KENYA MEDICAL TRAINING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE

FACULTY OF PUBLIC HEALTH

SAMSON ANGEDI MUKANGI- D/EHS/ 24001/416

KMTC NAIROBI CAMPUS

ATTACHMENT REPORT FROM 1ST MAY TO 27TH JUNE 2025

MACHAKOS COUNTY, KATHIANI SUB-COUNTY

1
DECLARATION
TRAINE

The report is my primary piece of work done and I presume it has never been presented for any
prior assessment.

NAME: ………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………….

SIGNATURE…………………………………………………………
………………………………………………….
DATE…………………………………………………………………

FIELD SUPERVISOR

NAME……………………………………………………………….

SIGNATURE………………………………………………………..

DATE………………………………………………………………… .

2
ABSTRACT
Fieldwork attachment allows student to explore thoughts, feelings, develop self-awareness and
be able to relate the concepts learnt in class with the actual field scenario. It aims at exposing
the students to real health situation at the practical set-up through attachment to a Health
facility.
The attachment is normally scheduled for 8 weeks in which the student is supposed to be linked
up with a government hospital, such as Kathiani hospital which I was attached to. It’s a
requirement that a student have an overall supervisor who oversees what the student does.
Also, there could be other officers of different departments other than the Public Health
department who were directed by the supervisor in-charge.

During this period, I went to various departments rotationally including, MCH, CCC, Public
Health, health records, family planning , triage, VCT and Medical Lab Department. Other
activities were based outside the facility within kathiani subcounty.

3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The attachment ran smooth but this would have not been possible without inclusive and
collaboration with different stakeholders within the health sector particularly in Kathiani
sub-county public health officers.

First, I would like to thank the almighty God for his grace all through and for granting me good
health during the span of carrying out my attachment. Special thanks to Machakos County for
supporting me with favorable facilities throughout the period

The role played by many individuals, stakeholders and other organizations cannot go un
acknowledged. During this 8-week attachment, I engaged myself in time to time consultation.
The success of this attachment was attributed to the unwavering support and sacrifice of
several people to whom I owe gratitude. Among those involved were as follows: Kathiani sub -
County Public Health Officers DUNCAN KOOME and FAITH MULE who also planned and gave
directions on my entire work during my time of attachment and also guided me in every aspect
of the attachment through supervision of my activities within and outside the facility.

Indeed, I am indebted to appreciate all individuals who in one way or another were involved and
dedicated themselves through their support that enabled me to complete my practicum through
which I gained vast experience as far as Public Health profession is concerned.

Also, my gratitude goes to entire public health fraternity who aided me cover my objectives. I
would like to appreciate my parents for their financial support throughout my attachment period.
Finally, my gratitude goes to my fellow students for their cooperation during our attachment
which greatly contributed to the success of my attachment.

4
Property inspection report
Sanitary inspection-Kathiani hospital.

Introduction
On May 15th, an inspection of Kathiani Hospital was conducted to assess the quality of
healthcare services, adherence to established protocols, and overall operational efficiency. The
primary objectives of this inspection were to evaluate objectives,
[Link]
[Link] control measures
[Link] safety protocols.

This report details the methods employed, the key findings observed, and recommendations for
improvement based on the inspection.

Findings
- Observation: The cleanliness of the hospital was assessed across various areas, including
male wards,female wards,maternity ward, waiting areas and kitchen

Cleanliness

- Patient wards generally appeared clean, with beds made and floors mopped, however at the
toilet area water is not properly dried.
- Waiting areas were mostly clean
- The kitchen was clean so were the operators

Infection Prevention Measures

-measures were evaluated, including hand hygiene practices, waste disposal, and the use of
personal protective equipment (PPE).
- Findings:
- Hand hygiene was good
-Waste disposal protocols were generally followed, but there were some instances of
improper segregation of waste.
-The use of PPE was observed to be adequate in most areas.

Patient Safety Protocols

5
- Observation: Patient safety protocols were assessed, including medication administration,
patient identification, and fall prevention measures.
- Findings:
- Medication administration protocols were generally followed.
- Patient identification procedures were in place.
-Fall prevention measures were implemented

Recommendation

Cleanliness
- Implement a batter cleaning schedule for toilet areas, with specific attention to drying water to
prevent slips and the growth of bacteria.
This will improve patient and staff safety and enhance the overall hygiene of the hospital.

Infection Prevention Measures

- Conduct regular audits of waste disposal practices to ensure proper segregation of waste.
Provide additional training to staff if necessary.
This will reduce the risk of infection transmission and maintain a safe environment for patients
and staff.

Patient Safety Protocols

- Continue to reinforce existing protocols. Conduct regular drills to ensure staff are well-versed
in the protocols. This will ensure a consistently safe environment for patients.

Conclusion
The hospital has a good standard of cleanliness, infection prevention, and patient safety.
However, there are areas that require attention to ensure a consistently safe and hygienic
environment. Implementing the recommendations regarding toilet cleanliness, waste disposal,
and ongoing protocol reinforcement will enhance patient and staff safety and improve overall
hospital performance.

6
Community water supply
Protection of Water Sources: This involves safeguarding the areas where the water comes
from (like rivers, lakes, or groundwater).It includes things like preventing pollution from entering
the water, controlling land use near the water source, and implementing regulations to protect
water quality.
In Kathiani the source of water is a dam-it is fenced to prevent fishing or bringing domestic
animals near the source which may later contaminate the water.

A sanitary inspection of water sources is a crucial step in ensuring safe drinking water. It
involves a thorough evaluation of the water source and its surrounding environment to identify
potential hazards.

- Source Assessment: Examining the physical characteristics of the water source like a dam.
This includes looking at the water's clarity, flow, and any visible signs of pollution.
- Surrounding Environment: Assessing the land use and activities around the water source.
This includes identifying potential sources of contamination, such as agricultural runoff,
industrial discharge, or sewage.
- Potential Hazards: Identifying any potential threats to water quality, such as:
*Pollution: From sewage, chemicals, or other contaminants.
*Erosion: Leading to increased sediment and turbidity.
*Animal Waste: From livestock or wildlife.
*Illegal Activities: Such as dumping or waste disposal.
This inspection helps to identify risks and implement measures to protect the water supply.

Treatment Process: This is how the water is cleaned to make it safe to drink. It typically
involves several steps:

- Screening: Removing large debris.

- Coagulation and Flocculation: Adding chemicals to clump small particles together.
- Sedimentation: Letting the clumps settle to the bottom.
- Filtration: Passing the water through filters (like sand or carbon) to remove remaining
particles.
- Disinfection: Killing harmful germs, often with chlorine or UV light.

-At coagulation level their is addition on alum(Al2(SO4)3 which is put according to the
required level, too much alum will make the water acidic.
In order to attain this their is a test done known as jar test,it is done to identify the right
amount of chemical to be used.

7
Water Sampling: This is the process of collecting water samples and testing them to ensure
they meet safety standards. Samples are tested for
-Bacteria,
-chemicals, and other contaminants.
Regular sampling helps to monitor water quality and identify any problems.

Interpretation of building plan

_First thing is understanding the Components of a building plan

- Floor Plans: These are top-down views showing the layout of each floor, including walls,
doors, windows, and room dimensions.
- Elevations: These show the exterior views of the building from different sides
- Sections: These are cut-through views that reveal the interior structure of the building, such
as walls, floors, and roof construction.
- Symbols and Conventions signs: Building plans use standardized symbols and conventions
to represent different elements like doors, windows, electrical outlets, and plumbing fixtures.
- Dimensions and Scales: Plans include dimensions to show the sizes of rooms.

-As a public health practitioner,this are the key things to look for in building plan.

1)- Liquid waste management: Verify adequate sanitation, including sewage and waste disposal
systems, to prevent environmental and health hazards.
2)- Ventilation: Check for sufficient ventilation to ensure good indoor air quality, minimizing
pollutants and moisture.
3)- Lighting: Assess natural and artificial lighting to prevent eye strain and promote a healthy
environment.
4)- Accessibility: Their should be easy access in the house and in between rooms.
5)- Cubic space: the rooms should be of the required size.
6)- Toilet: Eny type of conservancy according to the area setting.
7)- Permanent vents: Permanent vents should be available above all doors and windows.
8)- Emergency Exits: Ensure there are adequate and clearly marked emergency exits and
evacuation routes.

These elements help ensure the building promotes the health and safety of its occupants and
the community.

Health education and promotion

Went for a health talk at kaliluni primary school in Iveti location, kathiani constituency.
The talk was about HIV/AIDS and hand washing.
Attached is the workplan of HIV/AIDS

8
Introduction
- Briefly explain what HIV/AIDS is: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) attacks the immune
system. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is the advanced stage of HIV infection.

How HIV is transmitted:

- Sexual Contact: Through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected person.
- Sharing Needles: Sharing needles or syringes with someone who has HIV.
- Mother-to-Child Transmission: From an infected mother to her child during pregnancy,
childbirth, or breastfeeding.
- Blood Transfusion: Though rare, through contaminated blood transfusions (blood
screening has made this extremely rare).
- How HIV is NOT transmitted:
- Casual contact: hugging, kissing, sharing food or drinks, using the same toilet.
- Mosquitoes or other insects.
- Air or water.

Prevention
- Abstinence: Not having sex..
- Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): Taking medication daily to prevent HIV infection if you are
at high risk.
- Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): Taking medication within 72 hours after potential exposure
to HIV.
- Needle Safety: Never share needles or syringes.
- Mother-to-Child Transmission Prevention:
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART)

Stigma
What is stigma? Negative attitudes, beliefs, and discrimination against people living with
HIV/AIDS.
Why stigma is harmful:
- Discourages people from getting tested.
- Leads to isolation and discrimination.
- Affects access to healthcare and support.
- How to reduce stigma:
- Educate yourself and others about HIV/AIDS.
- Challenge negative stereotypes and misconceptions.
- Show compassion and support for people living with HIV/AIDS.
- Use respectful language.
- Advocate for policies that protect the rights of people living with HIV/AIDS.

conclusion
- HIV/AIDS is a serious health issue, but it is preventable and treatable.

9
- By understanding how HIV is transmitted, practicing prevention methods, and working to
reduce stigma, we can protect ourselves and support those living with HIV/AIDS.
- Encourage everyone to get tested and seek information from reliable sources.

Property inspection report for preventive

maintenance- kathiani hospital
Date of Inspection: 26/5/025

Inspector: php- Faith Mule - supervisor

: php- Samson Mukangi

Property: Kathiani Hospital

Purpose: To assess the current condition of the hospital's infrastructure and identify areas
requiring preventive maintenance to ensure the smooth operation and longevity of the facility.

Findings:

1. Faulty Plumbing and Drainage:

- Description: Evidence of leaks in various areas, including -water closets,kitchen, wash
basins plumbing works.
-Rusty plumbing works which are made from iron
- Implications: Potential for water damage, mold growth, health hazards, and disruption of
essential services.
Recommendations:
- Conduct a thorough inspection of all plumbing fixtures and drainage systems.
- Repair all leaks promptly.
- Replacement of iron pipes with PVC
- Consider a regular schedule for drain cleaning and maintenance.
2. Dirty Painting:
- Description: Paintwork throughout the hospital shows signs of wear and tear, including -
peeling, fading, stains, and dirt accumulation].
- Implications: Aesthetic concerns, potential for surface degradation, and increased difficulty
in maintaining hygiene standards.
Recommendations:
- Develop a painting schedule to address the areas.
- Use appropriate cleaning agents to remove dirt and stains.
- Consider repainting high-traffic areas.
3. Faulty Doors and Furniture Works:

10
 - Description: Several doors and pieces of furniture were observed to be broken mostly the
water closet doors and faulty lock.
- Implications: Safety hazards, inconvenience to staff and patients, and potential for further
damage if not addressed.
Recommendations:
- Repair or replace damaged doors and furniture.
- Ensure all doors close properly and are fitted with functional hardware.
- Implement a system for regular inspection and maintenance of furniture and fixtures.

Overall Assessment:

The inspection revealed several areas where preventive maintenance is required to maintain
the hospital's functionality and safety. Addressing these issues promptly will help prevent more
significant problems and ensure a better environment for patients and staff.

Recommendations for Immediate Action:

- Prioritize the repair of faulty plumbing and drainage to prevent water damage.
- Address safety hazards associated with faulty doors and furniture.

Infection prevention and control

Assembling of safety boxes at the facility.
Assembling of bin liners

Placenta pit and macerators

Between a placenta pit and macerators for placenta disposal, the preferable method depends
on several factors:

- Placenta Pit: This is a traditional method where the placenta is buried. It's simple and
low-tech but may pose environmental risks if not properly constructed.
- Macerators: These devices grind the placenta into small pieces, which can then be disposed
of in a sanitary sewer system. They offer a more hygienic and controlled disposal method.

Conclusion: Macerators are generally preferable due to their hygienic nature and reduced
environmental impact. However, the best choice depends on local regulations, available
infrastructure, and environmental considerations.
-In rura set- up, mostly the sewer systems are not very common,the liquid waste is treated at
household,eg the use of septic tanks.
-This makes the use of placenta pits to be an ideal method of placenta disposal as long as is
well constructed and does not pose any environmental risk.

To design a placenta pit

11
1. Location: The pit should be located away from the healthcare facility and any potential
sources of contamination, such as water sources or food preparation areas.

2. Size: The pit's depth should be sufficient to accommodate the expected volume of placenta
waste, ensuring it is properly covered and preventing the spread of pathogens.

3. Construction: Dig a pit, lining it with a durable material like concrete or brick to prevent soil
contamination.
-It should also have a concrete slab with a lid

4. Maintenance: Monitor the pit for odors and fill it with soil as it decomposes. Once full, seal
and abandone.

Health education and promotion

-Went for a health talk at kitie primary school in Lita location- kathiani constituency.
-The talk was about menstrual hygiene and hand washing.
Attached Is the work plan on menstrual hygiene.

MENSTRUAL HYGIENE PRACTICES.

By:Sharon Mueni and Samson Mukangi.
OBJECTIVES.
[Link] what menstruation is in simple terms.
Recognize that it is a natural biological process that happens to girls and women.
2. Identify the physical and emotional changes during menstruation.
Recognize signs such as cramps, mood changes, or tiredness.
Understand that it’s normal to feel different during this time.
3. Demonstrate proper menstrual hygiene practices:
Show how to use and dispose of menstrual products properly.
Know the importance of changing menstrual materials regularly.
Understand the need for personal hygiene (e.g., washing hands and the body).
4. Reduce shame and stigma around menstruation:
Promote open discussion and acceptance of menstruation among both boys and girls.
Challenge myths, taboos, or negative beliefs about periods.
5. Promote empathy and peer support:
Encourage students to support classmates who are menstruating.
Teach boys to be respectful and helpful rather than teasing.
6. Encourage self-confidence and preparedness:
Help learners feel confident managing menstruation in school or at home.
Encourage carrying supplies (pads, extra underwear, etc.) when needed.
7. Promote awareness of menstrual health resources:
Inform learners where they can get help, supplies, or advice (teachers, school nurse, parents).
8. Encourage communication with trusted adults:

12
Teach children how to ask questions or seek help from parents, teachers, or health workers.

GOOD MENSTRUAL HYGIENE PRACTICES

[Link] Clean Menstrual Materials
Always use clean materials like:
Sanitary pads (store-bought or reusable)
Avoid using dirty rags or leaves—they can cause infections.
2. Change Regularly
Change your pad or cloth every 4 to 6 hours, or sooner if it becomes full or uncomfortable.
This helps prevent bad smell, leakage, and infections.
3. Wash Your Hands
Always wash your hands with soap and clean water:
Before and after changing your pad or cloth
After going to the toilet.
4. Wash Your Body Daily
Bathe at least once a day during your period.
Gently wash the private area with clean water—no need for strong soaps or perfumes.
This helps you feel fresh and prevents itching or infections.
5. Wear Comfortable, Clean Underwear
Change your underwear daily.
Make sure it fits well and is not too tight to allow air flow.
6. Proper Disposal
Wrap used pads or cloths in paper or a plastic bag.
Dispose of them in a pit latrine or burn them in a safe place (if allowed in the area).
Do not throw them in open spaces, rivers, or toilets.
7. Keep Emergency Supplies
Carry an extra pad or cloth and underwear in your bag.
Keep a small plastic bag for wrapping used pads if you’re not near a toilet.

Building construction technology

-Went on a site visit at Kathiani market center where their is construction of a marketplace.
-The building will be a one storey building.

Identification of building materials

Material used at the construction site were-
●​ Cement
●​ Aggregate
●​ Sand
●​ Steel rods
●​ Water
●​ Binding wire
●​ Dressed stones
●​ Formwork boards

13
Site Selection

- Purpose: Choosing the most suitable location for a construction project.

Factors to Consider:
Location: Proximity to resources like materials, labor, and infrastructure (roads, utilities).
- Accessibility: Ease of access for construction vehicles and future users.
- Soil Conditions: Soil type, load-bearing capacity, and potential for settlement or instability.
- Topography: Slope, elevation.
- Environmental Factors: Climate, potential for flooding, and environmental regulations.
- Legal and Regulatory: Zoning regulations, building codes.
- Cost: Land acquisition costs, site preparation costs, and long-term operational costs.(Cost
was not applicable at this site,it was government project on government land)
- Future Expansion: Potential for future growth and expansion.

Site Improvement

- Purpose: Preparing the selected site for construction.

Activities:
- Clearing : Removing vegetation, debris, and temporary structures.
-Retaining Walls: Building retaining walls to stabilize slopes and create level areas.
-Land scaping : to get a relatively flat land since the area I Soo hilly.
- Soil Stabilization: Improving soil properties to support the construction.
- Utilities: Installing or connecting to utilities such as water, sewer, electricity, and
communication lines.
- Roads and Paving: Constructing access roads, parking areas, and sidewalks.

Setting Out

Purpose: Transferring the design dimensions and layout from the drawings to the actual site.
Process:
1. Establish Control Points: Set up reference points and establish a grid system on the site.
2. Transfer Dimensions: Use surveying instruments to transfer the building's layout from the
plans to the ground.
3. Marking: Mark the locations of foundations, walls, and other features using stakes, batter
boards, and string lines.
4. Verification: Regularly check and verify the accuracy of the layout using measurements
and instrument readings.
Importance:

14
 - Ensures the building is constructed in the correct location and orientation.
- Helps to maintain accuracy throughout the construction process.
- Prevents costly errors and rework.

Meat inspection
Went to slaughter house where we were to learn how meet inspection is done for consumer
protection.
Here's an outline on antemortem inspection, slaughtering process, and postmortem in bovines

I. Antemortem Inspection

- Purpose: To identify animals unfit for slaughter before they enter the food chain.
Procedure:
- Visual examination: Observe animals for signs of disease, injury, or abnormal behavior.
- Physical examination: Check for fever, respiratory distress, lameness, and other indicators.
- History: Review health records and gather information from the owner.
Classification:
1- Passed: Animals are fit for slaughter.
2- Suspect: Animals with questionable conditions requiring further evaluation.
3- Condemned: Animals with severe conditions deemed unfit for human consumption.

II. Slaughtering Process

1-Restraining the animals to minimize movement. Stunning is done in developed slaughter
houses where by rendering animals unconscious to minimize suffering (e.g., captive bolt,
electrical stunning)
2- Incisions across the neck to severe major blood vessels
3- Exsanguination : the animal is allowed to bleed out completely.
4- Dressing: Remove the hide, head, feet, and viscera.
5- Evisceration: the internal organs are removed.
6- Carcass Splitting: Divide the carcass into halves or quarters.
7- Washing: Clean the carcass to remove contaminants.

III. Postmortem Inspection

15
- Purpose: To identify diseases, defects, or contamination in the carcass and edible organs.
Procedure:
1- Visual examination: Inspect the carcass, organs, and lymph nodes for abnormalities.
2- Palpation: Feel for lesions or other irregularities.
3- Incision: Make cuts to examine internal tissues and organs.
There incisions are done on the biceps,neck to check for cysts or [Link] on liver
and lungs.

-This are other abnormalities to look for in the carcass- Abscesses, Tumors,
Parasites,Discoloration,Edema etc….

IV. Conclusion

* Antemortem and postmortem inspections are essential for ensuring food safety and public
health.
* The slaughtering process must be performed humanely and in accordance with regulations.
* Proper inspection and disposition of carcasses and organs protect consumers from
consuming unsafe or diseased products.

Property inspection
Property Inspection report -Lumbwa primary school

Introduction
-The primary purpose of this inspection was to assess the current condition of the school's
facilities, including classrooms, sanitation facilities etc… The goal was to identify any areas of
concern, potential safety hazards, and areas that require maintenance or improvement. The
findings of this report will be used to inform the school administration and relevant stakeholders,
enabling them to make informed decisions about resource allocation, repairs, and upgrades.
This, in turn, aims to create a safe, functional, and supportive learning environment for all
students and staff.

Key Areas of Inspection

Buildings:
-Floor
- Walls
- Roof
- lighting and ventilation

16
 - Doors and Windows
- Classrooms
-Offices/Staff Rooms
- Cubic space of classrooms
- Toilets/Latrines
- Kitchen
- Playgrounds - present or absent
-Fencing: Condition and security.
-Water tanks
Services:
- Water Supply: Source and reliability.
- Electricity
- Sanitation: Waste disposal methods.

Findings
-The floors ware tiled, appeared to be in good condition.
- The wall was clean,the roofing good,good ventilation,door and windows functional.
-6 toilets- girls
-6 toilets- boys
- A good playground
- Three water tanks and fencing was good also.
-4 hand washing points
Classrooms:
- General: A total of 12 classrooms were inspected and three offices.
- Electrical: Two classrooms were found to have malfunctioning electrical works.
- Structural: One classroom exhibited a minor crack in the wall.
- The remaining classrooms appeared to be in good condition.
- The girls' toilets were pit latrines, which may raise hygiene concerns.
- The kitchen wall was noted as not being plastered.

Recommendations

Classrooms:
- Address the malfunctioning electrical works in the two classrooms immediately to ensure
the safety of the occupants.
- Monitor the classroom with the minor crack for any further deterioration. Consider
professional assessment and repair if the crack worsens.
Sanitation:
- Evaluate the current sanitation facilities and consider upgrading the girls' toilets to VIP
latrines
Kitchen:
- Plaster the kitchen to improve cleanliness and facilitate easier cleaning and maintainance

17
Conclusion
-The inspection of the school revealed a mix of positive and concerning findings. While the
hmajority of the classrooms and other facilities are in good condition, several areas require
immediate attention. The malfunctioning electrical works in two classroms, and the girls' toilets
are not up to standard. The kitchen also needs to be plastered. Addressing these issues
promptly will ensure the safety and well-being of the students and staff, and create a more
conducive learning environment.

Drainage and plumbing

Identification of various drain materils
-This are materials used in draining works:

●​ PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)

●​ Cast Iron
●​ Copper
●​ Galvanized Steel
●​ Clay

Interpretation of a building plan

-Things to look for:

- Pipe sizes and materials: Identify the types and sizes of pipes specified for water supply,
drainage, and venting.
- Fixture locations: Locate all plumbing fixtures like sinks, toilets, showers, and their connections
to the drainage system.
- Slope and grade: Ensure proper slopes for drainage pipes to allow wastewater to flow
correctly.
- Ventilation: Check the vent pipe locations and sizes to ensure proper air circulation and
prevent sewer gases from entering the building.
- Connections: Look for how the plumbing system connects to the main water supply, sewer
lines, and any other relevant utilities.
- Accessibility: Consider access points for maintenance and repairs like Manholes, inspection
chambers, inspection eye etc..

Identification of various systems

-They talked about:
●​ One pipe system- where waste water and soil water are collected in a single pipe.
●​ Two pipe system- where the waste water and soil water are collected in different pipes.

Inspection of drainage system

-This is done to check if their is any blockage or damaged areas which may need repairs.

18
- Inspection is normally done at the Accesses like the manholes, inspection chambers and
inspection eyes.

Identification and selection of drains

-Types of drains
●​ Floor drains
●​ Sink drains
●​ Roof drains
●​ Area drains
●​ Shower drains

Factors to consider in selection of drains

1. Identify the type of drain: Determine the specific type of drain needed based on the fixture or
area it serves (e.g., floor drain, sink drain, shower drain).
2. Consider flow rate: Calculate the expected flow rate of water to ensure the drain can handle
the volume.
3. Check drain size: Select the appropriate drain size based on the flow rate and local plumbing
codes.
4. Choose the material: Select a drain material that is appropriate for the application (e.g., PVC,
cast iron, stainless steel) considering factors like durability, chemical resistance, and cost.
5. Consider features: Look for additional features like strainers, traps, and backflow preventers.
6. Installation: Consider the ease of installation and maintenance when making your selection.

Identification and selection of fittings and fitments

Fittings
●​ Elbows
●​ Tees
●​ Unions
●​ Nipples
●​ Single Y junctions
●​ Double Y junctions
Fitments
●​ Cisterns
●​ Bathtubs
●​ Urinals
●​ Wash basins
●​ Toilets
●​ Sinks

Identification of various drainage maintenance tools

●​ Pipe wrenches
●​ Pipe cutters

19
 ●​ Plungers
●​ Double spiral springs

Liquid waste management

Designing and construction of a sound septic tank

1. Determine the size: Calculate the tank's capacity based on the number of bedrooms in the
house,for a facility it should be bigger.
2. Choose the materials: Septic tanks are typically made of concrete, fiberglass, or
polyethylene. Concrete is durable but heavy. Fiberglass and polyethylene are lighter and easier
to install.
3. Design the tank: The tank should have two chambers. The first chamber receives
wastewater, allowing solids to settle and be broken down by bacteria. The second chamber
clarifies the effluent before it flows to the drain field.
4. Construct the tank:
- Concrete: Pour a concrete base, build forms for the tank walls, and reinforce with rebar.
Pour the walls and allow them to cure. Add a concrete top with access lids.
- Fiberglass/Polyethylene: Purchase a pre-fabricated tank and install it according to the
manufacturer's instructions.
5. Install the tank: Excavate the site, level the base, and place the tank. Ensure the tank is level
and properly connected to the inlet and outlet pipes.
6. Connect the plumbing: Connect the inlet pipe from the house and the outlet pipe to the drain
field. Install a sanitary tee at the inlet to prevent solids from entering the outlet pipe.
7. Install the drain field: Design and construct a drain field (leach field) to treat the effluent from
the septic tank. This typically involves trenches filled with gravel and perforated pipes,or drain
pits
8. Maintenance: it should have two access points for removal of sludge when had accumulated
for a certain period.

Designing and construction of oxidation ponds

- Oxidation ponds are just large shallow ponds or lagoons dug to treat liquid waste.
- It normally relies on:
●​ Algae and
●​ Sunlight
- Construction involves digging of large shallow ponds away from any water source.
- They are open for U.V light to reach the waste for treatment.

Preventive maintenance
Painting works

20
My job was to ensure the painting work is done correctly, safely, on time, and within budget.

1. Planning and Preparation:

- Ensuring the site is safe and ready for work.
2. Surface Preparation:
- Verifying that surfaces are properly cleaned, repaired, and primed as required.
- Checking for any existing issues like rust, mildew, or damage.
- Ensuring proper surface preparation techniques are followed (e.g., sanding, scraping).
3. Painting Application:
- Overseeing the application of paint according to specifications (e.g., number of coats,
thickness).
- Ensuring the correct paint products are used for the specific surfaces.
4. Quality Control:
- Inspecting the work in progress and upon completion.
- Checking for uniform coverage, proper color, and no defects.
5. Safety:
- Enforcing safety regulations and ensuring workers use appropriate PPE.
- Conducting safety inspections and addressing any hazards.

Ventilation and lighting

Investigation of lightning and ventilation efficiency.
- Assess lighting- Amount of light in a room by observation.
- Check for glare.
- Evaluate ventilation- Air flow
-Temp control.

Conservancy
Factors to consider when siting conservancy systems
●​ Proximity to water bodies
●​ Impact on water table
●​ Wind direction

Designing VIP latrine

1. Ventilation: The key feature of a VIP latrine is a vent pipe, usually a black pipe that extends
above the latrine shelter. This pipe helps to draw odors and flies away from the user and the
surrounding area, improving hygiene and comfort.
2. Fly Control: The vent pipe, combined with a dark interior, helps to control flies. Flies are
attracted to light, so they are drawn up and out of the latrine.

21
3. Reduced Odor: The ventilation system also reduces odors, making the latrine more pleasant
to use.
4. Improved Hygiene: The overall design of a VIP latrine contributes to improved hygiene by
reducing the presence of flies and odors.
5. Privacy: VIP latrines are designed to provide privacy.

22