensed in 103 countries

and printed in 37 languages.[1]

Young girls playing a board game in the Iisalmi library in

Finland, 2016

While game boards are a necessary and sufficient condition of this genre, card games that do not
use a standard deck of cards, as well as games that use neither cards nor a game board, are often
colloquially included, with some referring to this genre generally as "table and board games" or
simply "tabletop games".[2][3]
Eras

This timeline was made with information

from the Wikipedia articles on Board Game,
Hasbro, Board Game Cafe, Tabletop
Simulator, and Monopoly. All information
on this timeline was from those Wikipedia
pages as they were on November 24th,
2024

Ancient era

Board games have been played, traveled, and evolved in most cultures and societies throughout
history[11] Board games have been discovered in a number of archaeological sites. The oldest
discovered gaming pieces were discovered in southwest Turkey, a set of elaborate sculptured
stones in sets of four designed for a chess-like game, which were created during the Bronze Age
around 5,000 years ago.[12][13] Numerous archaeological finds of game boards exist that date from
as early as the Neolithic period including, as of 2024, a total of 14 Neolithic sites reporting 51 game
boards, ranging from mid-7th millennium to early 8th millennium.[14][15][16][17]

Oldest game

The Royal Game of Ur, estimated to have originated from around 4,600 years ago in ancient
Mesopotamia, an example of which was found in the royal tombs of ancient Mesopotamia
(c. 2600 BC – c. 2400 BC),[18][19][20] is considered the oldest playable boardgame in the world, with
well-defined game's rules discovered written on a cuneiform tablet by a Babylonian astronomer in
c. 177 BC – c. 176 BC.[21][15]

Currently, Senet is argued to be the oldest known board game in the world, with possible game
board fragments (c. 3100 BC)[22] and undisputed pictorial representations (c. 2686;BC –
c. 2613 BC)[23] having been found in Predynastic and First Dynasty burials dating as far back as
3500 BC.[24] However, while Senet was played for thousands of years, it fell out of fashion sometime
after 400 A.D. during the Roman period;[23] the rules were never written down, therefore they are not
decisively known.[25] Similarly, Mehen is one of the oldest games dated with reasonable confidence,
i.e., c. 3000 BC – c. 2300 BC,[26][21] with some estimating it dates back to c. 3500 BC.[27] The rules,
scoring system, and game pieces, however, are unknown or speculative.[27][21]
The title of the oldest known board game has been difficult to establish.[27] An example of this is
mancala, which includes a broad family of board games with a core design of two rows of small
circular divots or bowls carved into a surface, which has had numerous estimations of its generic
age due to the many variants that have been discovered in different locations across Africa, the
Middle East, and southern Asia.[27] These are dated across many different historical periods, from
archaeological sites dating the game at c. 800 BC – c. 200 BC (Roman Settlements); c. 2500 BC –
c. 1500 BC (Egypt); and even c. 7000 BC – c. 5000 BC (Jordan). The later based on divots carved
out of limestone in a Neolithic dwelling from c. 5870 BC ± 240 BC,[16][27][28] although this later dating
has been disputed.[29] Furthermore, when considering the Neolithic period game boards discoveries,
caution has been given against considering these finds as representing earliest human game
playing, as the absence of evidence of such games does not equate to evidence that no games
were played during earlier periods.[30]

Men Playing Board Games, from Mehen game with game Painting in tomb of
The Sougandhika Parinaya stones, from Abydos, Egypt, Egyptian queen Nefertari
Manuscript 3000 BC, Neues Museum (1295–1255 BC) playing
senet

Golden era

The 1880s–1920s was a board game epoch known as the "Golden Age", a term coined by American
art historian Margaret Hofer[31] where the popularity of board games was boosted through mass
production making them cheaper and more readily available.[32]: 11 The most popular of the board
games sold during this period was Monopoly (1935), with 500 million games played as of 1999.[33]
Renaissance era

The number of board games published by year (1944–2017),

as listed on BoardGameGeek. Expansion sets for existing
games are marked in orange.

In the late 1990s, companies began producing more new games to serve a growing worldwide
market.[34][35] The early 21st century saw the emergence of a new "Golden Age" for board games
called the "Board Game Renaissance".[34][36][37] This period of board games industry development, of
which board games such as Ticket to Ride (2004) and were a major part, saw a shift away from the
20th-century domination by well-established standby Golden Era board games like Monopoly (1935)
and Game of Life (1960).[38]

Regional history

Europe

Board games have a long tradition in Europe. The oldest records of board gaming in Europe date
back to Homer's Iliad (written in the 8th century BC), in which he mentions the Ancient Greek game
of petteia.[39] This game of petteia would later evolve into the Roman game of ludus
latrunculorum.[39]

Germany

Kriegsspiel is a genre of wargaming developed in 19th century Prussia, to teach battle tactics to
officers.[40]

Ireland
Fidchell boards dating from the 10th century has been uncovered in Ireland,[41] with the game
said to date back to at least 144 AD.[42]
Scandnavia
The ancient Norse game of hnefatafl was developed sometime before 400 AD.[43]
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the association of dice and cards with gambling led to all dice games
except backgammon being treated as "lotteries by dice" in the Gaming Acts of 1710 and
 1845.[44] One of the most prolific publishers of board games of the late 18th and early 19th
centuries was the English board game publisher John Wallis and his sons (John Wallis Jr. and
Edward Wallis).[45] The global popularisation of board games, with special themes and
branding, coincided with the formation of the global dominance of the British Empire.[46]
Examples of british empire games included:

British Empire Games

Release
Game Title Creator Description Ref
Date

This board game was a race game that consisted of a board

with 37 numbered pictures, each correlating to a British
colony, arranged in four circular levels, numbered 1
(Heligoland, Germany) to 37 (London, England), three
concentric ones and an inner fourth level of London
("Metropolis of the British Empire"). A teetotum was spun with
A Tour Through the British a player's piece correspondingly moving ahead through the
John [47][48][49]
Colonies and Foreign 1850 spaces of the game board, upon which a corresponding
Betts
Possessions description to the space the player lands was read out aloud
from an accompanying rule booklet by the presiding player (a
player abstaining from directly playing the game), except
when directed in the book. The descriptions included
commentary about the various colonies and occasional game
board movement directions to the player. There winner would
be the player to reach London first.

A race game where five players ('sailors') follow distinctly

colored tracks, on a board decorated with islands; seas; and
A Voyage of Discovery, or William ships, with each player restricted to the path of their own [50]
1836
The Five Navigators Spooner color. The player's followed the instructions printed in circles
along the tracks, which contained sailor-themed dangers and
advantages.
 Achilles and Ajax Box for Board An early games table
playing a board Games, c. 15th desk (Germany, 1735)
game overseen century, Walters Art featuring chess/draughts
by Athena, Attic Museum (right) and nine men's
black-figure neck morris (left)
amphora,
c. 510 BC

Americas

The board game patolli originated in Mesoamerica and was played by a wide range of pre-
Columbian cultures such as the Toltecs and the Aztecs.

United States

Due to a number of factors, such as the decrease of industrial working hours and the
implementation of a Saturday half-day holiday, United States shifted from agrarian to urban living
in the nineteenth century, which provided greater leisure time and a rise in middle class
income.[51][52] The American home, once an economic production focus, started to become one
for entertainment, enlightenment, and education under maternal supervision, where children were
encouraged to play board games that developed literacy skills and provided moral instruction.[52]

The first board games published in the United States were Travellers' Tour Through the United
States and its sister game Traveller's Tour Through Europe, published in 1822 by New York City
bookseller F. & R. Lockwood.[53][54] Margaret Hofer described this period, from 1880s–1920s, as
"The Golden Age" of board gaming in America.[32] Board game popularity was boosted, like that of
many items, through mass production, which made them cheaper and more easily available. In
the 19th century, the industry itself was still developing, albeit significantly more rapidly; however,
the games manufactured in America were still primarily for children.[55] Beginning in the late 20th
century, during the period known as board game renaissance, games started to evolve
considerably, from a strategic play standpoint and also in terms of increased advertising and
marketing.[55] In modern day United States, board game venues have recently grown in popularity.
In 2016 alone, more than 5,000 board game cafés opened in the United States.[56]
 Patolli game being watched by The Mansion of Happiness
Macuilxochitl as depicted on (1843)
page 048 of the Codex
Magliabechiano

Asia

Mesopotamia

A version of the 4,600-year-old board game of the Royal Game of Ur, was found in the ancient
Mesopotamian royal tombs of Ur (c. 2600 BC – c. 2400 BC),[24] is the oldest discovered playable
board game.[53][57][58] The game's rules of this version were written on a cuneiform tablet by a
Babylonian astronomer in 177 BC, and involved two players racing their pieces from one end of a
20-square board to the other in a similar way to backgammon, with the central squares being
used for fortune telling.[58][21][12] Backgammon also originated in ancient Mesopotamia about
5,000 years ago.[59]

China
Though speculative, Go has been though to have originated in China somewhere in the 10th
and 4th century BC.[60][61] While no archeological or reliable documentary evidence exists of
the exact origins of the game, according to legend, Liubo was invented in around 1728–1675
BC in China by Wu Cao, a minister of King Jie the last Xia dynasty king. China developed a
number of chess variants, including xiangqi (Chinese chess), dou shou qi (Chinese animal
chess), and luzhanqi (Chinese army chess), each with their own variants.[62] Games like
mahjong, and Fighting the Landlords (Dou DiZhu) also originated in China.

In modern-day China, board game cafes have become popular, with cities like Shanghai having
more game cafés than Starbucks.[63]
India
Ashtapada, chess, pachisi and chaupar originated in India. In modern day India, a community
game called Carrom is popular.[64]
Iran
 Jiroft civilization game boards[65] in Iran, is one of several important historical sites, artifacts,
and documents shed light on early board games.
South Koean
A board game of flicking stones (Alkkagi) became popular among people in South Korea after
various Korean variety shows demonstrated its gameplay on television.[66]
Oman
A stone slab carved with a grid and cup holes to hold game pieces constituting a large 4,000-
year-old stone board game was located in a prehistoric settlement dated back to the Umm an-
Nar period (c. 2600 BC to c. 2000 BC) near the village of Ayn Bani Saidahat in the Qumayrah
Valley, Oman.[58]

Han dynasty glazed pottery tomb The Royal Game of Ur,

figurines playing liubo, with six southern Iraq, about
sticks laid out to the side of the c. 2600 BC – c. 2400 BC
game board

Africa

In Africa and the Middle East, mancala is a popular board game archetype with many regional
variations.

Egypt

The first complete set of this game was discovered from a Theban tomb that dates to the 13th
dynasty.[67] Hounds and jackals, another ancient Egyptian board game, appeared around 2000
BC.[68][69] This game, originating c. 2600 BC – c. 2400 BC was also popular in Mesopotamia and
the Caucasus.[70] Senet, originating from c. 2600 BC – c. 2400 BC, was found in Predynastic
c. 3500 BC and First Dynasty c. 3100 BC burials of Egypt,[22] and pictured in fresco wall paintings
and papyrus in Egyptian tombs, including the tombs of Merknera (c. 3300 BC–c. 2700 BC
BC)[71][72] and Nikauhor and Sekhemhathor (c. 2465 BC–c. 2389 BC).[73] An ancient games from
the African region included the predynastic Egyptian board game of mehen.[74][24]
 Hounds and jackals Mancala board and clay Senet set inscribed with the
(Egypt, 13th Dynasty) playing pieces Horus name of Amenhotep III
(r. 1391–1353 BC)

Luck, strategy, and diplomacy

Some games, such as chess, depend completely on player skill, while many children's games such
as Candy Land (1949) and snakes and ladders require no decisions by the players and are decided
purely by luck.[75]

Two Qataris playing the traditional board

game of damah

Many games require some level of both skill and luck. A player may be hampered by bad luck in
backgammon, Monopoly, or Risk; but over many games, a skilled player will win more often.[76] The
elements of luck can also make for more excitement at times, and allow for more diverse and
multifaceted strategies, as concepts such as expected value and risk management must be
considered.[77]

Luck may be introduced into a game by several methods. The use of dice of various sorts goes back
to one of the earliest board games, the Royal Game of Ur. These can decide everything from how
many steps a player moves their token, as in Monopoly, to how their forces fare in battle, as in Risk,
or which resources a player gains, as in Catan (1995). Other games such as Sorry! (1934) use a deck
of special cards that, when shuffled, create randomness. Scrabble (1948) creates a similar effect
using randomly picked letters. Other games use spinners, timers of random length, or other sources
of randomness. German-style board games are notable for often having fewer elements of luck than
many North American board games.[78] Luck may be reduced in favor of skill by introducing
symmetry between players. For example, in a dice game such as Ludo (c. 1896), by giving each
player the choice of rolling the dice or using the previous player's roll.

Another important aspect of some games is diplomacy, that is, players, making deals with one
another. Negotiation generally features only in games with three or more players, cooperative
games being the exception. An important facet of Catan, for example, is convincing players to trade
with you rather than with opponents. In Risk, two or more players may team up against others. Easy
diplomacy involves convincing other players that someone else is winning and should therefore be
teamed up against. Advanced diplomacy (e.g., in the aptly named game Diplomacy from 1954)
consists of making elaborate plans together, with the possibility of betrayal.[79][80]

In perfect information games, such as chess, each player has complete information on the state of
the game, but in other games, such as Tigris and Euphrates (1997) or Stratego (1946), some
information is hidden from players.[81] This makes finding the best move more difficult and may
involve estimating probabilities by the opponents.[82]

Software

Many board games are now available as video games. These are aptly termed digital board games,
and their distinguishing characteristic compared to traditional board games is they can now be
played online against a computer or other players. Some websites (such as [Link],
[Link], etc.)[83] allow play in real time and immediately show the opponents' moves, while others
use email to notify the players after each move.[84] The Internet and cheaper home printing has also
influenced board games via print-and-play games that may be purchased and printed.[85] Some
games use external media such as audio cassettes or DVDs in accompaniment to the game.[86][87]

There are also virtual tabletop programs that allow online players to play a variety of existing and
new board games through tools needed to manipulate the game board but do not necessarily
enforce the game's rules, leaving this up to the players. There are generalized programs such as
Vassal, Tabletop Simulator and Tabletopia that can be used to play any board or card game, while
programs like Roll20 and Fantasy Grounds are more specialized for role-playing games.[88][89] Some
of these virtual tabletops have worked with the license holders to allow for use of their game's
assets within the program; for example, Fantasy Grounds has licenses for both Dungeons & Dragons
and Pathfinder materials, while Tabletop Simulator allows game publishers to provide paid
downloadable content for their games.[90][91] However, as these games offer the ability to add in the
content through user modifications, there are also unlicensed uses of board game assets available
through these programs.[92]

Market

The modern German board game Catan is

printed in 30 languages and sold 15 million
by 2009.

While the board gaming market is estimated to be smaller than that for video games, it has also
experienced significant growth from the late 1990s.[36] A 2012 article in The Guardian described
board games as "making a comeback".[93] Other expert sources suggest that board games never
went away, and that board games have remained a popular leisure activity which has only grown
over time.[94] Another from 2014 gave an estimate that put the growth of the board game market at
"between 25% and 40% annually" since 2010, and described the current time as the "golden era for
board games".[36] The rise in board game popularity has been attributed to quality improvement
(more elegant mechanics, components, artwork, and graphics) as well as increased availability
thanks to sales through the Internet.[36] Crowd-sourcing for board games is a large facet of the
market, with $233 million raised on Kickstarter in 2020.[95]

A 1991 estimate for the global board game market was over $1.2 billion.[96] A 2001 estimate for the
United States "board games and puzzle" market gave a value of under $400 million, and for United
Kingdom, of about £50 million.[97] A 2009 estimate for the Korean market was put at 800 million
won,[98] and another estimate for the American board game market for the same year was at about
$800 million.[99] A 2011 estimate for the Chinese board game market was at over 10 billion
yuan.[100] A 2013 estimate put the size of the German toy market at 2.7 billion euros (out of which
the board games and puzzle market is worth about 375 million euros), and Polish markets at
2 billion and 280 million zlotys, respectively.[101] In 2009, Germany was considered to be the best
market per capita, with the highest number of games sold per individual.[102]
Hobby board games

Some academics, such as Erica Price and Marco Arnaudo, have differentiated "hobby" board games
and gamers from other board games and gamers.[103][104] A 2014 estimate placed the U.S. and
Canada market for hobby board games (games produced for a "gamer" market) at only $75 million,
with the total size of what it defined as the "hobby game market" ("the market for those games
regardless of whether they're sold in the hobby channel or other channels") at over $700 million.[105]
A similar 2015 estimate suggested a hobby game market value of almost $900 million.[106]

Research

Board games serve diverse interests. Left: kōnane for studious

competition. Right: kōnane for lighthearted fun.

A dedicated field of research into gaming exists, known as game studies or ludology.[107]

While there has been a fair amount of scientific research on the psychology of older board games
(e.g., chess, Go, mancala), less has been done on contemporary board games such as Monopoly,
Scrabble, and Risk,[108] and especially modern board games such as Catan, Agricola, and Pandemic.
Much research has been carried out on chess, partly because many tournament players are publicly
ranked in national and international lists, which makes it possible to compare their levels of
expertise. The works of Adriaan de Groot, William Chase, Herbert A. Simon, and Fernand Gobet have
established that knowledge, more than the ability to anticipate moves, plays an essential role in
chess-playing ability.[109]

Linearly arranged board games have improved children's spatial numerical understanding. This is
because the game is similar to a number line in that they promote a linear understanding of
numbers rather than the innate logarithmic one.[110]

Research studies show that board games such as Snakes and Ladders result in children showing
significant improvements in aspects of basic number skills such as counting, recognizing numbers,
numerical estimation, and number comprehension. They also practice fine motor skills each time
they grasp a game piece.[111] Playing board games has also been tied to improving children's
executive functions[112] and help reduce risks of dementia for the elderly.[113][114] Related to this is a
growing academic interest in the topic of game accessibility, culminating in the development of
guidelines for assessing the accessibility of modern tabletop games[115] and the extent to which
they are playable for people with disabilities.[116]

Additionally, board games can be therapeutic. Bruce Halpenny, a games inventor said when
interviewed about his game, The Great Train Robbery:

With crime you deal with every basic human emotion and also have
enough elements to combine action with melodrama. The player's
imagination is fired as they plan to rob the train. Because of the gamble,
they take in the early stage of the game there is a build-up of tension,
which is immediately released once the train is robbed. Release of tension
is therapeutic and useful in our society because most jobs are boring and
repetitive.[117]

Playing games has been suggested as a viable addition to the traditional educational curriculum if
the content is appropriate and the gameplay informs students on the curriculum content.[118][119]

Categories

Historical development

Harold Murray's A History of Board Games Other Than Chess (1952)[120] has been called the first
attempt to develop a "scheme for the classification of board games", in which he separated board
games into five categories: "race", "war", "hunt", "alignment" / "configuration", and "mancala"
games.[121][55] Robert Bell's Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations (1869)[122] similarly
espoused a classification of board games, this time divided into four categories, "race", "war",
"positional", and "mancala" games.[55] In David Parlett's The Oxford History of Board Games
(1999),[123] based on the work of Murray and Bell,[55] he described a "classical" categorization of
board games which consisted of four primary categories: "race", "space", "chase", and "displace"
games.[123][124]: 17

Modern board games have been classified in a variety of ways, a classification that can be based on
the board game's mechanics, theme, age range, player number, and promotion. The diversity of
board games means that some games belong to several categories.[125]: 13
Mechanics

A board game's mechanics usually involve an assessment of a player or player/s achievements

while adhering to a series of pre-established rules, i.e. gameplay, such as capturing opponents'
pieces, calculation of a final score, or achieving a predefined goal. Board games have a range of rule
complexity but also a range of strategic depth, both of which determine the ease of mastering the
game, i.e., hard-to-master games like chess possess a relatively simple rule set but have great
strategic depth.[126] Examples of categories based on a modern categorization of a board game's
mechanics include:[57]
Board game categorization by mechanics

Board
game Description Examples Ref
categories

Alignment board games are a

subcategory of space board games. In
an alignment game, a player is
Renju; Gomoku; Connect6; Nine [123][55][127]
Alignment required to position their tokens in an
men's morris; Tic-tac-toe
array of a prescribed length. Like
space games, these games are often
abstract games.

American-style board games are those

from the North American region,
usually having an emphasis on theme;
randomness, usually through dice; Betrayal at House on the Hill;
American- [128]
numerous ways to win; and direct Zombicide; Twilight Imperium; Arkham
style
player conflict. These board games are Horror; Talisman
also called Ameritrash board games;
however, this term is not necessarily a
negative label.

Auction board games are those that

use bidding, a competitive assigning
Examples include: Biblios;
of value to different items, resources,
Condottiere; El Grande; For Sale; Hit Z
privileges, or game scenarios, as a
Road; Hoity Toity; The Estates; High [129][130][128]
Auction mechanism by which players attempt
Society; Irish Gauge; Isle of Skye;
to obtain valuable in-game assets or
Medici; Power Grid; Skull; Taj Mahal;
establish a favorable turn order. These
Ra
board games are also called bidding
board games.

Area control board games are those

with some form of map or board
Small World; Risk; Nanty Narking;
defining a space that players compete [131][128][127]
Area control Blood Rage; Spirit Island; Scythe; even
to dominate, usually through adding
arguably Scrabble
their own pieces to regions or areas or
removing their opponents’ pieces.
[132][128][57][133]
Bluffing Bluffing board games involve Blood on the Clocktower; Coup; The
convincing opponent players on the Resistance; Sheriff of Nottingham;
accuracy of a claim, which includes Skull; Shadows Over Camelot; Enigma
tricking opponent players into Beyond Code; Bacchus’ Banquet
believing something that is incorrect.
All bluffing board games revolve
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
categories

around an element of hidden

information.

Campaign board games are defined by

players following a series of Charterstone; Gloomhaven franchise
[131][57][127]
Campaign connected scenarios, where the games; Return to Dark Tower; The
actions and outcome of one scenario Ungame
will usually affect the next.

Chase board games often have an

asymmetrical layout, where players
start the game with different sets of
pieces and objectives, usually rolling
one or more dice to move a
Classical: Hnefatafl; Snakes and
corresponding number of spaces
ladders; Hyena chase
[123][131][127]
Chase along a looping track of spaces, or a
Modern: Cluedo; Cranium; Monopoly;
path with a start and finish. When
The Game of Life; Formula D
players land on certain spaces, it
triggers specific actions or offers the
player certain gameplay options.
These board games are also known as
roll-and-move games.

Chess variant board games are

Traditional: Shogi; Xiangqi; Janggi
displacement games that are
Chess variant Modern: Chess960; Grand Chess;
variations upon the general chess
Hexagonal chess; Alice Chess
concept.

City building board games involve 7 Wonders; The Capitals; Suburbia;

building and managing a city via Citadels; Catan; Everdell; Life in [132][128][134]
City building
planning decisions, in a way that is Reterra; Lisboa; On Mars; Puerto Rico;
efficient, powerful or lucrative. Underwater Cities

Civilization building board games are

those that involve developing and
managing a society of people, often 7 Wonders; Anno 1800; Civilization;
Civilization from scratch, requiring the Eclipse; Gaia; Shogun; Through The [132][57][135]
building contemplation of long-term strategy, Ages; Terra Mystica franchise games;
good resource management, and Twilight Imperium
sometimes even conflict with
opponents.
[132][136]
Collectible Collectible component board games Magic: The Gathering; Yu-Gi-Oh;
component involve collecting and trading certain Pokémon; KeyForge
game elements, usually cards and
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
categories

miniatures. These games are built

around strategy and collection
building, but also luck. These board
games are also often called building
board games.

Configuration board games are a sub-

category of space games. However, as
opposed to alignment games, the
objective of players is to line up their [123][55]
Configuration Lines of Action; Hexade; Entropy
pieces to complete per-determined
array targets in a particular order. Like
space games, these games are often
abstract games.

A connection board game is often an

abstract strategy game, in which
players attempt to complete a specific
type of connection with their pieces.
Connection This could involve forming a path TwixT; Hex; Havannah
between two or more endpoints,
completing a closed loop, or a player
connecting all of their pieces so they
are adjacent to each other.

Cooperative board games are those in

which all the players work together to Examples include: Max the Cat; Caves
achieve a common goal rather than and Claws; Bambino Dino; Forbidden
competing against each other. Either Island franchise games; Gloomhaven
the players win the game by reaching a franchise games; Horrified;
[137][138][128][57][139][127]
Cooperative predetermined objective, or all players Mountaineering; Nemesis; Nurturing
lose the game, often by not reaching Game; Pandemic; Spirit Island; There’s
the objective before a certain trigger a Growly in the Garden; The Ungame;
event ends the game. These board Robinson Crusoe; Shadows over
games are also called non-competitive Camelot
or co-op games.

Count and capture board games are

where players use tokens in rows of
Count and Examples include: Mancala; Wari;
designated positions to capture their
capture Oware; The Glass Bead Game
opponent's pieces. They are often also
called sowing or mancala games.
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
categories

Cross and circle board games are race

games with a board consisting of a Examples Cross and circle games
Cross and
circle divided into four equal portions that are also included: Yut; Ludo;
circle
by a cross inscribed inside it like four Aggravation
spokes in a wheel.

Aeon's End; Black Box; Clank!

In deck-builder board games, each
franchise games; Dominion (game);
player starts with their own identical
Dune: Imperium; Harry Potter:
deck of cards but alters it during play, [131][132][128][57][127]
Deck-builder Hogwarts Battle; Hero Realms;
with more powerful cards being added
Legendary: A Marvel Deck Building
to the deck and less powerful ones
Game; Mystic Vale; Star Realms;
being removed.
Undaunted: Normandy

Deck construction board games

involve players using different decks Android: Netrunner; Arkham Horror:
of cards to play, constructed prior to The Card Game; Disney Lorcana;
Deck [131][128][57]
the game from a large pool of options, Keyforge; Magic: The Gathering;
construction
according to specific rules. This type Marvel Champions; Pokémon; YU-Gi-
of board game is also called a trading OH!
card board game.

Deduction board games involve

requiring players to form conclusions
Examples include: Alchemists, Bureau
based on what is occurring or has
of Investigation: Investigations in
transpired based on available
Arkham & Elsewhere, Clue; Cryptid,
premises, such as provided clues
Decrypto, Hanabi, Kryptos, Love Letter, [131][132][57][140][141][128]
Deduction either by the board game itself or by
Lord of the Rings: The Confrontation,
fellow players. These board games are
Mastermind, Scotland Yard; Sherlock
also called Investigation games. Social
Holmes: Consulting Detective, Sleuth,
deduction board games are a
Spectator Ops, Werewolf; Zendo
subcategory of deduction board
games.
[131][132][128][57][142][143]
Dexterity Dexterity board games are those that Flick ‘em Up; Beasts of Balance;
require accurate movements of the Dungeon Fighter; Flip Ships; Ghost
body in response to real-time game Blitz; Jenga; Jungle Speed; Klask;
situations. These games are a Paku Paku; Pitch Car; Spot It!; Tumblin'
particular form of physical board Dice; What Next?
game where fine motors skills are
more important than physical
attributes such as strength or
endurance, including flicking,
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
categories

balancing, or even throwing objects

around. Dexterity board games test
motor skills, reflexes and coordination;
and reward carefulness and punishing
clumsiness. These board games are
also known as action board games.

Displacement board games are those

in which the main objective is the
Chess; Draughts; Alquerque; [123]
Displacement capture the opponents' pieces. These
Fanorona; Yoté; Surakarta
board games are also often called
elimination or war board games.

Drafting board games involve a

mechanism where players are
presented with a set of options,
usually cards, from which they must
pick one, thus choosing the best
options from a pool, leaving the 7 Wonders; Blood Rage; Bunny
remainder for the next player to Kingdom; Citadels; Exploding Kittens; [132][128][57][127]
Drafting
choose from. They combine strategy, Sushi Go!; Ticket to Ride; It's a
quick decision-making, and Wonderful World
outguessing opponent players. The
drafting mechanism can be a small
part of a game, in order to select an
ability for use during a round, or the
entire decision space for a game.

In dungeon-crawler board games,

players take the roles of characters
Descent; Gloomhaven franchise
making their way through a location,
games; Betrayal at House on the Hill
Dungeon- often depicted by a map with a square [132][128][127]
franchise games; HeroQuest;
crawler grid or a page in a book, defeating
Mansions of Madness; Star Wars:
enemies controlled by another player,
Imperial Assault; Mice and Mystics
a companion app, or the game system
itself.
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
categories

Economic board games involve

players managing resources and
making smart decisions about how
they spend or invest money. A player's
Examples include: Ark Nova; Brass
strategy usually revolves around
franchise games; The Business Game;
ensuring they have enough resources
Terra Mystica franchise games; Great
to achieve a strong financial position. [132][128][57][144]
Economic Western Trail; Catan; Food Chain
Economic board games usually
Magnate; The Game of Life; Monopoly;
simulate a market in some way. These
Power Grid; Terraforming Mars;
games are often also called Economic
Through The Ages; Twilight Imperium
simulation games. The term economic
board game is often used
interchangeably with resource
management board game.

Educational board games are those

designed to teach new ideas,
concepts, topics or understanding
The Magic Labyrinth; Brain Quest;
while playing. The board game's [132][57][145]
Educational Cashflow; Evolution franchise games;
learning is based on a particular
Mariposas; Wingspan
theme. While educational games exist
for different age groups, they are
usually designed for children.

Engine-builder board games are those

where the course of the game involves
Res Arcana; Century; Everdell;
building an engine, something that
Imagnarium; Race for the Galaxy; [131][132][128][127]
Engine-builder takes your starting resources or
Splendor; Terraforming Mars;
actions and turns them into more
Wingspan
resources, which often eventually
accumulate scored points.
[131][132][128][57][127]
Euro-style Euro-style board games are those with Agricola; Catan; Carcassonne; Decatur;
a strategy focus, prioritising limited Carson City; Five tribes; Le Havre;
randomness over theme. These board Lords of Waterdeep; Montana;
games usually have competitive Paladins of the West Kingdom; Power
interactions between players through Grid; Puerto Rico; Stone Age; Suburbia;
passive competition, rather than Takenoko; Ticket to Ride
aggressive conflict, in contrast to the
more thematic but chance-driven
American-style board games. Euro-
style board games are also called
Eurogames or German-style board
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
categories

games due to the fact many of the

early games of this style were
developed in Germany.

Exploration board games are those

that have an unexplored map of tiles Arkham Horror: The Card Game;
or cards, which the game encourages Betrayal at House on the Hill franchise
players to explore by flipping them and games; Eclipse; Gloomhaven [57][146]
Exploration
dealing with the consequences, either franchise games; The Lost Expedition;
beneficial or detrimental. These board Lost Ruins of Arnak; Robinson Crusoe;
games are also often called Travel or Twilight Imperium
4x games.

Fighting board games are those that

encourage players to engage game
characters in close quarter battles and
hand-to-hand combat. They differ from
Gloomhaven franchise games; Scythe; [147]
Fighting Wargames in that the combat in
Spirit Island; War of the Ring
Wargames exists as one part of a
large-scale military simulation, while in
Fighting games the focus is on the
particular combat scenarios.

Guessing board games are those that

involve a player, or players, guessing
Guessing Battleship; Mysterium; Pictionary
the answer to a question based on
clues from another player.

Hidden-movement games are defined Black Sonata; Captain Sonar; City of

Hidden as those that feature one or more the Great Machine; Fury of Dracula; [148]
movement players who move across the board, Letters from Whitechapel; Mind
unseen to the other players. MGMT; Star Wars Rebellion

Hidden-role board games involving a

player, or players, with a hidden role
within the group, where the rest of the Mafia; The Resistance franchise
players have to identify them, avoiding games; Werewolf franchise games; [132]
Hidden role
any influence or tricks used to deflect Secret Hitler; Betrayal at House on the
any suspicions that they have those Hill franchise games
roles. Sometimes called hidden traitor
board games.
[131][132][128][127]
Legacy Legacy board games are a sub- Betrayal Legacy; Charterstone;
category of campaign board games, Gloomhaven franchise games;
as they also involve players following a Jurassic World: The Legacy of Isla
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
categories

series of connected scenarios, where Nublar; Pandemic Legacy; Ticket to

the actions and outcome of one Ride: Legands of the West
scenario will usually affect the next.
However, in legacy board games, a
player's choices and actions cause
permanent, often physical, changes to
the game and its components, such as
applying stickers to the board or
tearing up cards, thus providing a one-
time experience.

Math board games explicitly require

players to use mathematical
knowledge and concepts to achieve
game objectives, thereby testing each Lost Cities; Sentient; The Shipwreck
[132]
Math player's number skills. These games Arcana; Turning Machine; Prime Club;
combine mathematical skills, such as Qwixx; Math Fluxx
calculations, with regular game
structures, such as sources of
randomness.

A maze and labyrinth board game

often requires players to navigate a
series of complex pathways that are
Burgle Bros; RoboRally; Labyrinth;
Maze and located on the game board. This type [132][149]
Magic Maze; Sub Terra; Ricochet
labyrinth of board game tests a player's spatial
Robots; The Magic Labyrinth
awareness and problem-solving skills,
often while adding in design elements
from other types of board games.

Codenames; Confusion; Cortex +

Memory board games concern Challenge; Enigma: Beyond code;
memorizing certain facts, figures, and Hanabi; The Magic Labyrinth; Memory;
[132][57][150]
Memory other information while testing a That's not a hat; The Resistance
player's ability to recall sequences, franchise games; Sideshow Swap;
locations, or specific items. Simon; Wandering Towers; Whitehall
Mystery; Witness

Moral and spiritual development board

Moral and games are those that prioritise player Transformation Game;[151] Mansion of
spiritual moral and spiritual development above Happiness;[152][153][154][155] or Psyche's
development any technical process of establishing a Key[156][157]
winner and loser.
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
categories

Negotiation board games are where

Ca$h’ n Guns; Cosmic Encounter;
players must persuade fellow players
Diplomacy; Hegemony; The
to make deals and alliances or even
Resistance franchise games; Rising [57][132][158]
Negotiation offer bribes to get ahead in the game.
Sun; Sheriff of Nottingham; Twilight
The only exceptions to this are often
Imperium; Paydirt; Pax franchise
euro games, which have stringent
games
resource management rules.

Number board games are ones in

That's Pretty Clever! franchise games;
which players are required to use or [159]
Number Arboretum; Take 5; The Shipwreck
manipulate numbers to achieve their
Arcana
the games objectives.

Paper-and-pencil board games are

those that can be played solely with
Dots and boxes; Hangman; MASH;
Paper-and- writing implements, usually without [160]
Paper soccer; Spellbinder; Sprouts;
pencil erasing. They may be played to pass
Tic-tac-toe
the time, as icebreakers, or for brain
training.

Party board games are those that Classic: Charades; Pictionary

encourage social interaction. They are Modern: Blood on the Clocktower;

designed for larger groups of players Codenames; Concept; Dixit; Decrypto;
[132][57][161]
Party with the aim of fostering social Just One; Mysterium; The Resistance
interaction amongst players, thus franchise games; Secret Hitler; Snake
combining humour, creativity, and Oil; Telestrations; Time’s Up; Werewolf
social interaction. franchise games

Physical board games are those

involving physical challenges, and fall
into two sub-categories:
Dexterity board games
Camp Granada; Flick ‘em Up; Beasts of
Those focusing on fine motors
Balance; Dungeon Fighter; Flip Ships;
skills of a player's fingers,
[142]
Physical Ghost Blitz; Jenga; Jungle Speed;
including flicking, balancing, or
Klask; Paku Paku; Pitch Car; Spot It!;
even throwing objects around.
Tumblin' Dice; What Next?
Physical skill board games
Those focusing on gross motors
skills by utilising a player's whole
body movement.

Physical skill Physical skill board games involve Camp Granada

challenges involving gross motors
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
categories

skills, through assigning whole body

movement tasks to players.

Position board games are where the

object is not to capture, but to win by
Position Kōnane; Mū tōrere; L game
leaving the opponent player unable to
make a move.

Push-your-luck board games that

Biblios; Formula D; The Captain is
invite you to take ever bigger risks to
Dead: Dangerous Planet; King of
Push-your- achieve increasingly valuable rewards [131][128][57][127]
Tokyo; The Quacks of Quedlinburg;
luck against the risk of significant loss.
Port Royale; Deep Sea Adventure;
These board games are also called
Welcome to the Dungeon
press your luck board games.

Classic: Peg solitaire; Sudoku

Puzzle board games are based on the
Modern: Azul; Bärenpark; Blokus; Exit: [132][57][162]
Puzzle solving of a puzzle or mystery and are
The Game; Patchwork; Ubongo;
commonly single-player games.
Unlock!

Race board games are those in which Classic: Agon; Pachisi; Backgammon;

each player has the goal of being the Chaupar; Chinese checkers; The

player to finish first, either by moving bottle game; Dogs and jackals; Five-

all their pieces to the final destination field kono; Grasshopper; Halma;

or completing an objective, e.g., the Hyena chase; Kerala; Liubo; Ludo;

first player to collect five gems. This Ludus duodecim scriptorum; Mehen;

also includes games where the Nyout; Pachisi; Patolli; Royal Game of

objective is to be the first to reach a Ur; Salta; Saturankam; Senet; T'shu-

[163][123][132][55][57][164][165]
Race
checkpoint by navigation or steering p'u; Chowka bhara; Kilkenny Cats;

around obstacles, usually by having Game of the goose; Zohn ahl

greater speed or control than your Modern: Camel Up; Downforce and
opponents. The basic requirement is Rallyman: GT; Flamme Rouge; Formula
that race mechanics be an operative D; Istanbul; Long Shot: The Dice Game;
mechanism; however, racing is not Montana; Heat: Pedal to the Metal;
required to be part of the board game’s The Quest for El Dorado; Snow Tails;
theme. Thunder Road franchise games
[132][57][127]
Role-playing Role-playing board games are those Arcadia Quest; Dungeons & Dragons;
where players assume a fictional Gloomhaven franchise games; Mage
character identity to participate in the Knight; Mice and Mystics; Pathfinder;
game and its narrative. These games Shadowrun; Sword and Sorcery;
combine the character development Vampire: The Masquerade
and narrative of classic role-playing
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
categories

games with the mechanics of a board

game.

Real-time board games are those with

time limitations, usually playing
against a timer, necessitating quick Captain Sonar; Galaxy Trucker;
[132][57][166]
Real-time decision-making under pressure. In Pendulum; Space Alert; Speed chess;
some real-time games, players take XCOM: The Board Game
their turns simultaneously, creating a
fast-paced, chaotic environment.

The aim of resource management

board games is to achieve objectives
and gain an advantage through players
Resource acquiring, using, and managing a set Everdell; Imperial Settlers; Concordia; [57][132][167][168][127]
management of resources, which can be anything Scythe
from physical materials, currency, and
points to abstract concepts like time
or influence.

Roll-and-write board games are those

where players roll dice and decide how
to use the outcome, writing it into a
personal scoring sheet. Each decision
impacts on a player's options for the Bargain Basement Bathysphere;
rest of the game, so even in games Corinth; Railroad Ink; Twilight [131][128][127]
Roll-and-write
where everyone uses the same dice, Imperium; That's Pretty Clever!
slightly different choices at the start franchise games; Yahtzee
can lead to very different end results.
Some games replace dice rolls with
card exposure or the writing with
miniature-based roll-and-build.

Running-fight board games are those

that combine the movement of race Examples of Running-fight games
Running-fight games with the goal of eliminating that are also board games include:
opponent player pieces like in chess or Bul
draughts.

Share-buying board games are those

in which players buy stakes in each
Share-buying other's positions. These board games Acquire or Panamax
are typically longer economic-
management games.
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
categories

Social deduction board games are

those where one or more players have
a secret that the rest of the players
need to figure out. Often, players are
secretly assigned roles known only to Blood on the Clocktower; Werewolf
Social [131][132][128][57]
them and must achieve their own franchise games; The Resistance;
deduction
objectives, commonly either Secret Hitler; Unfathomable
establishing the odd one out or hiding
the fact that they are the odd one out.
These board games generally involve
deceit, bluffing, and accusations.

In space board games are often

abstract games where the objective is
for players to line up their pieces in
order to complete predetermined array
targets. Space board game fall into
either two of the following sub-
cateogires:
Connect6; Entropy; Gomoku; Hexade;
Alignment board games
Lines of Action; Nine men's morris; [123][55]
Space
The goal of an alignment board Noughts and crosses; Renju; Tic-tac-
game is to create a line of tokens toe
of a prescribed length.

Configuration board games

The goal of a configuration board
game is to create a line of tokens
of a prescribed length in a
particular order.

[131][132][57]
Storytelling Story-telling board games are those Examples of story-telling games that
with a focus on narrative and are also board games include:
description that is directed or fully Betrayal at House on the Hill; Dixit; Fog
created by the players. This can be an of Love; The King’s Dilemma; Once
overarching story lasting the whole Upon a Time; Tales of the Arabian
game, or across a campaign of Nights
multiple sessions, read from pre-
written passages, or a sequence of
vignettes tasking players with
inventing and describing something.
Story-telling board games often test a
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
categories

player's creativity, improvisation, and

sometimes acting skills.

Examples of stacking games that are

also board games include: Boom
Stacking board games involve players
Blast Stix; Bamboleo; Paku Paku; [169]
Stacking physically stacking and balancing
Animal Upon Animal; Junk Art; Jenga;
game pieces.
Beasts of Balance; Lasca; Meeple
Circus; Riff Raff; Rhino Hero; DVONN

In territory building board games,

players establish or gain control over a
The Castles of Burgundy; Faust; Terra
specific area. These games often use
Territory Mystica franchise games; Go; Reversi; [170]
area majority mechanics, also known
building Risk; Scythe; Spirit Island;
as influence or enclosure mechanics,
Terraforming Mars; War of the Ring
where areas are created as the game
progresses.

Trivia board games are those that test

Articulate!; Blockbuster: The Game;
a player's ability to recall trivia facts.
Fuana; Hipster; Half-Truth; Linkee!; [132][128][57][171]
Trivia Many are based on a simple design
Smart10; Timeline franchise games;
that revolves around a deck of cards
Trivial Pursuit; Wits and Wagers
with questions.

Unequal force board games are

classified as any game whose core
mechanics involve one player who is
playing against all the other players Betrayal at House on the Hill; fox and
Unequal [57]
right from the start or at least changes geese; Fury of Dracula; Not Alone;
forces
their allegiance, usually pledging it to Shadows Over Camelot; Tablut
the dark side. These board games are
also known as hunt or one vs many
board games.

Word board games involve the

competitive use of language, testing
Anagrams; Boggle; So Clover!;
each player's vocabulary, creative [132][172]
Word Codenames; Decrypto; Bananagrams;
thinking skills, spelling or ability to
Just One; Paperback; Scrabble
quickly come up with words, phrases,
or sentences.
[131][128][127]
Worker- Worker-placement board games are Agricola; Charterstone; Caverna;
placement those where actions are taken by Caylus; Dune: Imperium; Everdell; A
assigning worker tokens, from a Feast for Odin; Keyflower; Lords of
player's allocated allotment, on
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
categories

designated game board spaces, which Waterdeep; Ora et Labora; Stone Age;
trigger specific actions, like collecting Tōkaidō; Village
resources or completing tasks. Such
board games are more commonly
Euro-style board games, which
concentrate on player interaction.
Actions one player has taken often can
not be taken by or come with a cost
for other players.
[131][128][57][173][127]
Wargame Wargame board games are strategy- Examples include: Axis & Allies; Cry
based board games with a war theme. Havoc; Dune: Imperium; Inis, Kings of
Their mechanics are also closely tied War; Memoir '44; Risk; Root; Star Wars:
to simulate battles, either fictional or Armada; Scythe; Twilight Imperium;
historical, within differing settings, e.g. Undaunted: Normandy; Warhammer
Napoleonic Wars, World War II, even
Mars. Players pit armies against each
other, represented by collections of
miniatures or tokens on a map, with a
grid or actual measured distances for
movement. Players are required to
eliminate the opponent's figures or
achieve objectives to win, with combat
usually dictated by dice rolls or card
play. This type of game has three
subcategories:
Tactical

Tactical wargame board games

depict a skirmish, battle or series
of battles, using smaller scale
units and maps that depict a
battleground that is a few miles or
less in size.

Operational
Operational wargame board
games cover a broader scope of
military actions, greater than
single battles. These may cover
an entire smaller war, or a series
of operations, or even a campaign
within a greater war.
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
categories

Strategic
Strategic wargame board games
usually recreate a major war on a
large scale. Typically, units in such
a game will be corps or army
level; however, in the monster
wargame, divisions and even
smaller-sized units can be
depicted.

Theme

Parlett also distinguishes between abstract and thematic games, the latter having a specific genre
or frame narrative, for examples regular chess versus Star Wars-themed chess.[121][57] The board
games often have themes that emulate concepts in real-life situations or fictional scenario but can
also have no evident theme.[174]

Such games have come under criticism, usually when trending thematic concepts, such as those
based on popular television show licenses, have been used to supplement deficiencies in the game
mechanics. When discussing this practice, Edwards wrote "A bad game, however, remains a bad
game even if it has been themed to a favorite television show."[125]: 11 Parlett went so far as to
describe these promotional and television spin-off games as being “of an essentially trivial,
ephemeral, mind-numbing, and ultimately soul-destroying degree of worthlessness".[123]: 7

The prominent themes found in board games of the Golden Era included: travel, sports, courtship,
racism, city life, war, education and capitalist enterprise".[31] Common modern thematic game
categories include:
Thematic categorization of board games

Board
game Description Examples Ref
genres

An adventure-themed board games have themes

Gloomhaven franchise games;
of heroism, exploration, and puzzle-solving, often
Nemesis; Clank! franchise [175]
Adventure involving the game characters in quests. The
games; Arkham Horror: The Card
storylines for these types of games often make
Game
them fantasy board games.

Examples of abstract strategy

games that are also board
games include:
Abstract strategy board games are where a
Classical: Chess; Checkers;
player's decisions affect the outcome rather than
Abstract Go; Reversi; Tafl games
[131][128][132][57][176]
luck, but that does not overtly simulate a real-
strategy Modern: Azul; Abalone;
world theme or has a thematic concept
Dameo; Stratego; Hive; GIPF;
disconnected from real-world experience.
Blokus; Patchwork; Quoridor;
Tigris and Euphrates; Hive; War
Chest

Animal-themed games involve animals as a major

component of the theme or gameplay, often
Ark Nova; Great Western Trail; [177]
Animal requiring players to attend to their management
Root; Wingspan; Everdell
or control. Players can even be required to take
on the role of animals in the game.

Arabian-themed board games are generally

fantasy or adventure games that are set in, or
Five Tribes; Targui; Camel Up;
inspired by, locations on the Arabian Peninsula of [178]
Arabian Wayfarers of the South Tigris;
the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, or North/East
Through the Desert
Africa, including themes and imagery such as
deserts, palaces, camels, jewels, and oases etc.

Environmental-themed games have themes and Pandemic Legacy; Ark Nova;

[179]
Environmental storylines regarding environmental conservation Terraforming Mars; Spirit Island;
and management. Barrage; Cascadia

Civil war-themed board games have storylines Star Wars: Rebellion; Sekigahara:
concerning a violent battle for government The Unification of Japan; Fire in
[180]
Civil War control between two more groups from the same the Lake; Pax franchise games;
country. The majority of Civil War games are also Caesar!: Seize Rome in 20
categorized as wargame board games. Minutes!; Resist!

A climbing-themed board game is one

K2; Mountaineering; Climb!; [181]
Climbing thematically related to mountaineering or scaling
Summit; Mountaineers
a similarly steep surface, including a wall.
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
genres

Fantasy games include: Clank!

A fantasy-themed board game is one whose
franchise games; Gloomhaven
themes and scenarios exist in a fictional world, [182]
Fantasy franchise games; Shadows Over
where magic and other supernatural forms are a
Camelot; Spirit Island; War of the
primary element of the plot, theme or setting.
Ring

A farming-themed game, usually a turn-based Agricola; Caverna; A Feast for

[132][57][183]
Farming game revolving around building farms, growing Odin; Puerto Rico; Tzolk'in: The
crops, and raising livestock. Mayan Calendar; Viticulture

Sky Team; Star Wars: X-Wing

Flight-themed board games have themes Miniatures Game; Pan Am; The
[184]
Flight concerned with mechanical flight, including Manhattan Project; Star Wars: X-
planes, helicopters, and gliders etc. Wing Second Edition; Airlines
Europe

Industry / manufacturing-themed games

encourage players to build, manage or operate Brass franchise games;
Industry / tools and machinery in order to manufacture raw Terraforming Mars; A Feast for [185]
manufacturing materials into goods and products. Many industry Odin; Barrage; Food Chain
/ manufacturing-themed games are economic Magnate
games.

Historical A historical simulation board game is a game that General: Through The Ages or
simulation attempts to create a realistic model of a historical History of the World
event, battle, or encounter. The game uses rules
Before 4000 BC Prehistoric:
and other ludic elements to construct meaning
Dominant Species; Stone Age;
about the event, and players can use these
Paleo; Endless Winter:
elements to interpret the game in specific ways.
Paleoamericans; Evolution
Common periods of history which have provided
franchise games, or Oceans
themes for board games include:
3000 BC–476 Ancient: 7
General[186]
Wonders Duel; Concordia
[187]
Before 4000 BC Prehistoric franchise games; Lost Ruins of
Arnak; Tzolk'in: The Mayan
3000 BC–476 Ancient[188]
Calendar; Teotihuacan: City of
[189]
476–1492 Medieval Gods

1380–1590 Renaissance[190] 476–1492 Medieval: The Castles

of Burgundy; A Feast for Odin;
1500–1690 Pike and Shot[191]
Orléans; The Quacks of
[192]
1690–1789 Age of Reason Quedlinburg; Paladins of the
West Kingdom; El Grande
1600–1800 American Indian Wars[193]

1775–1783 American Revolutionary War[194]

Board
game Description Examples Ref
genres

1789–1815 Napoleonic[195] 1380–1590 Renaissance: Azul;

El Grande; Splendor; Keyflower;
1815–1914 Post-Napoleonic[196]
Lorenzo il Magnifico; Rajas of the
[197]
1861–1865 American Civil War Ganges

1850–1900 American Old West[198] 1500–1690 Pike and Shot:

Sekigahara: The Unification of
1914–1918 World War I[199]
Japan; Merchants & Marauders;
[200]
1939–1945 World War II Here I Stand; Pax Renaissance;
Wallenstein
1945–present Modern warfare[201]
1690–1789 Age of Reason:
1945–1975 Vietnam Wars[202]
Brass franchise games; Rococo;
[203]
1950–1953 Korean War Maria; Newton; Saint Petersburg;
Imperial Struggle

1600–1800 American Indian

Wars: A Few Acres of Snow;
Wilderness War; Wendake; 1812:
The Invasion of Canada; Navajo
Wars; Wooden Ships and Iron
Men

1775–1783 American
Revolutionary War: Imperial
Struggle; 1775: Rebellion;
Washington's War; Liberty or
Death: The American
Insurrection; Wooden Ships and
Iron Men; Sails of Glory

1789–1815 Napoleonic:
Commands & Colors:
Napoleonics; Napoleon's
Triumph; 1812: The Invasion of
Canada, or Manoeuvre

1815–1914 Post-Napoleonic:
Brass franchise games; Pax
Pamir; Obsession; Trickerion:
Legends of Illusion; Carnegie

1861–1865 American Civil War:

Freedom: The Underground
Railroad; Battle Cry; For the
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
genres

People; The Civil War 1861-1865;

A House Divided

1850–1900 American Old West:

Great Western Trail; Western
Legends; Lewis & Clark: The
Expedition; Boonlake; Colt
Express

1914–1918 World War I: Memoir

'44; Paths of Glory; The Grizzled;
Wings of War: Famous Aces;
Quartermaster General: 1914;
Wings of War: First World War
Series

1939–1945 World War II: Axis &

Allies; Undaunted: Normandy;
Memoir '44; Combat
Commander: Europe; Air, Land, &
Sea; Blitzkrieg!: World War Two in
20 Minutes; Black Orchestra

Modern Warfare: Twilight

Struggle; This War of Mine: The
Board Game; Captain Sonar; Fire
in the Lake; Labyrinth: The War on
Terror, 2001–?; COIN franchise
games

1945–1975 Vietnam Wars:

Downtown: Air War Over Hanoi,
1965-1972; Fields of Fire
franchise games; Fire in the
Lake; Phantom Leader; Vietnam
1965-1975

1950–1953 Korean War: Fields

of Fire franchise games; The
Korean War: June 1950-May
1951; Korea: The Forgotten War;
Flight Leader; The Speed of Heat
[204][205][206][207]
Horror A horror-themed game is one that contains Examples of horror games that
themes and imagery depicting morbid topics that are also board game include:
Arkham Horror; AuZtralia;
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
genres

are associated with fear, terror, or dread, often Betrayal at House on the Hill;
also including supernatural elements. Cthulhu: Death May Die; Dead
Man’s Cabal; Dead of Winter;
Eldritch Horror; Horrified; Texas
Chainsaw Massacre:
Slaughterhouse; Legendary
Encounters: An Alien Deck
Building Game; Mansions of
Madness; Mysterium;
Nyctophobia; Shadow Hunters;
The Thing franchise games;
Werewolf franchise games;
Unmatched: Cobble and Fog;
Unfathomable; Zombicide

The Godfather: Corleone's

Mafia-themed board games have themes,
Empire; Ca$h 'n Guns; Scarface; [208]
Mafia narratives or scenarios related to organized
Sons of Anarchy: Men of
criminal groups.
Mayhem; La Cosa Nostra

Medical-themed board games often can have

elements of surgery, cures,
Pandemic franchise games or [209]
Medical recovery/recuperation/physical therapy,
Unconscious Mind
psychiatry, pharmaceutical prescription, and other
medicine-related matters.

Murder mystery-themed board games are board

Mansions of Madness; Blood on
games that often deduction or social deduction
Murder the Clocktower; Sherlock Holmes [132][210]
board games, where players investigate an
mystery Consulting Detective; Deception:
unsolved murder, or murders, determining the
Murder in Hong Kong
criminal details or perpetrators.

Battle of the Bands; Cranium Pop

5; DropMix; Game that Song;
Musical board games are thematically linked to Hitster; Humm Bug; Encore; [211][212]
Musical
music, bands or the music industry. Lacrimosa; Melody Infidelody; On
Tour; Spontuneous; Schrille
Stille ; Timeline: Music & Cinema
[213]
Mythology Mythology-themed board games are those that Spirit Island; The Crew: Mission
incorporate a thematic narrative that defines how Deep Sea; Blood Rage;
the game world or characters came into Oathsworn: Into the Deepwood;
existence, especially those related or based on Mansions of Madness; Tzolk'in:
narratives of ancient civilizations. The storylines The Mayan Calendar
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
genres

usually include supernatural elements, e.g. gods,

goddesses and demigods, and are sometimes
even set in a fabled or primordial time, which
usually corresponds to a general corpus of folk
stories (myths) that used to have some form of
religious or sacred nature for the cultures
focused on in the game.

Nautical-themed board games involve sailors,

Concordia; The Crew: Mission
ships or maritime navigation as a major
Deep Sea; Underwater Cities; [214]
Nautical component of the theme or gameplay, often
Sleeping Gods; Maracaibo; Le
requiring players to effectively control ships as an
Havre
objective.

Other media These are board games thematically link, derived Comic books:
or inspired from works or franchises in other Marvel Champions: The Card
media sources, including: Game;
[215]
Comic book / Strips
Legendary: A Marvel Deck
[216]
Novels Building Game;

Video games[217] Marvel United;

Movies / Television / Radio[218] Splendor: Marvel (all based on

the Marvel Universe);

Mind MGMT: The Psychic

Espionage “Game” (based on
MIND MGMT);
Novels:
Dune: Imperium (based on the
Dune novels);

War of the Ring;

The Lord of the Rings: Duel for

Middle-earth (both based on
The Lord of the Rings novels);

Arkham Horror: The Card

Game;

Cthulhu: Death May Die (both

based on the Cthulhu mythos
created in the novels by H. P.
Lovecraft);
Video games:
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
genres

Mechs vs. Minions (based on

League of Legends);

Slay the Spire: The Board

Game (based on Slay the
Spire);

This War of Mine: The Board

Game (based on This War of
Mine);

Railways of the World (based

on Railroad Tycoon);

Hanamikoji;

Anno 1800 (based on Anno

1800)

A pirate-themed game has characters, themes, or

storylines of nautical robbery or criminal violence, Maracaibo; Skull King; Forgotten
including treasure hunting, sea robbery, swords Waters; Merchants & Marauders; [219]
Pirate
and cannons, swashbuckling, and ship racing etc. Dead Reckoning; Libertalia:
Pirate board games are usually thematically set Winds of Galecrest
between the 14th to 20th centuries.

Twilight Imperium; Dune:

Political-themed board games encourage players
Imperium; Twilight Struggle; Pax [220]
Political to use their character's authority to manipulate
franchise games; Hegemony:
societal activities and policy.
Lead Your Class to Victory

Religious-themed games feature elements of

their narrative, setting or characters that relate to
Here I Stand; Biblios; Orléans; Ora
current belief systems or religions of the world, [221]
Religion et Labora; Pax Renaissance; The
either in their historical aspect and development
Pillars of the Earth
through time, or their actual objects of faith, like
sacred scriptures and articles of doctrine.

Science fiction-themed board games often have

Twilight Imperium; Dune:
themes relating to imagined possibilities in the [222]
Science fiction Imperium; Terraforming Mars;
sciences. Such games need not be futuristic, or
Star Wars: Rebellion; Gaia Project
they can be based on an alternative past.
[223][224]
Space Space exploration-themed board games have Alien: The Role Playing Game;
exploration storylines relating to travel and adventure in outer Black Angel; The Crew (card
space. Often players must seek and gather game); Ganymede; High Frontier
resources and territories as objectives of the franchise game; Kepler-3042;
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
genres

game. These board games are also simply called Pulsar 2849; Race for the Galaxy;
Space games. Space Base; Star Wars: Outer
Rim; Starship Samurai;
Terraforming Mar

A spies / secret agents-themed board games

often have themes or storylines relating to
espionage. A common premise is that players
Pax franchise game; Pandemic
must identify another player who has taken the
Legacy; Decrypto; Battlestar
Spies / secret role of spy or secret agent, in an attempt to reveal [225]
Galactica: The Board Game;
agents that player's allotted information. Since many
Codenames; Sherlock Holmes
Spies / Secret Agents-themed board games have
Consulting Detective
an element of hidden information, they are
therefore often also categorized as bluffing or
deduction board games.

Sports-themed board games have themes or Heat: Pedal to the Metal; Flamme
storylines related to the physical activity of Rouge; Long Shot: The Dice [226]
Sports
sports, including football and racing (whether car, Game; Blood Bowl; Downforce;
boat, bicycle, or horse) etc. Ready Set Bet

Train board games are those concerned with

building and managing railway routes. They often Ticket to Ride franchise games;
combine elements from many other game types, 18xx; Railways of the World; Colt [227]
Train
requiring the use of strategy, planning, and Express; Age of Steam;
economic skills to gain an advantage over other TransAmerica
players.

Travel-themed board games are travel-themed Lost Ruins of Arnak; Orléans;

board games where the objective is to move to Lost Ruins of Arnak; The Voyages
[228]
Travel and from different geographic locations. Travel of Marco Polo; Darwin's Journey;
games usually employ a map as the main feature Tainted Grail: The Fall of Avalon;
of the game board. Eldritch Horror

Brass franchise games;

Transportation-themed board games are those
Keyflower; Age of Steam; Xia: [229]
Transportation that have gameplay involving the movement of
Legends of a Drift System;
goods or people from one place to another.
Railways of the World

Zombie-themed board games often contain

themes and imagery concerning the animated
Dead of Winter; Dawn of the
dead, including common storylines themes of an [230]
Zombie Zeds; Zombicide; Zombie Kidz
apocalypse, horror, and fighting. These games are
Evolution
a thematic sub-category of Horror-themed board
games.
Components

Board games can also be categorized by their components, including:[57]

Board game categorization by components

Board
game Description Examples Ref
audience

Example of dice games that are also board

games, include: The Castles of Burgundy;
Dice board games are those that use dice as King of Tokyo franchise games; Oathsworn: [132][57][231]
Dice
their sole or principal component. Into the Deepwood; Sagrada; Too Many
Bones; Troyes; The Voyages of Marco Polo;
The White Castle

Book board games are those where a book is a

major operative component, can be separated
into two types:
Supplement

A book is used as a repository for game

designs and rules, which are applied to
Gaslands; Four Against Darkness;
common gaming equipment, i.e. a
[232]
Book Frostgrave; Spire's End; Ace of Aces
checkered board, paper and pencil, cards,
franchise games
dominoes, dice, etc.

Narrative
A book is a board game's operative
mechanism, involving storytelling, dice
rolling or a "multiple-choice paragraph
system".

Card board games are those where cards are

the sole or central mechanism of the game.
There are two types:
Stand-alone

In stand-alone card board games all the 7 Wonders Duel; Anno 1800; Arkham Horror:
cards necessary for gameplay are The Card Game; Citadels; The Crew franchise [132][57][233]
Card
purchased at once. games; Everdell; Splendor; Through the Ages:
Collectible A Story of Civilization; Wingspan
In collectible card board games players
purchase either "starter" and "booster" card
packs to compile an increasingly more
powerful deck with which to compete with.

[234]
Electronic Electronic board games are those that have an Return to Dark Tower; Space Alert; Escape:
electronic apparatus as the central component The Curse of the Temple; Loopin' Louie;
of the game, such as circuitry or sometimes Escape Room: The Game; La Boca
simple computers. Electronic board games
differ from both; electrified games, such as
 Board
game Description Examples Ref
audience

Operation which contain no circuitry; and those

games requiring a website or app to be played.

The ''Dungeons & Dragons'' starter set; a

piecepack; a decktet;[235][236][237] GEMJI
Game system board games are ones based tiles;[238][239] a chestego set;[240] a shibumi
Game around an item whose components are not a object;[241][242][243][244] Mü & More's unique
system game of themselves, but are used to play card deck; a traditional deck of card;
games. Unmatched's unique card deck; a Hanafuda;
Unsettled's unique card deck; a rainbow
deck[245]

Miniatures board games are board games that

use detailed miniature models to represent
BattleTech; Blood Rage; Dead of Winter; Fury
characters or units. Games of this type use
of Dracula; Gloomhaven franchise games;
miniatures as part of their game mechanics,
Mansions of Madness; Memoir '44; Nemesis; [132][57][246]
Miniatures combining tactics and strategy with collecting
Rising Sun; Star Wars franchise miniature
and artistry. Of all board game types, miniature
games; Santorini; War of the Ring;
games can be some of the most complex to
Warhammer 40,000
produce, and time-consuming for players, who
often are required to paint the models.

Examples of tile-based games that are also

A tile-based board game is one that uses small
board games include: Carcassonne;
tiles as playing pieces or to create the board. [57]
Tile-based Scrabble; Tigris and Euphrates; Evo;
These board games are also called "tile
Takenoko; Cacao; The Castles of Burgundy;
placement" board games.
Quadropolis; Between Two Cities

Age range

The recommended age range of board game’s target player market impacts of the categorization of
that board game:
Board game categorization by age range

Board
game Description Examples Ref
audience

Adult and mature board games are those

Cards Against Humanity; Dead of Winter:
designed exclusively for grown-up players.
The Long Night; Escape Tales: The
Adult / Compared to family or children's games, adult / [132][55][247]
Awakening; Kingdom Death: Monster;
mature mature board games usually involve mature
Tainted Grail franchise games; Monikers;
subject matter, including violence, mystery or
Codenames: Deep Undercover
sexual humour etc.

Mouse Trap; Animal Upon Animal; My

Children's board games are designed for kids and
First Stone Age; Dinosaur Escape and
are usually straightforward enough for very young [132][55][248]
Children's Candy Land; My Little Scythe; Perudo;
children to learn in a short period of time, having
PitchCar; Rhino Hero; Zombie Kidz
bright colors, and fun and engaging settings.
Evolution

Artriculate; Birds on a Wire; For Sale; Herd

Family board games are those suitable for the
Mentality; Photosynthesis; Roll Through [55][249]
Family entire family, including adults who play together
the Ages; Sushi Go; Ticket to Ride; or
with younger children.
Wingspan

Player number

Board games can be characterised by the number of players they are designed for. Board games
can be; solitaire puzzle games, where a player's performance is assessed against a specified target;
or multiplayer games such as competitive games, where a comparison is made between two or
more players' achievements, or Cooperative board game where players all players win or lose as a
team. :

Board game categorization by player number

Board Game Audience Examples Ref

Large multiplayer Take It Easy; Swat

Multiplayer Risk; Monopoly; Four-player chess

Two-player En Garde; Dos de Mayo

Promotion type

The following categories of board games are not board game types but rather paths board game
creators take to promote their game:[57]
Board game categorization by promotion

Promotional
Description Examples Ref
Approach

Dune: Imperium – Deluxe upgrade

pack;[250]

Dungeon Lords – Happy

Anniversary;[251]
A collectible board game is a special edition of a
[57]
Collectable board game that has limited copies, such as Pandemic – 10th Anniversary
anniversaries or deluxe versions. Edition;

Magic the gathering – 4th

edition;[252]

Ticket to Ride: Anniversary Editions

Living Rulebook (expansion of

Blood Bowl);

Boss Monster 2: The Next Level[253]

(expansion of Boss Monster);[254]

Wrath of the Righteous (expansion

An expansion of the base board game is a set of of Pathfinder Adventure Card Game
additional components and rules for expanding on based on Pathfinder); [258]
Expansion
an original base game. An "expansion" requires the
Pixel Tactics 5[255] (expansion of
base game to play.
Pixel Tactics);[256]

Rumis+ (expansion of Rumis);

Booster Packs (expansion of Star

Wars: Destiny);[257]

Map expansions of Ticket to Ride

[265]
Fan expansion Fan expansion board games are non-commercial System Gateway (fan expansion for
enhancements made by people other than a base Android: Netrunner);[259]
game's designers or publishers. These are also
Crabs Adjust Humidity: Volume One
called "unofficial" board games.
(fan expansion for Cards Against
Humanity);[260]

Switching Gears (fan expansion for

T.I.M.E Stories);[261]

The Crimson Scales (fan expansion

of Gloomhaven);[262]

Atolla Modulis (fan expansion for

Power Grid);[263]
 Promotional
Description Examples Ref
Approach

Lost Wonders (fan expansion for 7

Wonders)[264]

Print-and-play board games are those not

Air, Land, & Sea; Corinth; Evolution:
published in a physical form but are those that
Climate; Monikers; The Resistance; [57][85][266]
Print-and-play require the players to download, print, and
Rolling Realms; Root; Secret Hitler;
construct the game. Often, these games are
Tiny Epic Galazies
downloaded electronically as a PDF file.

Travel versions of board games that are more

amenable for packing and carrying while traveling,
Compact versions of chess, or [132]
Travel having smaller game components to make them
checkers
more compact, and simplified rules to make them
quicker to play.

Glossary

Although many board games have a jargon all their own, there is terminology that is recognized and
widely shared by gamers and the gaming industry.

See also

Board game awards

BoardGameGeek – a website for board game enthusiasts

Going Cardboard – a documentary movie

History of games

Interactive movie – DVD games

List of board games

List of game manufacturers

Mind sport

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Further reading

Austin, Roland G. (14 September 1940). "Greek Board Games". Antiquity. 14 (55): 257–271.
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Bell, Robert Charles (1979) [1st Pub. 1960, Oxford University Press, London]. Board and Table
Games From Many Civilizations. Vol. I (Revised ed.). Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-671-06030-5.

Bell, Robert Charles (1983). The Boardgame Book. Exeter Books. ISBN 978-0-671-06030-5.

Falkener, Edward (2020) [1892]. Games Ancient and Oriental and How to Play Them ([Link]
[Link]/books?id=RI5UugEACAAJ) . Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 978-93-5415-754-7.
Retrieved 21 July 2017. Alt URL ([Link]
0/mode/2up)

Fiske, Willard (1905). Chess in Iceland and in Icelandic Literature—with historical notes on other
table-games ([Link] .
Florentine Typographical Society.

Gobet, Fernand; de Voogt, Alex & Retschitzki, Jean (2004). Moves in mind: The psychology of board
games. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-336-1.

Golladay, Sonja Musser (2007). Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and
Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X's Book of Games ([Link]
33812/[Link]
etd%2Fazu_etd_2444_1_m.pdf&type=application%2Fpdf) (PhD thesis). University of Arizona.
Archived from the original ([Link]
2Fdata1%2Fpdf%2Fetd%2Fazu_etd_2444_1_m.pdf&type=application%2Fpdf) on 17 July 2011.

Gordon, Stewart (July–August 2009). "Saudi Aramco World : The Game of Kings" ([Link]
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[Link]) . Saudi Aramco World. Vol. 60, no. 4. Houston: Aramco Services Company. pp. 18–23.
Archived from the original ([Link]
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Grunfeld, Frederic V. (1975). Games of the World ([Link]

000unse) . Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-015261-0.
 Midgley, Ruth, ed. (1975). The Way to Play ([Link] .
Paddington Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8467-0060-9.

Mohr, Merilyn Simonds (1997). The New Games Treasury ([Link]

easury0000mohr) . Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-57630-058-9.

Murray, Harold James Ruthven (2007) [1913]. A History of Chess (Reissued ed.). Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827403-2.

Pritchard, D. B. (1982). Brain Games. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-005682-2.

Pritchard, David (1994). The Family Book of Games. Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-021-
6.

Rollefson, Gary O. (May 1992). "A Neolithic Game Board from Ain Ghazal, Jordan" ([Link]
[Link]/publication/271790491) . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research.
286 (1): 1–5. doi:10.2307/1357113 ([Link] . JSTOR 1357113 (htt
ps://[Link]/stable/1357113) .

Sackson, Sid (1983) [1969]. A Gamut of Games. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-
153340-3.

Schmittberger, R. Wayne (1992). New Rules for Classic Games ([Link]

sforclass00rway) . John Wiley & Sons Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-53621-5.

External links

BoardGameGeek ([Link]

BoardGameTheories ([Link]

International Board Game Studies Association ([Link]

Portals: Games Chess Dungeons & Dragons